Ancient Cultures

o Good hygiene practices

o Code of Hammurabi – most complete and perfect extent collection of Babylonian laws developed
during reign of Hammurab (792 – 750)  legal decisions were collected and inscribed on diorite
stele; earliest written record of public health
o Before science enabled us to determine pathogenic causes of diseases, spiritual explanations and
leadership prevailed

Middle Ages

o Overcrowding and sanitation

- Overcrowding causes diseases
- Cholera, tuberculosis, etc.
o Little emphasis on cleanliness in early Christianity
o Disease was caused by sin or disobeying God
o Time of great epidemics – Bubonic Plague

Renaissance

o Beginning of change
o Disease and plague still rampant
o Bloodletting popular  “venesection”: use of lancet
o “Water casting”: checking of color change in urine to diagnose disease
o Leeuwenhoek discovered the microscope
o Hygiene of royalty: herbs for hair, aromatic plants as deodorant, etc.
o Ok to study the human body and anatomy advanced

Age of Enlightenment

o Disease and plagues still raged

o Miasmas theory of disease took hold: any decayed organic matter could travel to the air for great
distances and believed to result in disease when inhaled
o Edward Jenner discovered vaccine procedure to smallpox

1800s (Bacterial Period of Public Health)

o 1842 Edwin Chadwick’s report  link between poor living standards and growth of disease
o Louis Pasteur – Germ theory of disease
o Joseph Lister – antiseptic method (Listerine !

1970s (The Era of Prevention)

o Communicable Disease Center (CDC) was established

o Healthy People: The Surgeon General’s Report on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention was
published
1980s

o Initial Role Delineation study for Health Education

o First Certified Health (CHES)

1990s

o Competencies Update Project (CUP)

2000s

o Unified Code of Ethics

o Report of Joint Committee on Health Education & Promotion Terminology
o Promotion of CHES
o Outcome-Based education & practice
o Patient Protection & Affordable Care Act (expands health coverage)

Dimensions of Teaching-Learning Process

o Teaching objectives & Learning Needs

o Teaching-

Outcome of Health Educ Process

o COGNITION CHANGE: knowledge or perception of a person

o ATTITUDE CHANGE: beliefs, pre
o Processes that determine the extent to which a person may be persuaded to change
- Attention: e.g. pictures on cigarette packs
- Comprehension: education
- Acceptance
- Retention
o Barriers to change
- Cultural barriers
- Social barriers
- Psychological barriers
- Language difficulties
o Barriers to teaching
- Lack of time to teach
- Lack of competence or confidence with teaching skills
- Lack of motivation
- Low priority to patient and staff education
- Environment-conducive
o Obstacles to learning
- Lack of time – rapid discharge + amount of information
- Presence of illness
 - Low literacy
- Hospital environment
- Personal characteristic of the learner
- Extent of behavioral changes
- Lack of support
- Denial of learning needs
- Inconvenience in healthcare facilities

Filipino Health Value System

o The Philippine healthcare sector

o Mission: to create a sustainable, high quality, and cost efficient healthcare system that can be
accessed by all Filipinos
o Philippine healthcare system
- Mixed public-private system
- Public health care is organized in 2 tiers: Primary care is delivered through public health and
primary health care centers linked to peripheral barangay health care centers (BHCs) or health
outposts
- Private healthcare services are well-established and growing..,.,
o Hospitals
- Most of the government hospitals provide quality healthcare in the same way private hospitals
do
- The main difference between public and private hospitals are the facilities and technologies
offered
o Emergency care
- Specialist medical and surgical care is available in some facilities is Manila but not in all areas
- The public emergency system directs most serious emergencies into designated public facilities
which may cause logistical and payment issues
o Pharmacies
- There are strict guidelines in relation to prescription;
- Filipino pharmacists have stringent directives in relation to the sale of such drugs
o Cost of health care
- Hospitals are not that expensive in the Philippines
- Medicines are also affordable
- The people are very hospitable and accommodating
- Doctors and medical practitioners are friendly
- The place is very inviting
o Formal/ Informal
- The formal sectors consist of registered medical and non-medical facilities and registered
medical personnel
- The informal sector is largely unregisted by government regulation agencies, and consitst mainly
of traditional healers and unlicensed midwives
o Modern/ Traditional
- Modern medical services or
- Traditional medical practices (such as massage, faith healers.,.,
o National Health Insurance Program
- To provide universal health coverage for the Philippine.,.
o Health sector and hospital reform programs
- The development of information and communication technology (ICT)