BP HBK 76100 00001 PDF

Rigging and Lifting
Handbook
For Bruce site use only

Notice
Neither Bruce Power, Ontario Power Generation Inc., nor
any person acting on their behalf, makes any representation
or warranty, express or implied, with respect to the use of
any information, data, procedures, practices or
recommendations contained in this handbook; or assumes
any liabilities with respect to the use of, or for damages
resulting from the use of, any such information, data,
procedures or recommendations.
This handbook is FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY, to be used
only by Bruce Power staff and contractors and is not to be
released or disclosed to external parties without the express
written permission of Bruce Power. Contractors using this
handbook while performing activities for Bruce Power must
return the book to their contract supervisor upon exit.

Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Personnel Requirements
3.0 Rigging and Lifting Practices
4.0 General Craning Considerations
5.0 Wire Rope
6.0 Fibre Rope
7.0 Chain
8.0 Fittings and Hardware
9.0 Slings
10.0 Rigging Tools and Devices
11.0 Anchor Points and Non-Standard Lifting
Points
12.0 Travelling Overhead Bridge and Gantry
Cranes
13.0 Road Mobile, Rough Terrain and Crawler
Cranes
14.0 Critical Hoisting Operations

1.0 Introduction
1.1 Forward
1.2 Acknowledgement
1.3 Scope
1.4 References
1.5 Definitions
1.6 Acronyms
Introduction
1
1.0 Lifting and Rigging Handbook
1.1 Foreword
Rigging and Lifting are a big part of maintenance and
operations activities at Bruce Power. This handbook is
intended to provide guidance to all potential users.
This revision was printed in 2009, and includes extensive
revisions throughout the document.
This handbook must remain relevant. It shall be reviewed
for content every five years or sooner, if necessary due to
changes in legislation. Any requests for revision should be
referred to the Rigging and Lifting Program Owner in
Maintenance Programs.
Technical inquiries or concerns regarding the Rigging and
Lifting Handbook should be directed to the Bruce Power
System Engineer, Cranes and Hoists.
This handbook is recommended to supervisors and workers
directly engaged in rigging and lifting. It outlines guidelines
and practices.
2
Introduction
1.2 Acknowledgement
Thanks are due to a number of individuals and organizations
who have provided permission to use material from their
publications in this handbook. Of special note are the
Construction Safety Association of Ontario, EPRI (Electrical
Power Research Institute), Ontario Power Generation,
Unirope, The Crosby Group and Mike Riggs, author of The
Complete Riggers Reference Handbook (www.riggsafe.com).
Revised by: _________________________________
Rebecca Ellis, FLM, Maintenance Programs
Verified by: _____________________________________
Fred Wolsey, Senior Technical Engineer
Mechanical Equipment
Approved by: ____________________________________
David Khan, VP, Nuclear Operations Support
Introduction
3
1.3 Scope
The Occupational Health and Safety Act and Selected
Regulations for Construction Projects and Industrial
Establishments provide the minimum standards that concern
rigging and hoisting operations.
It must be noted that Rigging and Lifting activities are
traditionally viewed by the Ministry of Labour (MOL) as
construction type activities. This in turn means MOL
usually applies the most stringent standards available when
interpreting the Act and Regulations.
Therefore, it is important that all workers be familiar with
those regulations that apply to the work being done, which
may take precedence over this handbook.
The following points are set within this frame of reference:
a This handbook is issued for the guidance of workers
on the Bruce Power site involved in the use of tools
and equipment for routine rigging and craning work.
b The handbook is not a design guide. It is intended for
the use of riggers, crane operators and supervisors on
the job. The design of special systems and engineered
lifts should be referred to management.
c Notwithstanding this handbooks contents, work
must comply with the most recent revisions to the
Occupational Health and Safety Act (OHSA) and
Regulations for Construction Projects, Regulations
for Industrial Establishments, the Trades
Qualification and Apprenticeship Act, Reg. 1060
(Hoisting Engineers), other applicable legislation, and
the recommendations of the manufacturers of the
equipment. Bruce Power Corporate Safety Rules and
any special instructions or procedures may also take
precedence over this book.

4
Introduction
d This handbook is issued for the guidance of workers
on the Bruce Power site involved in the use of tools
and equipment for routine rigging and lifting work.
e Rigging tools and lifting equipment are used
throughout Bruce Power in the construction,
operation, and maintenance of its facilities. Safety
in the use of this equipment begins with scheduled
inspection and maintenance, knowledge of
established practices, selection of the proper
equipment, and common sense in application.
f In this document, the word shall indicates
mandatory actions, the word should indicates a
recommended action, in line with management best
practices, and the word may indicates
compliance is discretionary.
1.4 References
Where information is not found in this document, more
detail can be found in the following publications, amongst
others:
Caution
Ontario Hydro Documents, such as the Code of Good
Practice, and the 1997 Standard for Inspection of Lifting
Devices, as well as previous versions of this book are
considered to be out-of-date, and should not be used.
A Bruce Power Internal Documents
Bruce Power Safety Rules
BP-PROC-00587, Inspection Requirements for
Rigging, Lifting and Material Handling Equipment
BP-PROC-00586, Control of Lifting Activities
BP-PROC-00544, Material Handling

Introduction
5
B Regulatory Documents
Trades Qualification and Apprenticeship Act R.R.O.
1990, Regulation 1060 Hoisting Engineer
Trades Qualification and Apprenticeship Act R.R.O.
1990, Regulation 1055, General
OHSA and Regulations for Construction Projects (O.
Reg. 213/91), Sections 1, 103, 104, - 106, 150-156,
168-179, 186, 187, and as amended
OHSA and Regulations for Industrial Establishments
(O. Reg. 851/90), Sections 1, 7, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56,
57, 59, 60, 61 and as amended
C Industry Standards
Construction Safety Association of Ontario Rigging
Manual (1996)
Construction Safety Association of Ontario: Mobile
Crane Handbook (2001)
Operating Engineers Training Institute of Ontario
(OETIO), Mobile Lifting Today, 1988
CSA B167-96, Safety Standard For Maintenance and
Inspection Of Overhead Cranes, Gantry Cranes,
Monorails, Hoists, and Trolleys
CSA G4-00 Steel Wire Rope for General Purpose and
for Mine Hoisting and Mine Haulage
CAN/CSA-Z150-98, Safety Code for Mobile Cranes
CAN/CSA-Z259.10-M90, Full Body Harness
(Reaffirmed 1998 Without Change)
CAN/CSA-Z259.1-95, Safety Belts and Lanyards
ASME B18.15-1985, Forged Eyebolts
ASME B18.15M-1998, Metric Lifting Eyes
ASME B.30.1-1998, Jacks
ASME B30.2-2001, Overhead and Gantry Cranes

6
Introduction
ASME B30.5-2000, Mobile and Locomotive Cranes
ASME B30.7, Base Mounted Drum Hoists
ASME B30.9-2003, Slings
ASME B30.10-1999 Hooks
ASME B30.11-1998, Monorails and Underhung
Cranes
ASME B30.16-2003, Overhead Hoists (Underhung)
ASME B30.17-2003 Overhead and Gantry Cranes
(Top Running Bridge, Single Girder, Underhung
Hoist)
ASME B30.20-2003, Below the Hook Lifting Devices
ASME B30.21-1999, Manually Lever Operated Hoist
ASME B30.26-2004, Rigging Hardware
Federal Specification FF-C-450D, Clamps, Wire Rope
Federal Specification FF-T-276b, Thimbles, Rope
Federal Specification RR-C-271D, Chains and
Attachments, Welded and Weldless
ASTM F-1145-92, Standard Specification for
Turnbuckles, Swaged, Welded, Forged
DOE-STD-1090-2004, US Department of Energy
Standard, Hoisting and Rigging
D Other Publications
Crosby Group Inc. Catalogue
Unirope Catalogue
OPG Hoisting and Rigging Handbook
EPRI Riggers Handbook
The Complete Riggers Reference Handbook,
by Mike Riggs, www.riggsafe.com

Introduction
7
1.5 Definitions
For the purposes of this handbook, the following definitions
apply. The reader is referred to the definitions included in
OHSA as well.
Approval from Engineering: Written approval by a
Responsible System Engineer is required. This may take
many different forms including having the Engineer
complete Form-12293, Safe Lift Form, for the job. The
approval should conform to the appropriate Engineering
Decision Making procedure.
Approved: Accepted as satisfactory by a duly constituted
administrative or regulatory authority.
Authorized Person: One designated by a duly constituted
administrative or regulatory authority.
Basic Lift: A lift where despite the nature of the load being
lifted, all aspects of the lift, including consequences of
failure have been pre-approved by Engineering.
Basic Rigger: Individual who holds the basic rigger
qualification. This person may only perform basic lifts.
Bridle Sling: A sling composed of multiple legs gathered in
a fitting that goes over the lifting hook.
Cable Laid: A type of wire rope made by twisting together
a number of smaller wire ropes into one.
Category C Spill: As defined in BP-PROC-00093, Spills to
the Environment.
Centre of Gravity: The balance point of an object.
8
Introduction
Competent Person: A person who:
a is qualified because of knowledge, training and
experience to organize the work and its performance
b is familiar with the provisions of the act (OHSA) and the
regulations that apply to the work
c has knowledge of any potential or actual danger to
health or safety in the workplace. (ref: OHSA, RRO
851, 1990, Section 1(1))
Critical Lift: Any lift of an object where due to the nature of the
lift, significant expertise (Master Rigger) is required to perform
the lift. Considerations for this include, but are not limited to,
size, weight, and composition where failure of any kind would
have a significant impact on safety, production or economics.
D/d Ratio: The diameter around which a wire rope is being
bent (D) divided by the diameter of the wire rope (d).
Dead Load: Pulls or lifts on a permanently attached or
essentially immovable object which may result in overstressing
of the slings, crane, or other devices attached to the load.
Defective Equipment: Equipment that is defective or is
suspected of being defective, as evaluated by a competent
person. Defective equipment shall not be used for any purpose,
other than testing, by a competent person.
Design Factor: A factor that is applied to the ultimate or
breaking strength of a piece of equipment to determine its
Working Load Limit (WLL). The calculation, WLL equals
Breaking Strength divided by Design Factor, shall not be used as
an excuse for intentionally overloading the system. Also known
as Factor of Safety.
Designated Person: Selected or assigned by the employer or
employers representative to perform specific duties.

Introduction
9
Engineered Lift: A lift requiring engineering approval and
special attention to all features of the operation due to its
complexity.
Factor of Safety: Refer to Design Factor.
Fixed Crane: A crane, either electrically or mechanically
powered, that moves on rails or beams that are fixed to a
specific location, such as a building.
Grommet Sling: An endless loop sling made of one or
more wraps of webbing or woven from a single strand of
wire rope.
Hitch, Basket: Loading with the sling passed under the
load and both ends on the hook or a single master link.
Hitch, Choker: Loading with the sling passed through one
eye and suspended by the other.
Hitch, Vertical: Loading with the load suspended vertically
on a single part or leg of the sling.
Included Angle: The angle formed by any two adjacent
slings.
Lay: A rope whose strands rotate or twist in a certain
direction. A rope is either RIGHT LAY (strands twist to the
right like a conventional screw thread) or LEFT LAY (twist
to the left).
Lay, Langs: A wire rope in which the wires composing the
strands and the strands composing the rope are laid in the
same direction.
Lay Length: Distance for a wire strand to achieve one full
rotation as measured in the direction of the ropes centerline.
Lay, Regular: A wire rope in which the wires of the strands
and the strands in the rope are laid in opposite directions.

