Unit 1 The way we are: Lesson A People in a hurry

Adjectives vs. manner adverbs

Adjective + noun

You can use adjectives to describe nouns:

I'm a patient person. She's a careful driver

Verb + manner adverb

You can use adverbs to describe verbs. Manner adverbs describe how people do things:

I wait patiently in lines. She drives carefully.

Regular -ly adverbs

Regular adverbs are adjective + -ly:

patient patiently
careful carefully

For adjectives ending in -y, change the y to i and add -ly:

easy easily

For adjectives ending in -ic, add -ally:

automatic automatically

Irregular adverbs

Some adverbs are irregular. They do not end in -ly:

good well
For example:

He's not a good singer. He doesn't sing very well.

Some irregular adverbs are the same as the adjective:

late late
fast fast
hard hard

For example:

He's a fast driver. He drives very fast.

Unit 1 The way we are: Lesson A People in a hurry

be, feel, get, etc. + adjective

Don't use adverbs after verbs like be, feel, get, and sound. Use adjectives:

I'm patient.

I feel safe with her.

He gets reckless sometimes.

His voice sounds terrible.

But, when the verb feel means "have an opinion about", use an adverb:

I feel strongly about it.

Unit 1 The way we are: Lesson B Personality and character

Adverbs before adjectives and adverbs

You can use some adverbs before adjectives and adverbs. Use these adverbs to make some
adjectives and adverbs stronger:

extremely incredibly really so very

She's extremely generous.

She's incredibly talented.

He's a really cool guy.

We get along very well.

Use pretty and fairly to mean "more than a little":

He's pretty easygoing.

He's fairly laid-back.

Use absolutely or really (but not very) with adjectives that are already very strong:

She's absolutely wonderful.

He's really fantastic.

Use the expression at all to make negatives stronger. At all usually goes after the adjective:

She's not selfish at all.

Use completely and totally to mean 100%:

He's completely honest.

She's totally reliable.

Unit 1 The way we are: Lesson B Personality and character

Adjective prefixes

A prefix is a group of letters like dis, un, etc. at the beginning of a word. They add meaning
to the word.

You can use prefixes to make adjectives with opposite meanings. Different adjectives have
different prefixes:

patient impatient
considerate inconsiderate
friendly unfriendly
reliable unreliable
honest dishonest
organized disorganized

Unit 2 Experiences: Lesson A Hopes and dreams

Present perfect

Use the present perfect for events at an indefinite time before now:

I've traveled in Asia.

(= I've traveled in Asia in the past, but I don't say when.)

Affirmative statements

Use a form of have + past participle:

I've been to Europe.

He's surfed in Hawai'i.

Remember, the contracted form of have for he, she, and it is 's (= has).
When people talk about travel destinations, they generally use been as an alternative to
gone to mean "gone somewhere and come back":

I've been to Paris (= I went and came back.)

She's gone to Paris (= She's still in Paris.)

Negative statements

Use a form of have not + past participle:

I haven't been to Paris.

She hasn't tried surfing before.

Remember, the contracted form of have not for he, she, and it is hasn't (= has not).

Unit 2 Experiences: Lesson A Hopes and dreams

Frequency expressions with the present perfect

The present perfect is often used with these frequency expressions:

• always

I've always wanted to study acting.

(= This was my dream a long time ago, and it's still my dream today.)

• once / twice / many times

We've gone sailing once / twice / many times.

• never . . . before

She's never tried it before.

(= She didn't do this at any time in the past.)

Unit 2 Experiences: Lesson A Hopes and dreams

Past participles

Regular past participles

Regular verbs have the same form for the simple past and past participle. They end in -ed:

travel traveled traveled

try tried tried

Remember, for verbs ending in a consonant and a -y, change the y to i before you add -ed.

Irregular past participles

Irregular verbs sometimes have different forms for the simple past and past participle:

be was / were been

do did done
go went gone
have had had
see saw seen

Unit 2 Experiences: Lesson A Hopes and dreams

Present perfect vs. simple past

Use the present perfect to ask about indefinite times before now.

Use have + subject + past participle for present perfect questions:

Have you ever gone white-water rafting?

(ever = at any time in your life up to now)

Use the present perfect to give answers about indefinite times before now:

No, I haven't. I've never gone rafting.

Use the simple past for specific events or times in the past:

A Have you ever gone white-water rafting?

B Yes, I have. I went rafting last May.

A Did you have a good time? (= on your rafting trip last May)

B Yes, I did. But I fell off the raft.

Unit 3 Wonders of the world: Lesson A Human wonders

Superlatives

You can use superlatives of adjectives to compare three or more things:

This is the tallest building in the world.

Short adjectives

For short adjectives, superlatives are the + adjective + -est:

What's the tallest building in the world?

For short adjectives ending in e, add -st:

Where is the largest shopping mall?

For two-syllable adjectives ending in y, change the y to i and add - est:

What's the busiest restaurant?

