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Pump Classification
• Turbo-hydraulic (kinetic) pumps
Centrifugal pumps (radial-flow pumps)
Propeller pumps (axial-flow pumps)
Jet pumps (mixed-flow pumps)
• Positive-displacement pumps
Screw pumps
Reciprocating pumps
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• Radial Flow - a pump in which the pressure is
developed wholly by centrifugal force.
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Schematic diagram of basic
elements of centrifugal
pump
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Schematic diagram of axial-flow
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Screw pumps.
• In the screw pump a revolving shaft fitted with
blades rotates in an inclined trough and pushes the
water up the trough.
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Reciprocating pumps.
• In the reciprocating pump a piston sucks the
fluid into a cylinder then pushes it up causing
the water to rise.
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4.1: Centrifugal Pump
• Broad range of applicable flows and heads
• Higher heads can be achieved by increasing the
diameter or the rotational speed of the impeller
Flow Expansion
Discharge
Casing
Suction Eye Impeller
Impeller
Vanes
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4.1 Centrifugal Pumps
(Cont…)
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Main Parts of Centrifugal Pumps
1. Impeller:
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Main Parts of Centrifugal Pumps
2. Casing
• Which is an air-tight
passage surrounding the
impeller
• Designed to direct the
liquid to the impeller
and lead it away
• Volute casing: It is of
spiral type in which the
area of the flow
increases
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gradually. 12
3. Suction Pipe: inlet pipe
4. Delivery Pipe: out let pipe
5. The Shaft: which is the bar by which the
power is transmitted from the motor drive to
the impeller.
6. The driving motor: which is responsible for
rotating the shaft. It can be mounted directly
on the pump, above it, or adjacent to it.
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Hydraulic Analysis of Pumps and Piping Systems
Case 1
hfd
H md
H stat
Ht
hd
fs
h
hs
Datum pump
center line
H ms
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Case 2
hf d
H md
hd
H stat
Ht
Datum pump
center line
hs
H ms
hf s
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The following terms can be defined
• hs (static suction head): it is the difference in
elevation between the suction liquid level and the
centerline of the pump impeller.
• hd (static discharge head): it is the difference in
elevation between the discharge liquid level and
the centerline of the pump impeller.
• Hstat (static head): it is the difference (or sum) in
elevation between the static discharge and the
static suction heads: H h h
stat d s
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• Hms (manometric suction head): it is the suction
gage reading (if a manometer is installed just at the
inlet of the pump, then Hms is the height to which
the water will rise in the manometer).
• Hmd (manometric discharge head): it is the
discharge gage reading (if a manometer is installed
just at the outlet of the pump, then Hmd is the
height to which the water will rise in the
manometer).
• Hm (manometric head): it is the increase of
pressure head generated by the pump:
H m H md H m s
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• Ht (total dynamic head): it is the total head
delivered by the pump:
Vd2 Vs2
Ht Hm d ( Hm s ) Case 1 Eq.(1)
2g 2g
Vd2 Vs2
Ht Hm d ( Hm s ) Case 2 Eq.(2)
2g 2g
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• Ht can be written in another form as follows:
H m d hd h f d hm d
Vs2
H m s hs h f s hm s Case 1
2g
Vs2
H m s hs h f s hm s Case 2
2g
Substitute into eq. (1)
Vd2 Vs2 Vs2
H t hd h f d hmd hs h f s hm s
2 g 2 g 2 g
but
H stat hd hs
V d2 Eq.(3)
H t H stat h f d hm d h f s hm s
2g Case 1
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• Equation (3) can be applied to Case 2 with the
exception that : H stat hd hs
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Cavitation of Pumps and NPSH
• In general, cavitation occurs when the liquid pressure
at a given location is reduced to the vapor pressure of
the liquid.
• For a piping system that includes a pump, cavitation
occurs when the absolute pressure at the inlet falls
below the vapor pressure of the water.