10
Introduction
Licensed Operator: Refers to a crane operator certified as a
Hoisting Engineer by the Province of Ontario under the Trades
Qualification and Apprenticeship Act, O.Reg 631/94, s.3.
Lift Categories: basic lift, skilled lift, critical lift.
Lift Plan: A written plan outlining all aspects of the lift.
Lift Team: Consists of the Rigger, Signaler, Crane Operator
and Supervisor of the Lift and any other required personnel as
identified in the lift plan.
Link, Master: A steel link or ring used to support all legs of a
sling.
Load Path: The route the lift team intends to use to move the
load as identified in the lift plan.
Manual Lifting: Lifting and moving objects using only human
effort.
Master Rigger: An individual who holds a Bruce Power
master rigger qualification. They may perform Basic, Skilled or
Critical lifts.
Material Handling: Refers to any process, aided or not,
employed to move any object or thing.
Megagram (Mg): (abbr. t) One metric tonne. A weight equal
to 1000 kg (approx. 2205 lb.)
Metric Ton (Tonne): refer to Megagram. Megagram is the
preferred term on site.
Mobile Crane Operator: A worker qualified to operate a
mobile crane of a specified capacity.
Overhaul Weight: A weight attached to a hook or hook block
of a crane which pulls out the load line as the hook is lowered.
P. Eng: Professional Engineer, refer to Responsible System
Engineer. (RSE)
Introduction
11
Pendant Crane Operator: A worker qualified to operate
cranes controlled by pendant only.
Personnel Lifting: Lifting (and moving in some cases)
workers in a powered manlift or a suspended basket,
with or without their tools.
Radius: The horizontal distance from the centre of rotation
of a crane to a hook supporting the load.
Rated Capacity: The maximum allowable working load.
Responsible System Engineer (RSE): Professional
Engineer employed by Bruce Power who has responsibility
for craning and lifting systems on site.
Rigging: The connection of a load to a source of power so
that it can be hoisted or moved safely and predictably.
Rotation-Resistant Rope: Rope which resists unlaying
when under tension. Also known as non-spinning rope.
Safe Working Load: Refer to working load limit (WLL).
Seizing: A wrapping of fibre or wire rope around a rope or
wire rope, particularly at its ends.
Sheave: A wheel with a grooved circumference over which
a rope is bent.
Skilled Lift: A lift involving an object that is easily
controlled and where the consequence of failure is minor,
but where rigging equipment must be selected by the
personnel involved.
Skilled Rigger: An individual who holds a skilled rigger
qualification. This person may perform basic and skilled
lifts as defined in this procedure.
Softener: Engineered item used to protect the load or sling
from damage while making a lift.

12
Introduction
Stability: The tendency of an object to return to its original
position of rest after it has been displaced.
Strand Laid: Wire rope made with strands laid around a fibre
strand or wire rope core.
Supervisor of the Lift: The person responsible for all aspects
of the lift.
Suspended Loads: Loads lifted from above the Centre of
Gravity and supported via fibre or wire rope, chain or similar
flexible elements. A crane or hoist, either fixed, temporary or
mobile, is used to lift the load.
Supported Loads: Loads lifted from below the Centre of
Gravity, and supported from below by a rigid support with
(such as a forklift) or without (such as a scissors lift) a
counterweight.
Swivel: A mechanism which substantially isolates the load from
the effect of torque in the hoist rope or system.
Swivel Hoist Ring: A device used to create a lifting point on an
object via a threaded hole. A swivel hoist ring may be loaded at
any angle in either the vertical or horizontal direction.
Tag Line: A light line used to control the position of a load and
restrain unwanted motion.
Ton: A weight equal to 2000lb. Abbreviated T.
Tonne: Metric ton: 1000kg (or 2240lb)
Working Load Limit (WLL): The maximum allowable working
load established by the manufacturer or other authority and
takes into account the design factor. Note: Was once called the
Safe Working Load (SWL) on older hardware, but the term is
no longer used.
Introduction
13
1.6 Acronyms:
AF Angularity Factor
ALARA As Low as Reasonably Achievable
ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
C of G Centre of Gravity
CSA Canadian Standards Association
CSAO Construction Safety Association of Ontario
EIPS Extra Improved Plow Steel
FLM First Line Manager
HPF High Density Polyethylene Fibres
IPS Improved Plow Steel
IWRC Independent Wire Rope Core
LW Load Weight
LWD Load Weight Distribution
NDE Non-Destructive Examination
OETIO Operating Engineers Training Institute of Ontario
OHSA Occupational Health and Safety Act
PPE Personal Protective Equipment
PTO Power Take Off
RDE Responsible Design Engineer
RPM Revolutions Per Minute
RSE Responsible System Engineer

14
Introduction
RRWR Rotation Resistant Wire Rope
TRA Task Risk Analysis
STAR Stop, Think, Act, Review
WLL Working Load Limit
CAUTION
The tables in this book are for reference purposes. Be
sure to read the notes accompanying a table before
using the information in it. Every effort has been made
to ensure accuracy. If there are any doubts or questions
about anything in this book, contact your supervisor or
Engineering.
Introduction
15
2.0 Personnel Requirements
2.1 Qualifications and Training
2.1.1 Supervisor of the Lift
2.1.2 Mobile Crane Operators
(Over 7,260 kg or 16,000 lb)
(Under 7,260 kg or 16,000 lb)
2.1.4 Overhead Pendant Crane and Hoist Operators
2.1.5 Overhead Cab Crane Operators
2.1.6 Riggers
2.1.7 Signalers
2.1.8 Crew Supervisor
2.1.9 RSE for Cranes and Hoists
2.1.10 Program Owner, Maintenance Programs
2.1.11 Supplementary workers
2.2 Medical Requirements
2.3 Requirements and Responsibilities
2.3.1 General
2.3.2 Management
2.3.3 First Line Manager
2.3.5 Operator
2.3.6 Rigger (All Levels)
2.3.7 Signaler
2.3.8 Engineering
2.3.9 Program Co-ordinator, Rigging and Lifting
Personnel Requirem ents

17
2.4 Safe Lifting and Rigging Practices
2.4.1 General
2.4.2 Control
2.4.2.1 Control of the Rigging
2.4.2.2 Control of the Crane
2.4.2.3 Control of the Load
2.4.2.4 Block Lift Technique
2.4.2.5 Control of the Lift Area
2.5 Engineering Review
2.6 Lift Categories
2.6.1 Basic Lift
2.6.2 Skilled Lift
2.6.3 Critical Lift
2.6.4 Engineered Lift
2.7 Inspection and Maintenance
Program Overview
2.8 Control and Compliance
18
2.1 Qualifications and Training
Personnel fulfilling the role of Supervisor of the Lift shall be
qualified to an appropriate level to provide informed
oversight and be accountable for the quality of the lift.
Normally, this would mean the Supervisor of the Lift would
be qualified, at a minimum, as a Master Rigger for a
Critical Lift, a Skilled Rigger for a Skilled Lift, and a Basic
Rigger for a Basic Lift.
(Over 7,260 kg or 16,000 lb)
a Shall complete a medical examination every 24
months.
b Shall hold the appropriate Class of License for the
vehicle and crane being operated.
c Shall complete Bruce Power Rigging and Lifting
requirements, to the level required for the lift.
d Shall meet competency requirements as defined in
OHSA.
e Shall hold a Certificate of Qualification as a Hoisting
Engineer. In accordance with the Trades Qualification
and Apprenticeship Act R.R.O 1990, Regulation
1055, operators of mobile cranes with a lifting
capacity of over 7,260kg or 16,000lb do not require
a Certificate of Qualification as a Hoisting Engineer
if they are permanently employed in an industrial
plant while performing work entirely within the plant
and premises or on the land appertaining thereto.

19
(Under 7,260 kg or 16,000 lb)
a do not require a license, but operators shall be
competent as defined by OHSA and Bruce Power
b shall complete a medical examination every 24 months
c shall complete Bruce Power Mobile Crane training
requirements
d shall have completed Bruce Power Rigging and
Lifting requirements, to the level required for the lift
2.1.4 Overhead Pendant Crane and
Hoist Operators
a shall be competent as defined by OHSA and
Bruce Power
c shall complete Bruce Power Pendant Crane training
requirements
d shall complete Bruce Power Rigging and Lifting
requirements, to the level required for the lift
2.1.5 Overhead Cab Crane Operators
a shall be competent as defined by OHSA and
Bruce Power
c shall complete Bruce Power Cab Crane training
requirements
d shall complete Bruce Power Rigging and Lifting
requirements, to the level required for the lift

20
2.1.6 Riggers
Riggers:
a Basic
shall complete Bruce Power Basic Rigging training
requirements
b Skilled
shall complete Bruce Power Skilled Rigging training
requirements
c Master
shall complete Bruce Power Master Rigging training
requirements
2.1.7 Signalers
Signalers shall complete Bruce Power Rigging and Lifting
training requirements, to the level required by the lift.
2.1.8 Crew Supervisor
The crew supervisor shall complete the requirements of a
Bruce Power Rigging Observation for Supervisors course.
2.1.9 RSE for Cranes and Hoists
The RSE shall be qualified to the master rigger level.
2.1.10 Program Owner,
Maintenance Programs
The program Co-ordinator for Rigging and Lifting shall be
qualified to the Master Rigger level.

21
2.1.11 Supplementary Workers
Supplementary workers who are qualified by virtue
of a trade qualification such as Iron Workers,
Boilermakers and Millwrights may challenge the
Master Rigger or Skilled Rigger evaluation once in
lieu of completing the course.
Passing the test will provide qualification for one
requalification period, at which time the
requalification course will have to be completed
successfully to maintain the qualification.
Failing the test will require successful completion of a
full course (either Skilled Rigger or Master Rigger) to
obtain a qualification.
Bruce Power will seek another contractor if
supplemental staff fails qualification training twice.
NOTE
Any employee can work on any task under the direct
supervision of a qualified person as long as the
supervisor has assessed the individuals competency
and both he and the employee agree that he is able to
complete the task safely. The supervisors assessment
can be based on past experience, interview, testing
and/or observation of completion of task. Refer to
BP-PROC-00174, Training Administer Training
Exemptions and FORM-11153, Training Exemption
Approval.
22
2.2 Medical Requirements
Medical examinations may be performed by Bruce Power
Health Services. Typical medical acceptance conditions
include but are not limited to the following:
a Vision Tests
Procedures established by the Ministry of Transport
used in certification of G drivers license holder
shall be followed. Tests include Snellen, Jaeger,
Ishihara, and Field of Vision.
SNELLEN vision of at least 6/9 (20/30) in the
better eye, 6/15 (20/50) in the other eye with or
without corrective lenses
JAEGER vision of J-4, with or without
corrective lenses
FIELD Of VISION minimum horizontal visual
field of 120 degrees by confrontation
have a normal depth perception
b Hearing Test
If verbal communication systems will be used for
lifting operations the ability to hear at
conversational levels is required.
An audiometric test is required once every 12
months.
Normal hearing is defined by the Workplace Safety
and Insurance Board as the threshold average at
speech frequencies of 22.5 decibels in each ear
averaged over 500-3,000 Hz range.

23
c General Medical Assessment
no evidence of susceptibility to seizure, loss of
physical control or dizziness
no evidence of physical limitations or emotional
instability that could result in a hazard to
themselves or others
sufficient strength, endurance, agility, coordination,
and speed of reaction to meet the demands of the
equipment to be operated
24
2.3 Requirements and Responsibilities
2.3.1 General
a Safe handling of loads shall be assigned by
Management to competent personnel.
b Responsibility for safe operation and proper
maintenance of rigging and lifting equipment is
shared by the following personnel:
Management
First Line Manager (Supervisor of Equipment)
Supervisor of Equipment
Supervisor of the Lift
Operator
Rigger
Signaler
Engineering
Any other person involved in the performance of
the lift
c Depending on the complexity of the lift, one person
may hold more than one of the above positions.
2.3.2 Management
Shall:
ensure equipment maintained for safe and predictable
operation
involve the program coordinator in rigging and
lifting events and investigations

25
2.3.3 First Line Manager
Shall ensure the following:
a The crane is suitable for the work at hand.
b Competent personnel are assigned to the work.
c The crane is properly equipped.
d Crane wire ropes are equivalent to those
recommended by the crane manufacturer.
e Weight is marked on blocks, equalizer beams, and
other crane accessories.
f The Working Load Limit (WLL) is permanently
marked on all crane accessories.
g A dynamometer, crane scale, or weigh scale is
available to check load weight.
h If the equipment is equipped with a load moment
device, it is operating properly.
i Equipment is only used within the limits set for
temperature and wind speed.
j The operator is competent as required by law and to
Bruce Powers standards.
k An overhead travelling cab operated crane has more
than one safe exit and a safe descent system.
l A crane cab is equipped with an approved fire
extinguisher.
m Correct load ratings are available for rigging
hardware and equipment.
26
n Rigging hardware and equipment have been inspected
prior to use.
o The crane is equipped with a suitable log book and
crane history is recorded.
p The lift has been assigned a risk category (Critical,
Skilled or Basic).
q Site designed or fabricated, below the hook lifting
systems and components have had site engineering
approval.
r Electrical clearance hazards to a crane or load are
identified, eliminated or accommodated for.
s Ensure that safe standards for the use of a travelling
crane as a work platform are established and
maintained. When the crane is used for such purposes
as maintenance of lighting fixtures, management must
ensure the safety of personnel from electrical hazards,
falling hazards and inadvertent movement of the
crane. All applicable regulations must be satisfied.
t Synthetic sling radiation dose is maintained As Low
As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) and these slings
are not left in radiation fields greater than 100 mr/h
when not in use.
u The Maintenance and Inspection Program for cranes
is complied with, and that proper records are
maintained.
v Arrange for modifications to the crane as necessary
for special lifts, based on the approval of Site
Engineering.
w Ensure that the operator has more than one safe way
of exiting the crane.