For most one-syllable adjectives ending in vowel + consonant, double the last letter and add
- est:

Which city has the biggest soccer stadium?

Long adjectives
For long adjectives, superlatives are the + most / least + adjective:

What's the most interesting city in your country?

What's the least expensive store?

Irregular superlatives

good the best

What's the best country to visit?

bad the worst

What's the worst problem in your country?

Superlatives with nouns

You can use the superlative form the most with nouns:

Which country has the most tourism?

Which stadium has the most seats?

Here, the most means "more than any other."

Unit 3 Wonders of the world: Lesson B Natural wonders

Questions with How + adjective . . . ?

You can use these adjectives in questions with How + adjective . . . ? In answers to
questions like these, you can repeat the adjective after the measurement:
 • high

A How high is Mount Everest?

B It's 8,850 meters (29,035 feet) high.

• long

A How long is the Nile River?

B It's 6,695 kilometers (4,160 miles) long.

• wide

A How wide is the Grand Canyon?

B It's about 29 kilometers (18 miles) wide.

• deep

A How deep is the Pacific Ocean?

B It's about 11,000 meters (36,000 feet) deep.

You can also use these adjectives in questions with How + adjective . . . ? But, in answers
to questions like these, do not repeat the adjective:

• large

A How large is the Sahara Desert?

B It's 9.1 million square kilometers (3.5 million square miles).

• hot

A How hot does it get in Death Valley?

B It can reach 48 degrees Celsius (120 degrees Fahrenheit).

Give your own ideas. Here are some examples.
Unit 1: The way we areLesson A, Activity 10A My blog: Do
you need to slow down?
You sound very organized. Can you give me some tips because I can't
plan my time well. I'm really bad at balancing my social life with school.
What's your secret?
If you're happy with your life, do you need to slow down and take it
easy? Life is for living. I agree with you. Do everything you can when
you're young.
Lesson B, Activity 8A My blog: Someone I admire
Your sister sounds extremely talented. Is she younger or older than
you? Do you spend a lot of time together?
I don't like unreliable people, either. I get mad when my friends are late
or don't show up. I guess I'm not very patient. Do you get mad, too?
Lesson D, Activity 4A My blog: My personal profile
Your major sounds extremely interesting. How do you build an
environmentally-friendly building? It sounds really hard.
I do a similar thing with my headphones on, but I talk to other people
really loudly. People are always saying to me, "Don't shout!"

Unit 2: Experiences
Lesson A, Activity 10A My blog: My secret dream
I've never heard of Cirque du Soleil. What kinds of shows do they do? I
hope they don't have animals in their shows. I hate to see animals in
circuses.
I've seen a lot of Sandra Bullock's movies, too! Which one is your
favorite? I loved Ms. Congeniality.
Lesson B, Activity 10A My blog: A scary experience
I went bungee jumping about four years ago. I was terrified just before I
jumped, but when I jumped, I loved it. I think I would like to do it again.
Has your friend done any other scary things?
Yes, I think speaking in front of people is really scary. Have you done it
again? Have you learned how to do it better?
Lesson D, Activity 4A My blog: An exciting experience
I'd love to go to San Francisco, but I've heard it rains a lot. How long
did it take to cycle over the bridge?
I've heard the bird life in Bolivia is pretty amazing. What kinds of birds
did you see?

Unit 3: Wonders of the world

Lesson A, Activity 11A My blog: The most interesting places . . .
I’m going to New York next year. Do you think we should go to
Philadelphia by train? Do you recommend it for a day trip?
I’ve never been to London. Where’s the best place to stay? What are
the top three most important things to see? Is it really expensive?
Lesson B, Activity 7A My blog: Natural wonders
California sounds really interesting. There seems to be lots of places to
visit. Hopefully, I'll visit one day. Which city in California has the best
nightlife?
I've never been to Costa Rica but it sounds wonderful – especially the
beaches! What's the best region for tourism?
I want to go to France next year. I need to start making plans to go. Do
you know which airport has the most flights every day?
Lesson D, Activity 3A My blog: An interesting place
Is it scary to climb to the top of the bridge? Have you done that?
Wrangell-St. Elias National Park sounds amazing. What’s the best time
of year to go there?
Presente perfecto en inglÉs de Verbos Irregulares

Como en el pasado simple, hay muchos verbos comunes que son irregulares en el presente
perfecto en inglés. A continuación presentamos algunos de ellos:

VERBO PASADO SIMPLE PRESENTE

PERFECTO
To speak – hablar Spoke Have spoken/
has spoken
To eat – comer Ate Have eaten/
has eaten
To go – ir Went Have gone/
has gone
To come – venir Came Have come/
has come
To take – tomar Took Have taken/
has taken
To see – ver Saw Have seen/
has seen
To begin – empezar Began Have begun/
has begun
To buy – comprar Bought Have bought/
has bought
To do – hacer Did Have done/
has done
To have - tener Had Have had/
has had
To give - dar Gave Have given/
has given
To know - saber Knew Have known/
has known