• This phenomenon may occur at the inlet to a pump and
on the impeller blades, particularly if the pump is
mounted above the level in the suction reservoir.
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• Under this condition, vapor bubbles form (water
starts to boil) at the impeller inlet and when these
bubbles are carried into a zone of higher pressure,
they collapse abruptly and hit the vanes of the
impeller (near the tips of the impeller vanes). causing:
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How we avoid Cavitation ??
• To avoid cavitation, the pressure head at the inlet should not fall
below a certain minimum which is influenced by the further
reduction in pressure within the pump impeller.
• To accomplish this, we use the difference between the total head
2
at the inlet P V , and the water vapor pressure head
s s
Pvapor 2g
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Where we take the datum through the centerline of the pump
impeller inlet (eye). This difference is called the Net Positive
Suction Head (NPSH), so that
2 Pvapor
Ps Vs
NPSH
2g
There are two values of NPSH of interest. The first is the required NPSH,
denoted (NPSH)R , that must be maintained or exceeded so that cavitation
will not occur and usually determined experimentally and provided by the
manufacturer.
The second value for NPSH of concern is the available NPSH, denoted
(NPSH)A , which represents the head that actually occurs for the particular
piping system. This value can be determined experimentally, or calculated if
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the system parameters are known.
How we avoid Cavitation ??
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Determination of datum
(NPSH)A hs
( NPSH )R
Ht
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Multiple-Pump Operation
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(a) Parallel Operation
• Pumping stations frequently contain several (two or
more) pumps in a parallel arrangement.
Manifold
Qtotal
Qtotal =Q1+Q2+Q3
Pump Pump Pump
Q1 Q2 Q3
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• In this configuration any number of the pumps can be
operated simultaneously.
• The objective being to deliver a range of discharges,
i.e.; the discharge is increased but the pressure head
remains the same as with a single pump.
• This is a common feature of sewage pumping stations
where the inflow rate varies during the day.
• By automatic switching according to the level in the
suction reservoir any number of the pumps can be
brought into operation.
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How to draw the pump curve for pumps in
parallel???
• The manufacturer gives the pump curve for a single
pump operation only.
• If two or pumps are in operation, the pumps curve
should be calculated and drawn using the single pump
curve.
• For pumps in parallel, the curve of two pumps, for
example, is produced by adding the discharges of the
two pumps at the same head (assuming identical
pumps).
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Parallel Operation
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(b) Series Operation
• The series configuration which is used whenever we
need to increase the pressure head and keep the
discharge approximately the same as that of a single
pump
• This configuration is the basis of multistage pumps; the
discharge from the first pump (or stage) is delivered to
the inlet of the second pump, and so on.
• The same discharge passes through each pump
receiving a pressure boost in doing so
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Pump Pump Pump
Q
Q Htotal =H1+H2+H3
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How to draw the pump curve for pumps in
series???
• the manufacturer gives the pump curve for a single
pump operation only.
• For pumps in series, the curve of two pumps, for
example, is produced by adding the heads of the two
pumps at the same discharge.
• Note that, of course, all pumps in a series system
must be operating simultaneously
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H
3H1
Three pumps
in series
H1
2H1 Two pumps
in series
H1
H1
Single pump
H1
Q
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Q1 56
Constant- and Variable-Speed Pumps
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Constant-speed pumps
NPSH - m
6
4
N PSH 2
0
70 P u m p C u rv e 80%
60 70%
Efficiency %
50 60%
H (m)
cy
ci en
40 50%
ef f i
40%
30
20
10
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Variable-speed pumps
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(a) Change in pump speed
(constant size)
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(b) Change in pump size
(constant speed)
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Solution
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Specific Speed
N Q
Ns 3
H 4
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• This expression is derived from dynamical similarity
considerations and may be interpreted as the speed in
rev/min at which a geometrically scaled model would have
to operate to deliver unit discharge (1 l/s) when generating
unit head (1 m).
• The given table shows the range of Ns values for the turbo-
hydraulic pumps:
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