27
a Shall be competent as defined by OSHA and
Bruce Power and shall be assigned to and present at
all hoisting and rigging activities.
b Should be selected from the trade group involved.
c Shall be documented on the Pre-Job Briefing form,
Form-12797, Pre-Lift Assessment Worksheet, and
Form-12293, Safe Lift Form, and shall have overall
responsibility for the lift.
d Shall be identified to all personnel involved with the
lift.
e Supervisor of the Lift, Operator, Rigger and Signaler
may be the same person.
f Shall supervise and direct all personnel involved with
the lift, maintaining an overall view of the operation
and an ability to communicate with the crane
operator during the lift.
g Shall know the location and proper operation of the
crane main shutdown mechanism.
h If equipment is not operating as planned, the
supervisor of the lift shall:
1 ensure operator places crane in safe position with
the Emergency STOP on
2 ensure that the breaker is open
3 ensure the failure and details of the failure is noted
in the log book.
4 notify operations, crane crew and work group
supervisor
28
5 initiate an SCR and Work Request
6 tag and lock the pendant or cab isolation and main
isolation or provide other means to ensure no other
employee will use the crane (i.e., operator
remaining at the controls)
i Prior to approving a lift, the Supervisor of the Lift
shall ensure the following:
1 The safety of all personnel affected by the lifting
operation.
Pre-Lift activities are carried out (Pre-Lift
assessment and Form-12293, Safe Lift Form)
safe work area is established, including
demarcation and signage as appropriate, refer to
Zone of Influence in Section 3.0 of this handbook
2 A lift plan including, but not limited to the
following, is provided and followed. Lift plan will
include Form-12797, Pre-Lift Assessment
Worksheet, and if necessary, Form-12293, Safe Lift
Form.
3 Competent signalers are designated as required and
are identified to the operator.
4 Signaler and Operator are competent in the
communication systems used.
5 The rigging and lifting equipment have the required
load capacities for the lift.
6 The rigging and lifting equipment are in good
condition.
7 The location and proper operation of the crane
disconnect switch is known.

29
4.3 General Crane Operation
a Operators shall not leave crane controls while a load
is suspended except in cases of emergency. If an
operator must leave a crane, the operator shall lower
the load, have the rigging disconnected and shut
down the power. Deviations shall be approved by the
responsible system engineer. If lowering the load will
impose personal risk, the operator should shut down
the power and exit the crane.
b If a crane fails to respond correctly, repeated
operation may make the condition worse. The
following steps should be followed:
1 stop crane operation
2 place the crane in a safe state (i.e. put the load
down where possible)
3 open the power switch and lock it then hang the
appropriate tag
4 call the Supervisor of Lift to have crane repaired
c The rated capacity of a crane shall not be exceeded.
d The lifting capacity of a crane shall not be increased
by unauthorized means such as:
tying crane down
guying back boom
adding a counterweight
adjusting hydraulic relief valve settings
disabling load moment limiting devices, stops, limit
switches or other safety devices
e Safety devices such as load limiters or overload devices
shall not be used to determine the weight of a load.

Genera l Craning Considerations
99
8 The crane is positioned properly and rigged
adequately.
9 Electrical hazards are recognized when the crane is
in the vicinity of live apparatus.
10 The rigging and lifting equipment is:
approved and within its serviceable date
installed correctly
if required, a second party verification is
completed (may be performed by any rigging
qualified person) NOTE: on single person lifts,
Self Check only is acceptable
11 Outriggers on a mobile crane, if fitted, are
deployed as per manufacturers recommendations.
12 Provide the correct weight of the load to the
operator and rigger.
13 Consult engineering if the lift must be engineered.
14 Determine if the appropriate lift classification for
the lift has been assigned by the assessor and if
not, re-designate the classification.
j During a lift, the Supervisor of the lift shall ensure
the following:
1 Unnecessary personnel are clear of the crane and
safe work area.
2 Safety precautions are taken when the lift is in the
vicinity of live electrical apparatus.
3 A test lift is completed, including a 120 second lift
and hold.
30
4 At no time, will an attempt be made to lift a dead
load.
5 The WLL of rigging components are not exceeded.
6 Outriggers are used in accordance with
manufacturers recommendations.
7 No operator shall leave unattended the controls of
a crane or other similar lifting device with its load
raised.
k Upon completion of the lift, the Supervisor of the lift
shall ensure the following:
1 Lifting equipment is visually inspected and
returned to its proper storage area.
2 Defective items are removed from service, tagged
and the condition reported.
2.3.5 Operator
a The operator shall be competent as defined by
OHSA and Bruce Power, and must demonstrate
adequate skill and knowledge of the equipment
he/she must operate including:
the controls
the operating characteristics of the unit
the load chart and manufacturers instructions (if
so fitted)
the standard hand signals, or signals authorized by
local authority
familiarity with the operating manual of the crane.

31
b The operator of any crane or hoist is in charge of the
assigned equipment and prior to equipment use, shall
ensure the following:
crane operators to fill in FORM-13209, Crane
Inspection Log and FORM-13219, Pendant Crane
Inspection Log
approved start up procedures are performed
the lift is within the capacity of the crane
the crane cab is clean and orderly
if required, the crane is equipped with serviceable
fire extinguisher
the crane log is kept up to date
guards are in place where required
c During the crane or hoist use, the Operator shall
perform the following:
ensure the load is properly rigged
ensure sheaves are free-running and hoist lines are
spooling properly on the drum
follow manufacturers operating instructions in
accordance with load charts
minimize load swing and use the block lift
technique described below
ensure the use of tag lines to control the load when
appropriate
take special precautions when working in the
vicinity of live apparatus
take into account the effect of weather conditions

32
stop movement of the crane if communication with
the signaler is lost
investigate or report unusual noises or occurrences
and enter in crane log
follow approved shut down procedures
2.3.6 Rigger (All Levels)
Riggers shall perform the following:
a Obtain the proper type and size of rigging. (Note
that this does not apply to basic riggers.)
b Know the weight of the load and the crane and hook
capacity.
c Check slings and rigging hardware for WLL rating
and identification marks.
d Ensure rigging periodic inspection is current (i.e.
colour code, tags etc).
e Before and after use, visually inspect slings and
rigging hardware for damage.
f Properly attach rigging to the load.
g Properly attach rigging to the crane or hoist hook.
h To prevent damage, add softeners to rigging as
required.
i Attach tag line(s) if called for by the operator and
guide the load into position.
j Check rigging is positioned properly as tension is
being taken up.
k Secure or stabilize the load for transport during crane
movements.
33
2.3.8 Engineering
a Shall be responsible for approving modifications or
alterations to a crane that may affect its load-bearing
ability (including weld repairs), safety systems such
as load brakes and load sensing devices or controls.
b Shall be responsible for preparing and approving
Engineered Lifts, including:
Form-12293, Safe Lift Form, including a sketch
and the expectation of level of qualification
required for the Rigger and/or Crane Operator
an Engineering Advice Memo (minimum, or)
a verified Engineering Calculation (preferred)
c It is not expected that the RSE be a part of all lifts,
but should be considered as a resource.
2.3.9 Program Co-ordinator,
Rigging and Lifting
a It is not expected that the Program Coordinator be
part of all lifts but at the request of the line, the
program coordinator will provide programs oversight
for selected lifts.
b Should be available for investigations of rigging and
lifting events.

35
2.4 Safe Lifting and Rigging Practices
2.4.1 General
a Rigging and Lifting operations shall be planned by
competent personnel to ensure the best methods and
most suitable equipment are employed. Planning
includes the use of Job Safety Analysis, Form-12797,
Pre-Lift Assessment Worksheet, Form-12293, Safe
Lift Form, and Pre-Job Briefings, as applicable. Safety
of personnel involved in rigging and lifting
operations largely depends upon care, common sense
and following proper procedures, for example:
Everyone shall know their responsibilities as
assigned by line management.
Weight of loads shall be known before selecting
rigging equipment.
Centre of gravity must be known before lifting the
load.
The capacity of the equipment and rigging must
exceed or match the load.
Personnel shall be aware of surroundings and stay
clear of overhead hazards.
All signs and directions shall be obeyed.
The lift zone area shall be effectively controlled.
When in doubt, STAR (Stop Think Act Review)
principles shall be used.
The equipment must have satisfactorily passed its
regularly scheduled inspections and maintenance.
The intended path of the load must be clear of all
obstructions and hazards, including live equipment
and other workers.

36
Skills of the workers must be up to date, and
appropriate to the equipment being used.
The equipment must be used as designed.
Environmental conditions that affect the operation
of the equipment and capacity of the rigging must
be anticipated, identified and compensated for.
Rigging systems or components designed and built
in house must comply with the same standards as
purchased equipment. (Any such systems or
components must be designed by a competent
engineer who must certify that the design complies
with OHSA requirements.)
The load shall be moved directly from starting
point to the intended ending point, without undue
delay or unnecessary stops with the load raised.
b The terms Ultimate Strength and Breaking
Strength reflect the exact, predictable behavior of a
material under specific, controlled conditions. Some
manufacturers use the term capacity to mean the
same thing.
Normally, WLL is based on ultimate strength with an
allowance for various unknown conditions. This may
include but is not limited to wear, deterioration, heat
exposure, and shock loading, dynamic conditions or
fatigue. It also is meant to account, to a small extent,
for human error. This allowance is referred to as
Factor of Safety or Design Factor. The safety
factor is not an excuse for carelessness or intentional
overloading of the component.

37
c It is dangerous and a violation of the OHSA
regulations to intentionally load a device beyond its
safe working load.
d Both Rated Capacity or Maximum Rated
Capacity normally have the same meaning as WLL.
It is essential that the factor of safety used for any
strength-related figures be known.
e Design Factor for lifting equipment normally carries
a safety factor of five. In cases where human life is
directly involved (i.e. in lifting personnel), a safety
factor of ten is required by law. It is important to
know what safety factor a manufacturer has used for
a particular component before it is put into service.
f In assembling a rigging system, the WLL of each
component must be considered. Unidentifiable
components must not be used.
g In all cases the units of the WLL must be clearly
stated. For that reason, acceptable units are: pounds
(abbreviated lb or LB), Tons (a unit equal to
2000lb, abbreviated T), kilograms (kg is
preferred as an abbreviation) or megagrams (a weight
of 1000kg or 1 million grams, abbreviated Mg).
The terms tonne, metric ton, (both equal to
1000kg and abbreviated t) and Long Ton
(2200lb) while commonly used, can be confusing and
should be avoided.
2.4.1.1 Overloading a lifting device
It is unsafe, and a violation of OHSA Industrial and
Construction regulations to deliberately overload a crane
(fixed or mobile), hoist or any other lifting device, except
for the purpose of a legitimate test by a competent person.

