WATER POLLUTION

College of MEDICINE
Central Philippine University
PCFM II
WATER
 It is the essential components of the
earth hydrosphere and indispensable
part of the terrestrial ecosystem.
 It is needed in all aspects of life.
 Earth is comprises of 1.4 billion km3 of
water.
 Amount of water on earth does not
changes.
 Hydrologic cycles is a continuous
process with no start or ending.
.
 Water Pollution
 Water Pollution define :
 any alteration of the physical, chemical and biological
properties of any water resource that will or is likely to create
or render such water resources harmful, detrimental or
injurious to public health, safety or welfare, or which will
adversely affect their utilization for domestic, industrial,
agricultural, recreational or other legitimate purposes.

 Water Pollutants
 Physical Pollutants -are floating or suspended materials found
in water.
 Chemical Pollutants - classified as organic and inorganic
contaminants.
 Biological Pollutants - in the form of organism such as
pathogenic or disease causing organism i.e. viruses, bacteria,
protozoa and helminths
 EFFECTS OF WATER CONTAMINANTS
 Generation of Malodorous gases - indication of the presence of matter
inimical to aquatic life.
 Extinction of endemic flora and fauna
 physiological effect such as vomiting,poor appetite, etc.
 Toxicity in Water - can be toxic even with the absence of odor and
other obvious sign of pollution. Cause by the presence of toxic
substances in water.
 Chronic and acute toxicity for both man and animals
 deformities and organs malfunctions.
 Eutrophication - promotion of heavy aquatic plants growth or
acceleration of aging process.
 Depletion of dissolved oxygen (D.O)
 emission of bad odor
 fish kills
 accelerated sedimentation.
 Water borne disease - due to the presence of pathogenic
microorganism.
 Impairment of aesthetics - interfere with the recreational use and
aesthetic enjoyment of water.
 Interference with transmission of sunlight - interfere with the
transmission of light in water reducing the growth rate and resistance
to diseases of fish. It prevent the development of fish eggs and larvae.
 Water
 Sources of water:

1.4 billion m3 of water on earth

97% sea water 2.2% ice 0.8% freshwater

Underground more than 90% Surface less than 10%

• Environment
– The aggregation of surrounding things,
conditions of influence, surrounding, milieu.
– Anything that surrounds something.
–
• Hazard
– An unforeseen disaster or accident
– Risk, danger, peril
 International Disaster
• BHOPAL India - December 1984 deadly methyl
isocyanate gas was leaked from a chemical plant in
Bhopāl, causing the deaths of more than 3,800
people; it was the worst industrial accident in world
history.

• New York Niagara Falls - In the late 1970s and early

'80s, as a result of chemical wastes having been
dumped (1947-52) in the area of the Love Canal, the
area was evacuated.
 International Disaster

• Alaska, at night on March 24, 1989. The 301-m (987-

ft) tanker started to leak oil, and continued for two
days, totaling 260,000 barrels, the largest oil spill in
U.S. history.
• The oil slick eventually coated about 1770 km (1100
mi) of the Alaska shoreline, including numerous
islands in the south. Tens, possibly hundreds, of
thousands of shore-nesting birds were killed by the
slick, as were several thousand sea mammals,
especially sea otters.
• The biggest economic concern was for Alaska's
important salmon and herring fisheries.
• In August 1984 gases escaping from Lake Monoun,
killed 37 people. Research on Lake Monoun that was
reported in December 1985 found evidence in the
lake's waters for high levels of dissolved carbon
dioxide gas.

• In 1986, a massive chemical spill from a plant in Basel

reversed ten years of progress. Nearly 30 tons of
toxic waste, including fungicides and mercury,
entered the Rhine river. The spill, called the greatest
nonnuclear disaster in Europe in a decade, killed
500,000 fish and forced the closing of water systems
in West Germany, France, and the Netherlands.
 Local Disaster

• Payatas Tragedy – 2001 Collapse of Garbage

dump site causing several death and damages to
properties.

