Macroscopic distinction between a fluid and a solid

Forces on a material body

TOPIC 2: FLUID PROPERTIES • Body force: a force that acts throughout a material body

• Surface force (stress): a force acts on the boundary of a

HYDRAULICS (CE2134 AY14/15) material body

Dr. Yuan Jing,

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering A fluid is:
Office: E2-05-20 a substance that cannot support
Phone: 65162160 a shearing force (shear stress)
Email: ceeyuan@nus.edu.sg
without being in motion.

Microscopic distinction between a fluid and a solid

• Well separated • close together • tightly packed

• no regular • no regular • usually in a regular

arrangement arrangement pattern

• move freely • slide past each other • vibrate (jiggle) but

generally do not
move from place to
Fluid place
 Stress in matrix form

ªV xx 0 0 º
« 0 V 0 »
« yy »
«¬ 0 0 V zz »¼
Solid Fluid at rest
Moving fluid
• Fluid molecules can slide past each other easily, so cannot support
shear stress at rest
• No matter how small the shear stress is.
• shear stress can exist for moving fluid

Sign convention Pitch drop experiment

W ij • i denotes the surface the stress is acting on
• j is the direction. • The world's longest continuously
running laboratory experiment
A stress acting on a positive surface in the positive direction is positive. 9 Three custodians so far
9 started in 1930
9 a droplets per about a decade
i-surface is positive if its outwardly pointing normal is in the positive i-direction. (9th in 2014)

• Ig Nobel prize for Physics

z W yz
• http://www.theninthwatch.com/feed/
y
x W zy The University of Queensland
pitch drop experiment,
 The nature of shear stress in a moving fluid Viscosity for Newtonian fluids
n
u ( n)
• A property of the fluid
n

G1
u1 “Shear stress” from 1 to 2 • Varies from fluid to
u2 fluid
G2 “Shear stress” from 2 to 1

du • Highly depends on
z0
dn temperature
u

œ no shear stress W ns
du
No “shear”
dn

Fluid viscosity Non-Newtonian fluid

du Viscosity various with Shearing strain
W ns ~ Typical non-Newtonian fluids:
Ketchup, mayo, blood
dn
du du
W ns P UQ
dn dn
P : dynamic viscosity [ N/sm 2 ]
Sir Isaac Newton
(1642 - 1727) Q : kinematic viscosity=P / U [m 2 /s]
• Fluids for which the shearing stress is linearly related to the rate
of shearing strain are designated as Newtonian fluids

• most common fluids, both liquids and gases, are Newtonian

Real and ideal fluids Fluid parcel
• Very small volume
• Very large number of molecules

­1011 , liquid
G V ~ 1P m3 N ~® 8
¯ 10 , gas

No-slip boundary condition Good enough? How about a tiny fish of 1nm?

The average distance between molecules must be small compared to the

dimension of the physical problem.

The continuum idealization of fluids Validity of the continuum hypothesis

• We consider the average over a small volume O molecular mean free path length
Knudsen number: Kn  1
• So the fluid becomes a Continuum: the fluid characteristics vary continuously L a representative physical length scale
throughout the fluid

Example: density

• Nebulae’s mean free path length=2cm

Nme
GV U ( x, y , z )
GV • Star trek Voyager’s length: 344m
N molecules U
me 0.02
Kn 6 ˜ 105  1
P ( x, y , z ) 344

Not easy to be the director of a

GV SiFi movies/show.
• δV is small enough to avoid macroscopic variation
• δV is large enough to avoid molecule-scale variation
Compressibility

'p 'p
Bulk modulus : Ev 
'V / V 'U / U
'U 'p
Ÿ
U Ev

water: air:
Ev 2.15 ˜ 10 N / m
9 2 Ev 1.4 ˜ 105 N / m 2
'p 108 Pa 10km of water 'p 104 Pa 800m of air
'U 'U
5% 7%
U U

In this module, we generally neglect compressibility.