38
It is not acceptable to attempt to increase the capacity of a
crane by adding unauthorized counterweights, tying parts
down or bypassing safety overload features. Note that
modern mobile cranes have variable counterweights
composed of smaller weights that are added and removed
depending on the desired configuration. This is acceptable
as long as the maximum counterweight is not exceeded.
2.4.2 Control
There are hazards inherent in lifting that cannot be
completely eliminated. These hazards may be controlled or
minimized by properly trained Operators and Riggers
following the safe practices outlined here and in supporting
documents.
At the most basic level, a successful safe lift depends on
Control:
control of the rigging
control of the crane
control of the load
control of the lift area
2.4.2.1 Control of the Rigging
a Using the information on the Form-12293, Safe Lift
Form, rigging can be selected that will safely carry
the load. All lifting devices receive two types of
inspection. A controlled periodic (typically annual)
inspection performed by a competent person. All
lifting devices receive an indication that the
inspection has taken place, as outlined in BP-PROC-
00587, Inspection Requirements for Rigging, Lifting
and Material Handling Equipment.

39
b In addition the user (Rigger/Signaler or Crane
Operator) must perform an inspection on any
equipment required for the lift at hand:
1 Before the lift: typically on receiving equipment at
the Stores Tool Crib, at which time any defective
equipment can be returned to stores before it is
taken to the job site.
2 During the lift: as the load is taken up, during the
test lift and as the load is moved along its route. If
the condition of any component of the lift changes
during the lift, the load must be landed as soon as
it is safe to do so and the defective component
removed and replaced.
3 After the load has been landed: as it is being
removed. After the lift, any equipment that has
been damaged during the lift can be segregated and
reported as damaged to the tool crib attendant
who can arrange for its disposal or repair.
2.4.2.2 Control of the Crane
a Once the rigging is installed and connected to the
crane, the load must be taken up slowly. Once
tension is established in the rigging, it should be
visually inspected to ensure that it was installed
correctly. If the rigging is not installed correctly, the
lift shall be stopped, the tension released and the
rigging re-adjusted until it is installed correctly. This
is the start of during the lift inspection.
b A trial lift incorporating the lift and hold
technique shall be performed for every lift and at
least once per shift. Make a trial lift as follows:
40
1 Lift the load until it just clears the ground or floor.
The load should be no more than 4 inches (10 cm)
off the ground.
2 Hold the load until the remaining inspections are
complete. If anything is not correct, lower the load
and re-rig it to correct the problem.
3 Examine the load to see if it is hanging level. If it is
not level, the lift point is not over the centre of
gravity. The rigging must be adjusted.
4 Examine the slings. They should bear the load
evenly, with no kinks or other deformation visible.
No sling should be completely slack.
5 Examine the wear pads and/or softeners applied to
the slings. They should be in place, as installed (i.e.
they should not have moved when the load was
applied). Ensure that any wear pads or softeners
are actually protecting the sling. If not, lower the
load carefully. Examine the sling for signs of
damage. Adjust or install new wear pads or
softeners before continuing the lift.
6 Examine the spreaders, if used. The spreaders
should be level. If they are not level, the load is not
being applied evenly, defeating the purpose of the
spreader.
7 Examine any shackles, eyebolts, master links,
Turnbuckle, swivels, hoist rings or other rigging
hardware in use. They should be connected so that
each component bears the load as designed. For
example, a single shackle should bear the load in
the centre of the pin and in the centre of the bow,
not more than 45° either side of vertical.

41
8 Examine the crane hook. The master link or
shackle of a bridle must sit vertically in the bottom
of the hook. Multiple fittings attached to the hook
must be balanced and applied within a total
included angle of 90° (45° either side of vertical).
Use a larger master link to attach the bridles if
required.
9 Examine the dynamometer, if used, to ensure that
it is properly engaged, and that the reading is
within the capacity of the rigging. Note: refer to
Section 3.0 on Dead Lifts.
10 When all trial lift inspections are complete, the lift
may proceed.
2.4.2.3 Control of the Load
While handling the load, it is important to consider:
a Once the load is lifted its weight should not change.
If the dynamometer reading changes, stop the lift and
land the load. This may indicate that the load has
hung up on something. Refer to section on Dead
Lifts.
b Avoid sudden loading or unloading or sudden
changes in direction. Operate the controls smoothly
in order to limit the amount of swing. Overhead
cranes shall be operated using the Block Lift
technique.
c Be aware of changing conditions in the lift area,
including weather when lifting outside (and when
travelling with a load from outside to inside), other
work taking place in the area and traffic.
42
d Unless using a device specifically designed for it, no
workers are permitted to ride on a load.
e All cranes are designed to lift a load vertically. No
crane should ever be deliberately side-loaded. If a
load must be dragged sideways, use a snatch block
and a separate wire rope (i.e. not the hoist rope).
f The hoist line (and boom line in the case of a mobile
crane) must not be allowed to run out to a point
where there are fewer than three full wraps on the
drum.
g Ensure that any unused slings are not permitted to
hang loosely; hook them up to the load or the hook.
h When loading or unloading a truck the load must not
be moved over an occupied truck cab.
i Once the load is landed, ensure it is stable before
removing the rigging.
2.4.2.4 Block Lift Technique
A Block Lift is simply a lift that proceeds in one direction at
a time. For Example:
1 The load is lifted and held for 120 seconds. Once the
rigger is satisfied with the condition of the load and
rigging, the load can be lifted to its full intended
height.
2 The hoist motion is stopped and the load allowed to
come to rest.
3 The trolley motion is engaged to move the hoist in
one direction until it is aligned with its intended load
path.

43
4 The trolley motion is stopped and the load allowed
to come to rest.
5 The bridge motion is engaged and the load is moved
to its intended end location.
6 The bridge motion is stopped and the load allowed to
come to rest.
7 Any additional minor adjustments to the bridge or
trolley motion are made as required to position the
load over its intended resting place.
8 The load is lowered to its resting place until all
tension is removed from the rigging and hoist rope.
This is the end of the lift.
2.4.2.5 Control of the Lift Area
a If any portion of a worker must pass under the load
during work on a suspended load, this must be noted
on Form-12293, Safe Lift Form, and approved by the
Supervisor of the Lift and Engineering.
b Barriers must be in place to prevent casual traffic in
or through the lift area. Both barrier and casual
traffic are open to some interpretation. In some
cases, barriers are not feasible. In these cases, the
Rigger and Signaler must accept the responsibility for
warning passers-by that the lift is in progress. A
second signaler may be required.
c Lifts in high traffic areas such as the main loading
bays in Unit 0 shall have a barrier and a dedicated
signaler watching and controlling both pedestrian
and vehicle traffic.
44
2.5 Engineering Review
2.5.1
An engineering review shall be performed for the following:
if the Design Factor of 5 for lifting material, or 10
for lifting people is compromised
when rigging components must be altered
when rigging components must be fabricated on site
when a scaffold is used for hoisting
when a sling angle must be less than 45 degrees
when specifically requested in the Work Plan or by
Management or by the Supervisor of the Lift

45
2.6 Lift Categories
2.6.1 Basic Lift
A Basic Lift has the following attributes:
a repetitive lift where none of the parameters change
significantly between repetitions
a lift where all the rigging components are pre-
selected
a lift where the weight and C of G are known
lifts of objects with pre-engineered lifting points
2.6.2 Skilled Lift
A Skilled Lift has the following attributes:
lifts of an object with a known weight under 75% of
safe working load of the crane and rigging
lifts that require one signaller only (excluding
signallers whose purpose is to control the lift area)
lifts of an object with a stable, well-defined C of G
which may or may not be centered
lifts of an object with or without pre-engineered
lifting points, but with a logical choker location
lifts where the object can be landed in the same plane
from which it was lifted (i.e. objects that do not have
to be rotated vertically)
2.6.3 Critical Lift
A Critical Lift has the following attributes:
lifts involving man baskets or other personnel lifts
lifts where the load must be worked on while
suspended (this also requires an engineered lift)

46
lifts that require the use of more than one hoist (i.e.
to drift a load)
lifts that require a crane and attachment to a
structural support
lifts that require 2 or more cranes
lifts where the C of G is above the attachment points
engineered lifts (rigger skill level to be part of the
engineered lift assessment)
lifts where a safety interlock must be bypassed (an
upper or lower limit for example)
blind lifts or lifts where no radio communication is
possible or lifts involving more than one signaller (if
the second signaller is there for the sole purpose of
keeping the lift area clear, this is not sufficient for a
critical lift classification on its own)
lifts where the object being lifted has a high potential
to get stuck leading to a dead lift
lifts at 75% or more of the safe working load of the
crane or rigging, including overload tests
lifts where the C of G could potentially change (such
as tanks or open vessels partially full of a liquid or
granular solid such as sand or salt)
lifts where the load must be rotated vertically
lifts where the sling angle of any sling is less than 45°
or the total included angle of the rigging (any two
slings connected together) is less than 90° in any plane

47
lifts into or out of water (this does not include
repetitive fuel handling lifts of spent fuel performed
by fuel handling operators)
lifts of an object more than twice the width of the
trolley or 25% of the span of the bridge in size
(large, potentially awkward objects that might be
difficult to control if the load started swinging)
lifts of an object with a replacement value that
severely impact economics. (i.e. with a replacement
value of more than $500,000 or a lead time of
greater than 12 months)
lifts over energized equipment such as steam lines,
power lines, electrical switchgear, compressed gasses
or safety related equipment that may become
energized
lifts of explosive, flammable or highly
contaminated/radioactive loads
lifts where loss of control could lead to a Category C
spill or exposure of workers to a controlled substance
lifts of an object with no pre-engineered attachment
point and no logical choker location
lifts that require the use of adjustable rigging for the
purpose of clearing obstructions (this does not
include lifts using adjustable rigging for the purpose
of balancing a load)
lifts that involve verifying the weight or Centre of
Gravity of a load through a test lift
48
2.6.4 Engineered Lift
An engineered lift has the following attributes:
any lift requiring 2 cranes (mobile or fixed)
any lift whose load is more than 75% of the cranes
load chart rating
any lift requiring a load that is not fully supported
(extracting a generator core)
any large lift that must be made over operating or
process equipment (75% capacity)
any lift that may be subjected to large wind loads
any lift of a load with an uncertain or undefined C of
G, which must be determined
any lift involving loads with unusual weight, size,
awkwardness, or location that require special
attention during work planning sessions

49
2.7 Inspection and Maintenance
Program Overview
2.7.1
The inspection and Maintenance Program is based on
OHSA requirements, applicable technical standards with
due regard for manufacturers recommendations and
selected best industry practices to ensure lifting devices are
maintained in a safe and functional condition.
2.7.2
Inspection requirements for rigging and lifting equipment on
the Bruce Power site can be found in BP-PROC-00587,
Inspection Requirements for Rigging, Lifting and Material
Handling Equipment.
2.8 Control and Compliance
a The Ontario Occupational Health and Safety Act is
the basic governing document for all work at Bruce
Power. All workers involved in lifting activities are
expected to know, understand and comply with the
requirements of this Act.
b The rules and guidelines in this handbook will help
those involved to ensure compliance with the OHSA.
More importantly, compliance with this handbook
and the OHSA and its associated regulations will
ensure a safe workplace for everyone involved.
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3.0 Rigging and Lifting Practices
3.1 General Rigging Practices
3.2 General Hoisting Practices
3.3 Load Weight Determination
3.4 Centre of Gravity (C of G)
3.5 Load Levelling
3.6 Sling Selection
3.7 Hitch Types
3.7.1 Single Vertical Hitches
3.7.2 Bridle Hitches
3.7.3 Basket Hitches
3.7.4 Choker Hitches
3.7.5 Two Ends Down or Four Ends Down
3.8 Load Turning
3.9 Long Loads
3.10 Use of Eyebolts
3.11 Drifting a Load
3.12 The Zone of Influence
3.13 Block Lifts
3.14 Tag Lines
3.15 Avoiding Dead Lifts
3.16 Loading the Hook
Rigging and Lifting Pra ctices

51
3.1 General Rigging Practices
This section provides direction regarding rigging and lifting
activities in order to control hazards to personnel, and to
prevent damage to loads and rigging equipment.
All lifts must be assessed using Form-12797, Pre-Lift
Assessment Worksheet, prior to the lift being started. This
form will direct the user to Form-12293, Safe Lift Form, if
required.
a Before lifting begins, the identity and duties of the
Supervisor of Lift, the Operator, Rigger, and the
Signaler(s) shall be clearly understood by all parties. One
person may perform all roles for a single person lift.
b Load weight shall be determined before lifting begins.
c Crane cutouts or overload warning devices shall not
be used to determine if a load is within crane capacity.
d Slings, hardware, and hoists shall be inspected for
defects before and after use.
e Leather gloves shall be worn when handling wire
rope. Running lines shall not be handled.
f The load rating of fittings shall be equal to or exceed
that of the attached sling.
g Hardware (i.e. shackles) shall be used with the size of
sling for which it was designed.
h Sharp edges in contact with a sling shall be padded
with approved softeners to protect the sling.
i Slings or shackles shall be properly seated in a hook.
Hooks shall not be tip loaded.
j Hands shall be kept away from pinch points. Slings
or load attachments may be held in place with a
hook or other mechanical device.