• Grounding of MV Princes of the Pacific at Nogas

Island causing damage to 1,300 square meters of
coral reef
Causes: Human Activities
 PCB Exposure Pathway
Vapor
Ingestion of Inhalation
Drinking Water Ingestion
Soil of Fish
Contact
Runoff

Contaminated Soil
Contact with Water

Contaminated
ground water
Ground Water Flow
Bioaccumulation/Biomagnification
•Bioaccumulation has increased 100 million
times
PCB Concentration
(ppb)

Fish-eating
birds 3,530,000

Small fish 11,580

Plankton 1,880

Sediments 150
Water Pollution
Major Categories of
Treatment
 Primary
 Secondary
 Tertiary/ advanced
 Raw Sewage

Bar Rack Pre-Treatment

Degrees of
Grit Chamber
Treatment
Primary Treatment
Equalization Basin
Secondary Treatment
Primary Settling
Tertiary Treatment
Biological Treatment

Secondary Settling

Advanced Waste Treatment

Receiving Body
Pre-treatment

 Provide protection of wastewater treatment plant

equipment that follows
 Preliminary Treatment
Pre-Treatment

removal of material in the wastewater that

may damage WWTP equipment

WEF Operations Training CD-ROM

II. 1° Treatment Pre1of1

U3_004/016/041
Primary Treatment

 Remove from wastewater those pollutants that will either

settle or float
 Typically removes about
 60% suspended solids
 35% BOD5
 Soluble pollutants not removed
 Primary Treatment

Primary Treatment
removal of settleable or floatable solids
using physical means

Settleable Solids
90-95%
Suspended Solids
50-65%
BOD
20-35%
WEF Operations Training CD-ROM

II. 1° Treatment Pri1of2

U4_042
Primary Treatment

 Screening
 Grit removal
 Primary
sedimentation
 Flotation
 Equalization
Secondary Treatment

 Remove soluble BOD5 that escapes primary

process
 Provide added removal of suspended solids
 Typically achieved by using biological
processes
 May remove 85% BOD5 and suspended solids
 Does not remove significant amounts of N, P
or heavy metals
 Does not completely remove pathogens
 Biological Treatment

Secondary Treatment
removal or transformation of organic matter
through the action of microorganisms

III. 2° Treatment Bio1of4

U5_010
Secondary Treatment

 Trickling filter
 Activated-sludge
 Rotating biological contactor
 Biological Treatment

Aerobic vs Anaerobic differ in terminal electron acceptor

Suspended vs Attached medium for biomass growth

III. 2° Treatment Bio3of4

 Biological Treatment

www.wee-engineer.com

www.spreri.org www.proequipment.com

III. 2° Treatment Bio4of4

 ACTIVATED SLUDGE

A mixture of wastewater
and biological sludge
(microorganisms) is
agitated and aerated.

Microorganisms are mixed

thoroughly with the organics
under conditions that stimulate
their growth and use of the
organics (BOD) as food.

IV. Special Topics:AS AS2of4

U5_031
Advanced Wastewater
Treatment
 May involve chemical treatment and
filtration
 May involve use of soil-crop system
 Can remove up to 99% BOD5, P, SS and
bacteria and 95% N
Sludge Treatment Options

 Anaerobic digestion
 Composting
 Pasteurization and drying
 Lime stabilization
Alternative Treatment
Systems
 Using effluents for irrigation
 Reconstructed wetland systems
 Artificial wetland systems
 Greenhouse wetland systems
 Overland flow systems
Summary of Wastewater Treatment
WATER POLLUTION
Water is the lifeblood of the environment, essential to
the survival of all living things – plants, animals,
humans – and we must do everything possible to
maintain its quality for today and the future. However,
the quality and quantity of water have been significantly
affected by an increasing population, household and
industrial activities.

