MAP 2302 Differential Equations Sanchez

Summary 4- Unit Step function and the Impulse function

0, if 0  t  a
Part I. Definition : the unit step function U(t - a) is defined by U(t - a)  
 1, if t  a

Examples:

Y y

1
1

t 3 t

a) U(t) a) U(t-3)

Theorem: The Laplace transform of the unit step function U(t-a) is given by
e  as
L U(t  a ) 
s
 a 
Pr oof : L U(t  a)   e  st f (t )dt   e  st (0)dt   e  st (1)dt
0 0 a
b
 0  lim  e
b
 st  1  1

(1)dt  lim   e  st    lim e bs  e  as
b  s s b

b a a


1
s

0  e  as  
e  as
s

Problems:
e0 1
1) L U( t )  
s s
s
e
2) L U( t  1) 
s
e  5s
3) L U( t  5) 
s

Part II. Expressing piecewise-defined functions in terms of unit step functions.

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 g( t ) if 0  t  a

f ( t )   h(t ) if a  t  b  g(t )  g(t )U( t  a )  h( t )U(t  a )  h( t )U( t  b )  k (t )U( t  b )
 k (t ) if t  b

Problem 4.
5 if 0  t  4
a ) Graph the function f ( t )  
 t if t  4

Y=t

5
4

4 t-axis

5 if 0  t  4
b ) Express the function f ( t )  
 t if t  4
Answer : f ( t )  5  5U( t  4)  tU( t  4)

5 if 0  t  4
c) Find the Laplace transform of the function f ( t )  
 t if t  4
5 5e  4s
L  f ( t )  L 5  5U(t  4)  tU(t  4)   L (  t )U( t  4)
s s
5 5e  4s d 5 5e  4s d  e  4s 
   L U(t  4)     
s s ds s s ds  s 
5 5e  4s se  4s ( 4)  e  4s 5 5e  4s e  4s ( 4s  1)
     
s s s2 s s s2
5 5e  4s 4e  4s e  4s 5 e  4s e  4s
    2    2
s s s s s s s

Part III. Second translation Theorem:

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If F(s) = L{f(t)} then
1) L f ( t  a )U( t  a )  e  as F(s )
or
2) L f ( t )U( t  a )  e  as L f ( t  a )
and
 
3) L1 e  as F(s )  f ( t  a )U( t  a )

Pr oof : 1) L f (t  a)U(t  a)   e st f ( t  a )U(t  a )dt
0
a 
  e  st f ( t  a )( 0)dt   e  st f (t  a )dt
0 a

  e  st f (t  a )dt , Let t  a  T, dt  dT
a

  e  s ( T a ) f ( T)dT
0

 e  as  e  sT f ( T)dT
0

e  as
L f (t )
 e  st F(s )

2) L f ( t )U(t  a)   e  st f (t )U(t  a )dt
0
a 
  e  st f ( t )(0)dt   e  st f ( t )dt
0 a

  e  st f (t )dt , Let t  a  T, dt  dT
a

  e  s ( T a ) f ( T  a )dT
0

 e  as  e  sT f ( T  a )dT
0

e  as
L f (t  a )

5 if 0  t  4
Pr oblem 5. Find the Laplace transform of the function f ( t )  
 t if t  4
L  f (t )  L 5  5U(t  4)  tU(t  4)  L  f ( t )  L 5  5U( t  4)  (t  4)U(t  4)  4U(t  4)
5 5e  4s e  4s 4e  4s 5 e  4s e  4s
   2     2
s s s s s s s

Problem 6. find the Laplace transform of the following function

Y

2 5 t
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 0, if 0  t  2

f (t )  1, if 2  t  5  U(t  2)  U( t  5)
 0, if t  5

e  2 s e  5s
L f (t )  
s s
Problem 7. Find the Laplace transform of cost U(t - )
L f ( t )U( t  a )  e  as L f (t  a )  L cos t U( t   )  e  st L cos(t   )
cos(t   )  cos t cos   sin t sin    cos t
Therefore
 se  s
L cos t U( t   )  e  s L cos(t   )  e  s L  cos t 
s2 1

 e  2s 
 
Pr oblem 8. Find L1  e
4( t  2 )
U( t  2 )

 s  4 

  s / 2 
 se     
Pr oblem 9. Find L1    cos 3 t   U t  
2  2  2

 s 9  
 e  2s 
  1  1  1
Pr oblem 10. Find L1    L  3  U(t  2)  (t  2) 2 U(t -2)
 3 2
 s    s  t t  2
Pr oblem 11 . Find L (3t  1)U( t  1)
3e  s 4e  s
L (3t  1)U( t  1)  L (3( t  1)  4)U(t  1)  
s2 s

 e  s 
 
Pr oblem 12. Find L1  
 2
 s  1 

 e s 
 
Pr oblem 13. Find L1  

 s ( s  1) 


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 
 e
 2s 

Pr oblem 14. Find L1  
 2
 s (s  1) 



 1 e
Pr oblem 15. Find L1 

 2s 2 



 s  2 
 


Pr oblem 16. Find L e 2 t U( t  2) 

   
Pr oblem 17. Find L sin tU t   
  2 

Part IV. The unit impulse function and the Dirac Delta function.

Definition: the unit impulse function is defined by

0, if 0  t  t 0  a


 1 , if t  a  t  t  a
 0 0
 a (t  t 0 )   2a for a  0 and t 0  0

 0, t  t  a
 0



Definition: the Diract Delta function:

The Dirac Delta function is defined by

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  if t  t 0
(t  t 0 )  lim  a (t  t 0 )  
a 0  0 if t  t 0

Theorem:
L (t  t 0 )  e  st 0 and L (t )  1
1
Pr oof :  a (t  t 0 )   U  t  ( t 0  a )   U t  ( t 0  a )  
2a
1 
L  a (t  t 0 )  L   U t  (t 0  a)  U t  (t 0  a)  
 2a 
1  e  s( t 0  a ) e  s( t 0  a )   e sa  e  sa 
     e  st 0  
2a  s s   2sa 
 e sa  e  sa  0  se sa  se  sa 
L (t  t 0 )  lim e  st 0   st
   e 0 lim  
a0  2sa  0 a 0  2s 
 2s 
 e  st0  
 2s 
 e  st 0

If t 0  0, then L (t  t 0 )  L (t )  e 0  1

Problem 18. Express the function in step functional notation and find the Laplace transform of
the function.
1, if 0  t  2

f ( t )  3, if 2  t  5
 t , if t  5


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  s
 e ( s  8) 

Problem 19. Find L-1  
 2
s s2 

answer: _________________-

Problem 20. Express the following function in step functional notation and find the Laplace
transform of the function
1, if 0  t  2

f ( t )  e t , if 2  t  5
 o, if t  5


21. Use Laplace transformations to find the solution of the IVP differential equation
 0, if 0  t  
y   9y   , y (0)  0, y ( 0)  0
cos 3t , if t  

Answer: ________________________________________________________

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