52
k Personnel shall keep clear of the zone of influence
(areas in which a load could swing if rigging fails).
l The following areas shall not be entered when load
lines are under tension: (refer to Section 3.12, Zone
of Influence)
between the pull line and the load line of a snatch
block
potential pinch points between the load and any
other structure
close to load lines during hoisting, lowering or
winching
m Running lines shall not be handled. A hook or other
mechanical device shall be used to guide running lines.
n When a load is resting on a sling, the sling shall not
be pulled from under the load.
o When landing loads:
the load shall be safely landed and blocked before
being disconnected from the hoist
adequate blocking shall be used to prevent sling
damage and to support the load
no one shall go under a load when positioning
blocks
only authorized personnel should be nearby when
a load is being moved (clear the area before
starting the move)
when a line changes direction through a snatch
block, no personnel shall be in the bight of the rope

53
3.2 General Hoisting Practices
a The capacity of a hoist shall not exceed the capacity
of the lifting beam or anchor point to which it is
attached. An exception is permitted only if all of the
following conditions are met:
1 site Engineering approval as an engineered lift
2 shift Manager approval has been obtained
3 a job safety analysis, pre-job brief and
Form-12293, Safe Lift Form, has been prepared
and is followed
4 a dynamometer is used to ensure the lifting beam
or anchor point capacity is not exceeded
b Tags required on engineered lifting scaffold shall
include the following:
Working Load Limit (WLL) of the lifting beam
the scaffold inspectors signature
if the engineered lifting scaffold is altered from an
approved drawing, the scaffold tag shall be signed
by the responsible system engineer
c A load shall not exceed the capacity of the rigging.
d No attempt should be made to lift a dead load.
Excessive lifting forces may cause the load to break
loose suddenly subjecting the crane and rigging to
overloading, shock loads or reverse forces.
e Care should be exercised with loads that may hang
up. For example:
concrete forms
loads frozen to the ground
loads sunk in viscous soil

54
f Loads shall not be lifted or transported over
personnel, over an occupied truck cab or over a
portable office, etc.
g Before taking the full load, the following shall be
ensured:
slack shall be taken up slowly
sling legs are straight and properly seated
slings or hoist lines are not twisted, kinked or
knotted
if the load is not balanced or level, it shall be
lowered and adjusted
h Loads shall not be lifted with unused chain falls or
rigging hanging loose.
i Loads shall be properly rigged and secured to prevent
movement or dislodging of any part. Loose objects
shall be secured or removed from the load and hoist.
j Rigging pick points should be 2 1/2 in from the end
of a load for every one foot of load length.
k Tag lines shall be used to control the load as outlined
in Section 3.14, Tag Lines.
l A lift and hold shall be completed.
m No one shall stand on or ride a suspended load.
n No one shall walk or stand under a suspended load.
o Personnel not involved in a lift shall not be permitted
in the area.
p When being moved, loads shall be kept clear of
adjacent obstructions.
55
q During hoisting, with or without a load, personnel
shall be alert for possible snagging.
r If a load must be left suspended, it shall be lowered
to the floor or ground and the operator shall stay at
the controls. Engineering approval is required for any
other arrangement.
Rigger - APPROVE the Rig
A Annual inspection, tags or colour
P Pounds/kgs, will the equipment handle the load
P Physical condition of the equipment
R Rig the load
O Overview of the rig, stand back and
check the set-up N, S, E, W
V Is the hook Vertically over the C of G
E Ensure the lift is going as anticipated
(level, can adjust as required)
56
3.3 Load Weight Determination
a Objects that are commonly lifted shall have their
weight (including units) permanently marked in a
prominent location. Preferred units are pounds (lb),
ton (T), kilogram (kg) and megagrams (1000kg = 1
Mg). The terms metric ton or tonne shall not be
used.
b Load weight may be obtained from sources such as:
1 Engineering calculations
An official Engineering Calculation is a PassPort
Controlled Document that will have a searchable
number and will be independently verified by
another Engineer. A copy of the Calculation shall
be attached to Form-12293, Safe Lift Form. The
Calculation shall include a list of assumptions
including the densities used for all materials.
2 Drawings, manuals, direct contact with the
manufacturer
Objects intended to contain a liquid or solid
(heat exchangers, tanks, bins, gearboxes, etc.),
typically have an empty weight with a maximum
capacity or estimated maximum weight. Unless
the actual fill level and density of the material
can be verified directly (via a sight glass or
inspection port), such objects should be assumed
to be full or at their maximum weight when
sizing rigging.
Similarly, vehicles, unless the weight is positively
known should be assumed to have a full tank of
fuel. It is important to remember that many
vehicles such as scissors lifts have two fuel
sources (propane and diesel), both of which shall
be included in the weight used to size the rigging.

57
3 Shipping papers
Shipping documents such as a way bill or bill of
lading may be considered reliable if:
the object is in its original container
the object has never been out of its original
container
the container has lifting points marked on it
4 Procedures
Verified Bruce Power procedures that contain
weight information generally may be relied on.
5 Passport material information
Information in PassPort Material modules may be
treated the same as shipping information.
6 Previous Form-12293, Safe Lift Form
For repetitive jobs, many work groups prepare a
blank Form-12293, Safe Lift Form, with
everything filled out except the signature block.
This is acceptable as long as supporting
information for the weight is available.
7 Work Reports
A work report outlining the results of a test lift
used to confirm or refine an estimate is a source of
verification for a repeated lift.
8 Unverified calculations in the field (requires
independent verification).
58
Calculations made in the field, no matter who
made them must be confirmed through
independent verification by a master rigger. A
calculation made in the field relies on assumptions.
The accuracy of estimate will depend on how
accurate those assumptions are. The density of the
material may have to be assumed, since the density
of common materials such as concrete and wood
varies widely. The form of the material will also
influence the accuracy of the estimate. For
example, although solid lead is 40% heavier than
solid steel, lead shot weighs approximately the
same as solid steel.
9 Verification by test lift
It is acceptable to use a test lift to verify a field
estimate. The rigging shall be sized to suit the
estimated load. It is best practice to select the next
size larger rigging than would normally be selected
for such a lift. A load-weighing device shall be
included in the rigging set-up such that the total
weight of the object can be determined directly
(with no further calculation required). For
example, on a four-point lift the load weighing
device shall be installed between the master link
and the crane hook.
The load will be taken up until the load-
weighing device reads 100% of the capacity of
the rigging. (That is, the load shall not exceed
100% of the rated capacity of the lowest rated
component in the rigging).
If the load is not lifted when the lowest rated
capacity is reached the tension shall be released.

59
The load shall be inspected to ensure that it is
not attached to a heavier object or caught on an
obstruction.
If the load is free, the weight must be re-
calculated by another person and the rigging re-
sized before another test lift can proceed.
Note that a load weighing device placed on one
sling of a two, three or four-legged bridle
displays sling tension, not weight.
If the load is successfully lifted the reading on
the load-weighing device shall be recorded on
Form-12293, Safe Lift Form. The work may
proceed.
NOTE
The Supervisor of Lift is responsible to determine or
obtain the correct load weight and to notify the crane
operator and rigger.
CAUTION
The following sections deal with calculations associated
with lifting and rigging activities. Because even a small
error has the potential to lead to serious consequences,
it is important that calculations be verified as outlined in
Section 3.3, Load Weight Determination.
c Load weight may be calculated using formula in
Table 3-1 Area and Volume, and the weight of
common materials found in the following tables:
Table 3-2 Metric Conversion Factors
Table 3-3 Common Construction Material
Approximate Weights
Table 3-4 Steel Plate Approximate Weight

60
Table 3-5 Steel Pipe Approximate Weight
Table 3-6 Steel Bar Approximate Weight
For example:
1 To calculate the weight of a steel plate 5 ft x 6 ft
x 3/4 inch thick.
Weight = Length x Width x Weight per square
foot from Table 3-4
= 5 ft x 6 ft x 30.6 lb per square foot
= 918 lb.
2 To calculate the weight of a solid round steel
plate 5 feet in diameter, 3/4 inch thick the area
of the circle is calculated, then the weight of the
plate.
Step 1 Area of a round steel plate:
Area of a circle = π x Circle radius squared
= 3.14 x 2.5 ft x 2.5 ft
= 19.625 square feet
Step 2 Weight of a round steel plate:
Weight = Area x Weight per square foot
from Table 3-4
= 19.625 square feet x 30.6 lb per
square foot
= 601 lb.
d To make calculations easier when determining total
weight of some objects, the object may be mentally
broken down into component parts or flattened into
rectangular shapes.

61
For example:
1 To calculate the weight of a hollow steel cylinder,
6 ft long x 5 ft diameter x 3/4 inch wall thickness.
Step 1 Calculate circumference, (distance around edge of a
circle):
Circumference = Diameter x
= 5 ft x 3.14
= 15.7 ft
Step 2 Mentally flatten the cylinder to form a rectangle,
and calculate the weight of the flat steel object:
Weight = Length x Width x Weight per square
foot from Table 3-4
= 6 ft x 15.7 ft x 30.6 lb per square foot
= 2,883 lb.
e Weight of steel objects may also be estimated as
follows:
1 square foot, 1 inch thick weighs approximately
40 pounds
1 cubic foot weighs approximately 490 pounds
For every 1/8 thickness, one square foot of steel
plate weighs approximately 5 pounds
1 For example, to estimate the weight of a steel plate
5 ft x 6 ft x 3/4 inch thick:
Weight = (Length x Width x Thickness) x Weight
of 1 inch steel per square foot
= 5 ft x 6 ft x 0.75 inch x 40 lb per
square foot
= 900 lb.
62
To calculate the weight of an object to be lifted using weight
of common construction materials:
1 Calculate the total cubic feet (or meters) (Length x
Width x Thickness).
2 Multiply the total cubic feet (or meters) by the
value shown in Table 3-3 for that material.
3 To convert cubic inches to cubic feet, divide by
1,728.
Table 3-1
Area and Volume
d
b
a
d D
A = r
A =

A = a b
4
(D
- d
)
2
2
C = 2 r
d
D
d
l
l
V = l w h

V =
4 d
l
2
V =
4
l (D
2
- d
2 )
Where A = Area, C = Circumference, V = Volume, = 3.14

63
Cubes/Rectangles
Weight = Volume x Material Weight
= (Length x Width x Height) x Unit Weight
= (4 ft x 3 ft x 2 ft) x 490
Weight = 11760
Steel 490#
2 ft.
per cu. ft.
ft.
3
4 ft
Cylinders (hollow i.e. pipe)
Weight = ((πr1
2 H) ( π r2
2 H)) x Material Weight
Where: r1 = Outside Diameter (radius)
r2 = Inside Diameter
Weight = ((πr1
2 H) ( π r2
2 H)) x Material Weight
= (((3.14x 2
2 ) x 10) - ((3.14x 1
2 ) x 10)) x 150
= (((3.14 x 4) x 10) - ((3.14 x 1) x 10)) x 150
= ((12.56 x 10) (3.14 x 10)) x 150
= (125.6 31.4) x 150
Weight = 14, 130
2 ft.
4 ft.
Plain Concrete
4 ft.
2 ft.
150#
per cu. ft.