Earth Comprises of 1.4 billion

km 3 of water
Distribution of water:
97% sea water
2.2% Ice
0.8% freshwater
90% underground water
10% surface water
 WATER POLLUTION
Water Pollutants:
Physical Pollutants -are
floating or suspended
materials found in water.
Chemical Pollutants -
classified as organic and
inorganic contaminants.
Biological Pollutants - in
the form of organism such
as pathogenic or disease
causing organism i.e
viruses, bacteria, protozoa
and helminths.

Pollution Contribution:
48% domestic waste
37% Agricultural waste
15% Industrial
 Parameters
•Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) - Used to indicate the amount of biodegradable
organic waste.

•Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) - Used to test wastewater that contains non-
biodegradable compound or compounds that inhibit microbial activities.

•Total Suspended Solids (TSP) - residue after wastewater is evaporated at 105 o C

• Suspended Solid - solid which float in the surface of the water.
• Dissolved Solids - solid particles dissolved in water which neither filtration nor
sedimentation can separate.

•Coliforms - reliable indicator of the safety of water for human consumption.

•Nitrogen and Phosphorus Compounds - major nutrients for the growth of microorganism
and plants

•Toxins - poisonous substances

•Oil and Grease

•pH - measure of the concentration of H+ in water

•Temperature
WATER POLLUTION SOURCES

Points Sources - those entering the environment from a fixed sources and
generally flowing continuously or over a limited period of time.

Diffuse or nonpoint sources - those which continuously add extraneous

materials into a watercourse from a widely spread area.

Specific Source:
Organic materials
Domestic
Agricultural
Solid waste
Industry dealing with plants, animals and their products.
Chemical industry for organic chemicals.
Nitrogen and Phosphorus
domestic sewage and laundry/cleaning
agricultural runoff
industry that process organic nitrogen compounds
effluent from wastewater treatment facilities, water supply
Heavy Metals
electroplating, iron and steel mills, semiconductor and mine tailings.
Biological
human feces, and animal feedlots
 SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTNATS
 Points Sources - those entering the environment from a fixed sources and
generally flowing continuously or over a limited period of time.
– Domestic
– Industrial
 Diffuse or nonpoint sources - those which continuously add extraneous
materials into a watercourse from a widely spread area.
– Agricultural runoff
– Stormwater runoff
 Specific Source:
– Organic materials
• Domestic
• Agricultural
• Solid waste
• Industry dealing with plants, animals and their products.
• Chemical industry for organic chemicals.
– Nitrogen and Phosphorus
• domestic sewage and laundry/cleaning
• agricultural runoff
• industry that process organic nitrogen compounds
• effluent from wastewater treatment facilities, water supply
– Heavy Metals
• electroplating, iron and steel mills, semiconductor and mine tailings.
– Biological
• human feces, and animal feedlots
 Effects of water pollutant
Generation of Malodorous gases - indication of the presence of matter inimical
to aquatic life.
Extinction of endemic flora and fauna
physiological effect such as vomiting, poor appetite, etc.
Toxicity in Water - can be toxic even with the absence of odor and other obvious
sign of pollution. Cause by the presence of toxic substances in water.
Chronic and acute toxicity for both man and animals
deformities and organs malfunctions.
Eutrophication - promotion of heavy aquatic plants growth or acceleration of
aging process.
Depletion of dissolved oxygen (D.O) leading to fish kill
Emission of bad odor
Accelerated sedimentation.
Water borne disease - due to the presence of pathogenic microorganism.
Impairment of aesthetics - interfere with the recreational use and aesthetic
enjoyment of water.
Interference with transmission of sunlight - interfere with the transmission of
light in water reducing the growth rate and resistance to diseases of fish. It
prevent the development of fish eggs and larvae.
Heavy metals in water:
• methyl mercury –
minamata disease
seriously affecting
the central nervous
system
• cadmium – itae-
itae disease
• lead – lead
poisoning
Issues…..
Dumping at rivers…
SLF-Clark
SLF-Clark – Leachate Collection
 Installation of clay and gravel liner

Compacted Waste

Cover Material

Gravel liner
+++ permeability

Drainage to Leachate Clay liner

treatment facility <<< permeablity