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Hassan Z. Harraz
Tanta University
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Hassan Z. Harraz
hharraz2006@yahoo.com
2014- 2015
Longwall advancing
Longwall retreating
Longwall advancing
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SL500_01.jpg
Mechanized cutting machine on a longwall coal-mining face:
Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection Shearer Working at Longwall Face.
Bureau of Deep Mine Safety
Equipment for longwall method in coal (shearer)
• The hydraulic
cylinders move as the
carbon layer is drawn,
creating an area
without support on
the back of falling
relieving stress on the
system.
It's designed to let the roof fall behind it, and mines out
big rooms in which the roof almost immediately
collapses, leaving only a small entryway and the metal
barrier that protects the longwall unit.
Mine in Colorado
operates production
until 4.500t / h,
reaching 22.700t /
day in a coal seam
thickness of 1.07m.
37
Deep level gold mining, South Africa
Topics
Characteristics of the
ore body and mining
method
Development
Production
Equipments Used
Losses ore
The solutions found so far are not fully satisfactory from the
standpoint of optimization of the gravitational flow of the ore.
These models are the oldest, made with particles (e.g., sand),
leaking containers of small size.
There are several numerical models being investigated to explain the influence
of the main variables of the method.
Among the principal's PFC - numerical code developed by Itasca group since
the 1990s PFC = Particle Flow Code.
For adaptation:
effecting up to 55 lateral holes of inclination. Function of these holes ...
ore fragment lying in the slope of approximately 70 and reduce the
length of (longer) central holes of the fan.
Holes smaller than 55o inclination are difficult to load with explosives,
due to the angle of repose of the ore in drawPoint.
The fans may be vertical or inclined (α generally uses up 70 to 80o to the
horizontal). The steepening improves the stability of the roof drawPoint and
easy access for loading the holes with explosive.
disadvantages
Dilution may be high (15-30%) and moderate recoveries (75-85%);
subsidence on the surface;
high consumption of explosives;
high cost of development;
intensive drilling and disassemble to generate a suitable granular product to flow ore;
controlling the cut-off level can result in low recovery of ore.
Block
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Caving
69
Caving methods
Introduction:
Block Caving* is method in which volumes of
rock are left without support and suffer rebate
under its own weight; the overlying rock
fragments-along with the ore. The fracturing and
the disposal of ore are obtained by the action of
gravity and efforts resulting from tectonic and
lithostatic stress.
Figure shows Effect of Mineral extraction upon displacement of country rock and
surface as well as rock displacement in mining.
Block caving
A rule of thumb: For an ore body be subject to abatement, approx. 50% of the fragments should have a maximum size of
1.5m.
There are several geomechanical classifications to forecast caving and fragmentation. The
most commonly used: RMR, Q system, classification of Laubscher (1981) system.
Palabora Mine (copper) in South Africa ... MRMR between 57-70, which is
among the highest values for block caving (this method is not advised when
MRMR >50).
Henderson Mine (molybdenum) in Denver- USA ... with RMR 27-60.
Northparkes (copper-gold) in Australia ... features RMR between 33-54, for Lift
1 (upper part of the ore body).
El Teniente, Chile ... MRMR between 55-74, for various lithologies of the mining
area (andesites, diorites, breccias).
Drawpoints
Modes of observation of progress caving: see SME Min. Eng. Handbook, 1992 pg.1820.
Accident Northparkes (1999) by sudden collapse of the ore in the abatement process .
Tamanho do Espaçamento
Mina fragmento entre os pontos de
médio D50mm drenagem (m)
Grace 1.500 6,0 x 9,0
Urad 700 9,0 x 9,0
Clímax 350 10 x 10
El Salvador Minério fino
Bell Mine
7,6 x 7,6
Com rastelamento
12,2 x 12,2
Com Trav Carregamento