10 ft.
10 ft.
10 ft.
64
Cylinders (solid)
3 ft.
= (π r
2 H) x Material Weight
= (3.14(1.5)
2
x 10) x 530
10 ft.
= 3.14(2.25) x 10 x 530
Weight = 37, 444

Brass 530#
per cu. ft.
Round Plates
Where (H)eight is the thickness of the plate:
Step 1: Convert height (inches) to feet:
Height = 2 ÷ 12 = 1.66 ft.
Step 2: Calculate Weight
Weight = (πr
2 H) x Material Weight
= (3.14(3)
2
x 0.166) x 530
= 3.14(9) x 0.166 x 530
Weight = 2,486.31
2 in.
Brass 530# per cu. ft.
6 ft.

65
Table 3-2
Metric Conversion Factors
To convert Imperial units to Metric,

To convert Metric units to Imperial,
multiply by factor in column A

multiply by factor in column B
Unit of measure A Unit of measure B
Volume
Ounce (Imperial) 28.4 Millilitre (mL) 0.0352
Quart (Imperial) 1.136 Litre (L) 0.88
Gallon (Imperial) 4.55 Litre (L) 0.22
Cubic inch 16.39 Millmetre (mm) 0.061
Cubic foot 0.0283 Cubic Metre (m3) 35.3
Cubic yard 0.764 Cubic Metre (m3) 1.308
Mass
Ounce 28.3 Gram (g) 0.35
Pound 0.454 Kilogram (kg) 2.2
Ton 0.907 Tonne 1.102
Length
Inch 25.4 Millimetre (mm) 0.394
Foot 0.305 Metre (m) 3.28
Yard 0.914 Metre (m) 1.094
Area
Square inch 645 Sq. Millimetre (mm

2) 0.00155
Square foot 0.0928 Sq. Metre (m

) 2 10.76
66
Table 3-3
Common Construction Material Approximate Weights
MATERIAL APPROXIMATE WEIGHT
[lb/cu ft] [kg/m3]
Aluminum 165 2,640
Asphalt 85 1,360
Brass 530 8,480
Brick (common) 120 1,920
Bronze 486 7,780
Cement, Portland 94 1,500
Concrete,* plain 150 2,400
Copper 560 8,960
Earth, dry, loose 75 1,200
Earth, moist, packed 100 1,600
Glass, plate 161 2,580
Granite 179 2,860
Gravel, dry 100 1,600
Lead 708 11,335
Limestone 165 2,640
Masonry, brick 130 2,080
Masonry, hollow concrete 86 1,380
Riprap 90 1,440
Sand, loose, dry 100 1,600
Sand, gravel, packed 115 1,840
Steel, carbon 490 7,840
Steel, stainless 500 8,000
Stone, crushed 100 1,600
Water (plus container) 62 990
Wood,* soft, dry 34 540
Wood,* hard 50 800

Note:
1 Weight of container should also be considered when estimating
load weight.

67
Table 3-4
Steel Plate Approximate Weight
Thickness
Weight
Thickness
Weight
[in]
[lb/sq ft]
[mm]
[kg/sq m]
3/8 15.3
10 78
1/2 20.4
12 94
5/8 25.5
16 125
3/4 30.6
19 148
7/8 35.7
22 172
1 40.8
25 195
1-1/8 45.9
28 218
1-1/4 51.0
32 250
1-3/8 56.1
35 273
1-1/2 61.2
38 296
1-3/4 71.4
45 351
2 81.6
50 390
Table 3-5
Steel Pipe Approximate Weight
Diameter
Sch 80 Pipe Sch 160 Pipe
[in]
[lb/ft] [kg/m] [lb/ft] [kg/m]
1 2 3 4 6
1-1/4 3 4 5 7
1-1/2 4 6 6 9
2 5 7 9 13
2-1/2 8 12 14 21
3 10 15 19 28
3-1/2 13 19
4 15 22 28 42
5 21 31 39 58
6 29 43 53 79
8 43 64 72 107
68
Table 3-6
Steel Bar Approximate Weight
Diameter (in) Weight
[lb/cu ft] [kg/m]
1/4 0.2 0.3
1/2 0.6 0.9
3/4 1.5 2.2
1 2.7 4.0
1-1/8 3.4 5.1
1-1/4 4.2 6.3
1-3/8 5.1 7.6
1-1/2 6.0 8.9
1-5/8 7.1 10.6
1-3/4 8.2 12.2
1-7/8 9.4 14.0
2 10.7 15.9
2-1/8 12.1 18.0
2-1/4 13.5 20.1
2-3/8 15.1 22.5
2-1/2 16.7 24.9
2-5/8 18.4 27.4
2-3/4 20.2 30.1
2-7/8 22.1 32.9
3 24.0 35.7

69
3.4 Centre of Gravity (C of G)
a The C of G is the point around which the weight of
an object is evenly balanced:
suspended loads will always move until the C of G
is directly below the suspension point
if the hoist and hook are directly above the C of G
the load will remain level and stable
loads which are slung above the C of G maximize
load stability
b If the C of G is not in the centre of the load, sling
legs, sling angles and load distribution may not be
equal.
c When the C of G is not in the centre of the load,
angular lift capacity tables shall not be used for sling
selection (refer to Figure 3-1).
d A load should be rigged to remain stable. The C of G
should be directly under the main hook and well
below the lowest sling attachment point before
lifting. If the load starts to swing, lift points may fall
outside the C of G triangle causing the load to flip or
a sling to be overloaded.
Unstable
Unstable
Stable
C of G is above
Hook is not above C of G and load will
Hook is above
attachment points shift until C of G is below hook

C of G
Figure 3-1
Effect of C of G on Lift
70
d Loads will be stable if the attachment or support
points are above a load C of G. A suspended loads
C of G will seek the lowest level below points of
support. This is an important consideration when
lifting pallets, skids, or at the base of a load, since
these objects will have a tendency to topple (refer to
Figure 3-2 Position of Attachments)
Unstable
Stable
Figure 3-2
Position of Attachments
e Load stability is affected by sling angle. Loads will be
stable when sling angle A is greater than angle B as
shown in Figure 3-3 Load Stability, C of G and Sling
Angle.
B
A
B
Figure 3-3
Load Stability, C of G and Sling Angle

71
f Simply shaped objects of uniform density will have a
centre of gravity at the exact centre of the object. For
more complex and irregular objects, the C of G may
be difficult to locate. The Supervisor of the lift shall
contact Engineering for assistance
g Once the C of G has been determined, it shall be
marked on the object.
72
3.5 Load Levelling
a If the C of G is not directly under the hook, the load
will shift until it is.
As loads shift out of level, sling tension will
increase in one leg and decrease in the other.
If the angle of tilt exceeds five degrees (or one inch
per foot), rigging should be adjusted.
Turnbuckle, chain hoists, or adjustable links should
be used to adjust sling length when not under load.
b The load in Figure 3-4 has tilted 12°. Tension in the
right-hand sling has increased, therefore the rigging
should be adjusted prior to this lift being made.
Figure 3-4
Load Leveled

73
3.6 Sling Selection
a The following factors should be considered when
selecting slings:
Load: weight of the load and the C of G location
shall be known
Hitch type: a vertical, choker or basket is chosen
based on load shape, weight and bulk
Sling angle: capacity charts or calculations shall be
used to determine sling tension
Length of sling: type of hitch and available
headroom
Pick points: type and location
b Carbon steel wire rope or chain slings shall not be
used for lifting on stainless steel or batteries. It is
recommended that synthetic slings be used to prevent
damage to the stainless steel or to prevent electrical
faults involving the batteries.
c Sling materials should never be mixed between legs
of rigging arrangements in order to avoid failure due
to different properties. The exception is the use of a
lever hoist or chain hoist to balance a load by
adjusting one or more legs.
74
3.7 Hitch Types
3.7.1 Single Vertical Hitches
The load weight is supported by a single vertical sling leg.
Single vertical hitches provide no control over the
load as it permits rotation which may unlay sling
strands. A tag line should be used to minimize sling
rotation.
This hitch shall not be used for lifting loose material,
long loads, or loads that are difficult to balance.
The connection point shall be directly above
the C of G.
If the load is simple and compact, and rotation is
controlled by a tag line, this hitch will provide
adequate load control.
Figure 3-5
Single Vertical Hitch

75
3.7.2 Bridle Hitches
Two or more single hitches may be used together to form a
bridle hitch.
This hitch provides excellent stability when the load
is level and the weight is distributed equally among
sling legs.
Sling angles shall be measured to ensure that
individual legs are not overloaded.
To distribute the load, sling leg lengths may be
adjusted with chain or lever hoists, or turnbuckle.
Since it cannot be assumed that a three or four legged
sling will share the load equally among its legs, sling
size shall be calculated based on two legs carrying the
load.
Figure 3-6
Two Leg Bridle Hitches
76
3.7.3 Basket Hitches
a Extreme caution should be used when synthetic web
slings are used in a basket hitch. At low sling angles
one edge of the web may be overloaded and the sling
may tear.
b When using a basket hitch, the load shall be balanced
to prevent slippage and the sling legs should contain
or support the load from the sides above the centre
of gravity.
1 Double Basket Hitch: two single basket hitches are
passed under the load.
Slings should be kept far enough apart to
balance the load and prevent slippage.
The load should be prevented from turning or
sliding during a lift, otherwise the load or sling
may be damaged.
Slings should be snubbed against a change in
contour to prevent slipping.
Wire rope slings have double the capacity if
vertical and a 25:1 D/d ratio is maintained.
If a basket results in sling angles being formed,
the WLLs for wire rope, chain and synthetic
slings shall be reduced according to Table 3-7
Basket Hitch Capacities.
Sling angles should be 60° or greater to prevent
sling legs sliding toward the centre of the load
and no less than 45°.

77
Table 3-7
Basket Hitch Capacities
Angle in degrees Percentage of
Sling Leg Capacity
90° 200%
60° 170%
45° 140%
30° 100%
Figure 3-7
Double Basket Hitch
2 Double Wrap Basket Hitch: is wrapped completely
around a load, compressing the load, not just
supporting it.
double wrap basket hitches may be used in pairs
this hitch is excellent for handling loose pipe, or
smooth loads to prevent slippage
slings have full 360° contact with the load and
tend to draw the load together
sling angles less than 45° shall not be used
78
Figure 3-8
Double Wrap Basket Hitch
3.7.4 Choker Hitches
a Choker hitches shall be pulled tight before a lift is
made, not pulled down or hammered down during
the actual lift which may result in sling damage.
b The choke point of a choker hitch should be on the
sling body, not on a splice or fitting.
c Choker Hitch Capacities:
choker hitches reduce the lifting capacity of a
sling
the choke places angular loading on the sling
body, creating a bend in the sling at the choke
point
capacity chart WLLs are based on sling angles
within the choke being greater than 45° (refer to
Figure 3-9, Minimum Sling Angle Within Choke)

79
Choking action of choker hitches does not allow
the sling to adjust during a lift. A choked round
load such as a shaft of cylinder or a bundle of
lumber or tubes will rotate slightly as the slings
tighten. For this reason, it is important that both
chokers are oriented in the same direction. A
rectangular load will not rotate, so the load must
be taken up very slowly, while the rigger ensures
that the load is centered under the hook and
slings are taken up equally.
NOTE
In some cases, opposite orientation of slings may be
preferred for a vertical lift; consult engineering.
If the angle of choke is less than 120°, the WLL
of a sling shall be reduced according to Table 3-8
Angle of Choke.
A choke angle less than 60° requires engineering
approval. This includes use of a zero degree
choke to control a load with a high C of G.
Table 3-8
Angle of Choke
Angle of Choke
Percent of Sling Rated Capacity
in Degrees
To be used in a choker hitch
Over 120 100
90 - 120 87
60 - 89 74
30 - 59 62
0 - 29 49
80
Figure 3-9
Minimum Sling Angle Within Choke
d Types of choke hitches:
1 Single Choker Hitch: forms a noose in the sling. A
shackle should be used to form the choke. To
prevent the shackle pin from unscrewing, the sling
eye shall be positioned around the pin.
provides average load control
only intended for simple loads that are relatively
short
does not provide full 360° contact with the load
shall not be used to lift loads that are long,
loosely bundled, or difficult to balance

81
Figure 3-10
Single Choker Hitch
2 Double Choker Hitch: two single chokers spread to
provide load stability.
double choker hitches will not completely grip
the load
the load is less likely to tip than with a single
choker hitch
double choker hitches are better suited to handle
loosely bundled loads
sling angles less than 60° shall not be used
Figure 3-11
Double Choker Hitches
Note both slings are choked in the same direction

82
3 Double Wrap Choker Hitch: is formed by
wrapping a sling completely around the load then
attaching it to the vertical leg.
provides excellent load control
has full 360° contact with the load, drawing it
tightly together
should be used in pairs on long or hard to
balance loads
should be adjusted to equalize the load in each
sling leg
shall not be used at sling angles less than 45°
Figure 3-12
Double Wrap Choker Hitch
4 Doubled Choker for Load Turning:
A doubled choker may be used to turn a load
with a single sling as follows:
i place sling eyes on the top of the load pointing
in the opposite direction to the intended
direction of the turn

83
ii pass the centre of the sling around or through
the load, up through both sling eyes to the hook
iii eyes should not be placed on the hook, or only
one leg will support the load
The load automatically equalizes between the
two supporting sling legs.
This hitch provides control over the load during
the entire turning operation.
The hitch will remain tight during the turn, and
will not scrub against the load.
Figure 3-13
Load Turning
3.7.5 Two Ends Down or Four Ends Down:
(also known as inverted basket)
a Engineering approval is required.
b This hitch has caused load shift accidents, and is not
recommend due to poor load control characteristics.
c The inverted basket hitch shall be used with extreme
caution as the sling is free to move within the hook.

84
d The heavy end of an unbalanced load will drop
unless tied back to the hook.
e When the lifting point is below the C of G, this hitch
shall not be used.
f Excellent load control may be achieved by using an
inverted basket on one end and a two leg bridle on
the other. Four sling legs will carry the load.
Figure 3-14
Sling Eyes Down

85
3.8 Load Turning
a Load turning is considered an engineered lift.
b All rigging components shall be rated accordingly
(not all legs will be attached at one time).
c To maintain load control, slings shall support the
load above the C of G.
d Swivel hoist rings should be used instead of eyebolts.
e Eye nuts shall not be used.
Figure 3-15
Turning a Load
86
3.9 Long Loads
Long slender loads may be difficult to control and may
bend if a single leg hitch is used.
a To keep loads stable, spreader beams or two double
wrap basket hitches with sling angles of 45° to 60°
should be used.
b An approved lifting container with a WLL shall be
used when hoisting a load vertically as shown in
Figure 3-16 Long Loads.
NOTE
This configuration can be applied with a sling but it is
NOT acceptable to rig the load in this manner using a
crane line. (eg. the whip line on a mobile crane.)
Figure 3-16
Long Loads
87
3.10 Use of Eyebolts
Slings shall never be passed through eyebolts.
Slings should be connected to eyebolts through the
use of shackles.
3.11 Drifting a Load
a Hoists and cranes shall never be side-loaded.
b Where loads must be drifted, the following should be
performed:
1 Place one hoist roughly above the original location
of the load and one in the intended location of the
load.
2 Increase tension in one hoist and decrease it in the
other to move the load sideways.
c Lever hoists shall be used when drifting a load or
chain hoists that have self-levelling drive sprockets.
d When drifting will involve angles less than 45 degrees
(which is common), this will be considered an
engineered lift.
88
3.12 The Zone of Influence
The zone of influence is an area around the load
representing the highest potential for loss of control over
the load to cause injury or other losses.
a The rigger shall ensure that there are no workers,
possible interferences or potential hazards within the
zone of influence and should control the area
through the use of barriers.
b The zone of influence is an area twice the width by
twice the length of the load, with the most likely
zone being 1.5 times the width by 1.5 times the
length.
c Tag lines should be long enough to allow the worker
holding it to stand outside of the zone of influence.
The width of the load path is equal
to the width ofthe Zone of Influence,
perpendicular to the direction of travel
Halfthe
C of G
length
Load
Length xWidth
Zone ofInfluence
Twice the Length
Half the
x
width
Twice the Width
Highest potential for
movement in this area as the
Preffered
load is moved horizontally
direction of
(Bridge, Trolley, Jib)
horizontal
motion
Load may
Highest potential for
Most likely maximum

movement in this area as the
rotate
movement is about
load is lifted from the floor/grade
1 1/2 times the length
1 1/2 times the width
Figure 3-17
Zone of Influence

89
3.13 Block Lifts
A block lift is a lift planned such that each crane movement
(hoist, bridge, trolley) takes place independently.
a Block lifts should be used wherever feasible. Only
under extreme circumstances which make it
impractical or impossible to move the load under
block lift shall more than one movement take place
at a time.
b Engineering approval is required to perform lifts
without the use of block lifts.
90
3.14 Tag Lines
a OHSA Regulations for Industrial Establishments,
section 51.2 (b) I99) states:
Where a worker may be endangered by the rotation
or uncontrolled motion of a load, one or more guide
ropes is used to prevent rotation or other
uncontrolled motion.
b Tag lines shall be used for:
large, awkward loads (such as long pumps, turbine
rotors or heat exchangers)
loads with high or changeable C of Gs such as bins
containing a granular solid like sand or tanks
partially filled with a liquid
loads which are more than twice the width of the
trolley or 35% of the span of the bridge
loads which must be rotated vertically or
horizontally
loads which must be moved in tight spaces such
as near the turbine generator, or above the boilers
c Tag lines shall be a synthetic fibre rope in good
condition. Wire rope shall not be used as a tag line.
d Attachments to the load such as extension cords,
grease lines or hoses shall not be used as tag lines.
e The tag line material shall be 1/2 or larger in
diameter.
f The worker shall wear gloves when handling the tag
line.
g The tag line shall be attached to the load at a
convenient place at or below the C of G.

91
h The tag line shall be securely attached using a knot
approved in this handbook. A rope with a fixed loop
at the end may be choked through the attachment
point.
i The tag line shall not be wrapped around any part of
the body when in use. It shall be loosely held in the
hand.
92
3.15 Avoiding Dead Lifts
a A dead lift is a lift where the load is not free to
move, resulting in the crane or hoist trying to pick
up the building.
b With engineering approval, a dead lift can, under
controlled circumstances, be used as a load test.
c Common causes of dead lifts are:
the load is not completely unbolted from its
original location (i.e. valves)
the load was initially free but hit an obstruction
while being lifted and stopped moving
the load was not fastened down originally but it is
stuck in place by its seal or foreign objects (floor
slabs and hatches)
the load is frozen to the ground
d It should be independently confirmed that the load is
free before attempting to move it with a crane or
hoist.
e Dynamometers may be used and their values
compared to the known weight of the load. NOTE:
Initial forces required to start the load may be greater
than its weight, but should not exceed the weight by
more than 10%.
f To free a stuck load, it is preferable to push with
hydraulic jacks rather than pull with a crane or
hoist.
g Observers may be placed near the hoistway to watch
the load and notify the rigger or operator if it is in
danger of becoming caught on an obstruction.

93
h When lifting outside, in temperatures that have been
below freezing in any of the 3 preceding days,
additional care shall be taken. A forklift may be used
to free the load by moving it sideways prior to lifting.
3.16 Loading the Hook
a Whatever attachments are used, they shall sit in the
very bottom of the hook.
b Attachments to the hook shall not seat outside of
45° on either side of the vertical. Newer hooks have
Quick Check marks to ensure the rigging is within
these specs.
c If all rigging does not fit within this area, then one or
more master links or shackles should be used to
spread out the load. For example a 1-2-4 formation.
d The hook shall never be loaded at or near the tip.
Figure 3-18
1-2-4 Formation
94
4.0 General Craning Considerations
4.1 General
4.2 Equipment Inspection and Maintenance
4.3 General Crane Operation
4.4 Work Protection
4.5 Parts of Line
4.6 Electrical Precautions
4.6.1 Limits of Approach
4.6.2 Working in the Vicinity of Live Electrical
Apparatus
4.6.3 Working Near Transmitters
4.6.4 Grounding Requirements
4.6.5 Accidental Electrical Contact
4.7 Weather Conditions
4.7.1 Wind
4.7.2 Temperature
4.7.3 Icing
4.8 Communication
4.8.1 Radio Communication
4.8.2 Signaler
4.8.2.1 Standard Craning Hand Signals

95
4.1 General
This section provides guidance for crane operation, hazard
control, and communication including hand signals.
Operator - APPROVE the Crane operation
A Annual inspection tags (E stop is activated)
P Physical condition of the crane
(rails, stops, buttons, etc.)
P Power on
(ensure crane numbers and breaker match)
R Buttons will Return to neutral
(E stop in power on)
O Operate, check the up button makes it go up,
check N, S, E, W
V Verify both the limits and brakes 2 ways
E Examine the cables operation and
hook/block assembly
96
Genera l Cra ning Considerations
4.2 Equipment Inspection
and Maintenance
BP-PROC-00587, Inspection Requirements for Rigging,
Lifting and Material Handling Equipment, governs
inspection and maintenance of overhead and mobile cranes
at Bruce Power. It references the required record sheets for
all classes of lifting equipment.
a Cranes shall be inspected and maintained to meet the
requirements of the following:
Crane manufacturer
Bruce Power inspection and maintenance programs
OHSA and CSA regulations
NOTE
Most cranes require an annual inspection. Heavily used
cranes such as the Turbine Hall Cranes and the
Secondary Irradiated Fuel Bay (SIFB) Dry storage flasking
cranes require bi-annual inspections based on their
higher use, heavier loads or both.
b Initial, periodic and pre-use crane or hoist
inspections, maintenance and repairs shall be
recorded in a log book or other permanent record.
c Defective or damaged equipment shall not be used.
d Replacement parts shall, where possible, be obtained
from the original equipment manufacturer. Where
this is not possible, replacement parts shall meet or
exceed original manufacturer specifications.
e All welding shall conform to the requirements of
CSA Standard W59. Adjustments and structural
repairs shall be made in accordance with the
specifications provided by the manufacturer or a
professional engineer experienced in weld repair.

97
f No crane or similar hoisting device shall include
sections not designed or approved for that device.
g Lifting equipment shall only be modified by a
professional engineer, and approved by the
manufacturer where possible.
h Inspection dates are absolute. If the inspection cannot
be completed by the due date, the crane must be
locked out of service and it cannot be used for
anything other than a test by a competent person.
98
f Limit switches shall not be blocked, adjusted or
disconnected.
g Sudden loading or unloading of hoist lines and crane
structure shall be avoided (may cause shock loading).
h Crane controls should be moved gradually to avoid
abrupt, jerky movements of the load.
i Controllers should be stopped momentarily in the off
position before being reversed except to avoid an
accident. A slight pause gives the braking mechanism
time to operate.
j The boom tip or trolley and load lines should be
directly over the loads centre of gravity and hoist
lines should be vertical before a lift is made.
k If cable is removed from a drum, it shall be re-wound
in the correct direction.
l A minimum of 3 wraps shall remain on the cable
drum at all times.
m Hoist lines shall be properly seated on drums and in
sheaves.
n Crane hoisting ropes shall be kept vertical. A crane
shall not be used to drag a load sideways or be
subjected to side loading.
o Loads should not be carried over operating
machinery unless the crane operator is specifically
authorized to do so.
p When two or more cranes are used to make a lift,
one signaler shall direct both cranes.
100
q Personnel in the immediate area of a lift shall be
made aware that the load is to be moved.
r If available, the crane warning device shall be
sounded when moving loads.
s Personnel shall stand clear while loads are being
moved.
t Potentially dangerous substances shall only be carried
following approved rigging practices (i.e. oxygen and
acetylene cylinders).
u Slings shall not be drawn from beneath a load using
a crane.
v After a load is disconnected from the crane, the hook
should be lowered and the rigging removed prior to
moving the crane. Slings, chains, or wire rope should
not be dragged.
w An overhead crane which is to be used as a fall arrest
anchor only may be used without an operator present
if it is locked out.
x An overhead crane which has a purpose-designed
attachment in place of the hook is not required to
have the controls attended. Similarly the hook of an
overhead crane may remain suspended without an
operator present.
y A crane which is in the process of being rigged for a
lift may be left unattended if it is locked out.
z A crane may remain attached to a load which is
supported on the floor or ground if there is no
tension in the hoist line and it is locked out.

101
4.4 Work Protection
a When working on cranes during assembly, repair,
maintenance or lubrication, work protection shall be
applied in accordance with the requirements of the
Work Protection Code.
b If a defect affects safe operation of a crane or
machine is out of service (o/s) awaiting inspection or
maintenance and locked in open position, the local
disconnect switch shall be opened using proper
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and a caution
tag shall be hung on the breaker and on the crane.
Alternately, to prevent others from using crane, the
operator may remain at the controls.
102
4.5 Parts of Line (Mobile Cranes)
a Hook blocks shall be reeved with sufficient parts of
line to support the intended load.
b Size, grade and construction of wire rope shall be
known. If the manufacturers recommendations are
not available or doubt exists about the grade or
construction of a wire rope, line management shall
obtain site engineering support.

103
4.6 Electrical Precautions
Working near live electrical apparatus may be described as
operating where any part of the machine, boom, rigging or
load at the greatest possible reach or swing is closer than
15 m (50 ft) to the limit of approach to live apparatus
(refer to Figure 4-1 Vicinity of Live Apparatus).
Figure 4-1
Vicinity of Live Apparatus
4.6.1 Limits of Approach
Limits of approach to live lines or apparatus for cranes and
shovels set out in Table 4-1 Limits of Approach for Cranes,
shall be strictly adhered to (Bruce Power Corporate Safety
Rules).
104
4.6.2 Working in the Vicinity of Live
Electrical Apparatus
a While working in the vicinity of live electrical lines or
apparatus:
1 Workers shall be instructed to remain clear and out
of contact with all parts of the crane and load,
except to attach or detach the load.
2 Conditions/Restrictions for Voltage Range
Clearance to be Phase to Phase Maintained.
3 The distances stated must be strictly followed for
all parts of the equipment including the booms,
hoisting cables and any part of the load being
hoisted.
4 Additional clearance must be allowed for by
change in boom angle and swing of the hoisting
cable and load while it is being raised, lowered or
moved laterally.
5 A qualified signal person must be appointed to act
as a dedicated observer and signal the operator
whenever the equipment approaches these specified
distances.
b Loads or attached rigging may pick up an electrical
charge. Workers shall electrically ground loads or
rigging before touching them.
c Use of tag lines should be avoided. If tag lines are
necessary, they shall be made of non-conductive
material (which is difficult to obtain and to maintain
as a non-conductor).
106
d Communications with the authority controlling the
live apparatus shall be maintained by the Supervisor
of Lift to ensure that all parties understand the
following:
1 when operations begin
2 when operations are completed
3 when any unusual circumstances arise from
operations
4 when any change is made which may affect craning
operations
e A signaler shall direct movement of cranes in the
vicinity of live lines or live apparatus.
f Proximity warning devices, hook insulators, insulating
boom guards or devices used to assist operation shall
not be relied on to provide protection.
g A Hold Off on apparatus may be obtained while
work is in progress. Bruce Power Work Protection
Processes shall be followed.
h When cranes regularly pass under high voltage lines,
extra precautions may be required such as using rider
poles, signalers, observer, or making lines more visible.
4.6.3 Working Near Transmitters
a When operating near radio, TV or microwave
transmitters, crane booms may act like antennas,
electrically charging the boom and load. This charge
may cause burns to personnel handling the load.
Grounding will not eliminate cranes from being
charged.

107
b To isolate loads, synthetic web slings may be used to
suspend the load.
c Operators are isolated in a crane cab, but should
wear rubber gloves when getting on and off a crane.
4.6.4 Grounding Requirements
a When working in the vicinity of live electrical
apparatus, cranes shall be grounded.
b The degree of protection from ground probes shall be
considered very limited and precautions taken
accordingly. Grounds shall not be relied on for full
contact protection.
c The best available means of grounding shall be
employed, such as:
ground probes
permanent ground buses
ground mats
d Cranes shall be equipped with grounding lugs (front
and rear), a ground probe and an 8 m (25 ft) ground
lead.
1 In locations where ground fault currents are less
than 22,000 amps, a single 2/0 ground conductor
with T-handled flat faced clamp may be used.
2 In locations where ground fault currents are
greater than 22,000 amps and less than 34,000
amps, a single 4/0 ground conductor with T-handle
flat face clamp may be used.
108
3 In locations where ground fault currents are
between 34,000 amps and 70,000 amps, a double
4/0 ground conductor must be used with grounding
studs and key hole clamps at both ends.
4 If an aerial device is to be used in more than one
station, and one of the stations has a ground fault
current rating in the 34,000 to 70,000 amps range,
it is recommended that the unit be equipped with
double 4/0 grounds and grounding studs.
e A vehicle in the stowed position may be moved without
grounds, but if the boom is raised, it shall be grounded.
f If permanent ground connections to the aerial device
are used, (i.e. permanently attached to the aerial device
via bolted or welded connectors), the loose end shall
be completely unwound and connected to the grid.
g When ground probes are used, the area shall be
marked off to restrict access and the probe shall:
be driven as close as possible to the crane
be at least 1 m (3 ft) into the earth
be connected to the ground cable before the cable
is connected to the machine
have good bare metal to metal connections
between the ground probe and machine
h Workers shall keep clear of driven ground probes
while the machine is operating.
i Leads shall be disconnected from the machine before
being disconnected from the ground probe.
j Cranes in areas surrounded by a permanent ground
bus shall be grounded to the bus.

109
k If using a ground gradient control mat, equipment
shall be placed on and bonded to the mat. The
bonded area shall be enclosed with a double fence to
prevent workers from stepping on and off the mat
during crane operation.
4.6.5 Accidental Electrical Contact
WARNING
Exiting a crane that is in contact with live electrical
apparatus may cause death or serious injury. Under no
circumstances shall an operator step down from a crane
and be in contact with the ground while touching the
crane.
a If a crane or load makes contact with an electrical
conductor, energized or not, the operator shall in the
best possible manner, remove the machine from
contact.
1 A machine may be removed from contact by
moving the boom or the machine.
2 The crane operator shall remain in the crane cab
until electrical contact is cleared unless it is unsafe
to do so.
3 If forced to leave a crane while in contact with
electrical apparatus, the operator shall jump clear
of the crane with feet together, maintain balance
and shuffle slowly away from the affected area in
order to minimize the distance between feet (step
potential).
b Accidental electrical contacts shall be reported
promptly. All cranes that have experienced accidental
electrical contact shall undergo a thorough
inspection.
110
4.7 Weather Conditions
4.7.1 Wind
Mobile cranes are affected by wind pressure on loads,
particularly those loads with large surface areas. The lateral
force from wind on a load is applied to the boom tip.
a The effect of wind on a mobile or gantry crane is not
factored into load charts.
b Lateral force is a serious factor on longer booms,
even when the load is not raised.
c If strong wind conditions exist, the lift should be
deferred.
d Crane manufacturers specific limitations for wind
loads shall be followed.
e Prior to lifting, wind and kinetic forces shall be
considered together with the load weight.
4.7.2 Temperature
a Steel may loose elastic properties and become brittle
at low temperatures where shock or impact loads,
and stress concentrations at minor defects, such as
nicks may cause failure of the metal.
b Heavy lifts should be scheduled to occur at moderate
temperatures, unless the steel in the crane is known
to have good low-temperature characteristics.

111
4.7.3 Icing
Freezing rain and snow on crane boom and jib surfaces
increase loading due to weight and the larger surface area
exposed to the wind. These forces are not factored into load
charts.
a Falling ice chunks present a hazard to personnel.
b If drum or sheave grooves fill with ice, wire rope may
spool out of position.
c Reduction in capacity for an iced crane is difficult to
estimate, therefore work should be deferred until ice
deposits have been removed from the crane.
112
4.8 Communication
The choice of communication method is a decision left to
the Rigger and Operator, however, two points are
particularly important:
a Communication shall be constant.
b Every communication method must have a backup.
4.8.1 Radio Communication
The following are guidelines for radio communication
between crane operators and signalers.
a Three-way communication using phonetic alphabet
should be used to reduce errors.
b All parties should speak slowly and clearly.
c Radios shall be tested prior to lifts from all points
that communication will be required.
d For safety reasons, voice-activated radios shall not be
used for signaling purposes.
e Questions regarding radio operating procedures,
equipment types, availability, frequency coordination
and licensing, should be referred to line management.
f The rigger/signaler shall speak constantly, without
expecting a regular response from the operator.
g The radio frequency should not be used for anything
else.

113
4.8.2 Signaler
a Only one competent signaler shall direct the
movement of a crane at any one time.
b If a signaler is required to be replaced during a lift,
there shall be a clear transfer of responsibility from
one signaler to another.
c Competent auxiliary signaler(s) may be used for
specific lifts (i.e. where the pick up or receiving
points are out of sight of the crane operator).
d A signaler shall be in constant communication with
the crane operator throughout the entire lift
operation, either visually by hand signals, or audibly
by radio or other means.
e The signaler shall be in full view of the operator at
all times. A lime vest shall be used where appropriate
to increase signaler visibility.
f If an operator loses contact with the signaler for any
reason, the operator shall STOP crane movement
until communication is restored.
114
4.8.2.1 Standard Craning Hand Signals
Hand signals for mobile and bridge crane operations are
shown in Figure 4-3 Craning Hand Signals. Note that not
all hand signals apply to both cranes (Mobile and
Overhead).
a Hand signals may be used to provide direction to
crane operators.
b Wherever a standard signal exists for a desired crane
movement, it shall be used. Alternate crane signals
may exist to suit specific circumstances, but shall
only be used once the operator and signaler
understand the signal.
c Signalers and operators shall understand each other
completely.
d Operators shall disregard all signals from other
persons, except the stop signal.

115
Figure 4-3a
Craning Hand Signals

116
Figure 4-3b

117
Figure 4-3c

118
Figure 4-3d

119
Figure 4-3e

120
Figure 4-3f

121
5.0 WIRE ROPE
5.1 General
5.1.1 Size
5.1.2 Construction
5.1.3 Grade of Steel
5.1.4 Core
5.1.5 Lay
5.1.6 Rope Types
5.1.7 Description
5.1.8 Strength
5.2 Wire Rope Terminations
5.2.1 General Considerations
5.2.2 Swaged Fitting and Spelter Socket
5.2.3 Hand Splice
5.2.4 Flemish Eye Splice for Six-Strand Wire Rope
5.2.5 Clipped Eye
5.3 Wire Rope Handling
5.3.1 Handling
5.3.2 Winding Wire Rope on a Drum
5.3.3 Fleet Angle
5.4 Use of Wire Rope for Cranes
5.4.1 Application
5.4.2 Wire Rope Fittings for Cranes
5.5 Pre-Use Inspection
Wire Rop e
123
5.1 General
A wire rope is a machine with moving parts. As such, it is
subject to wear and mechanical damage. Regular inspection
of wire ropes by the user and by maintenance personnel will
prevent unsafe ropes from being used.
a Wire rope consists of preformed wires assembled
(laid) into strands. The strands are then laid around a
central core. Steel is the most common wire rope
material. The type and size of wire used, the number
of wires in a strand, the
number and type of
strands in a rope, and
type of core determine
the strength of a given
size of wire rope.
b The size, shape, lay and
arrangement of the wires
and strands as well as
the material used
combine to determine
the strength, fatigue
resistance and flexibility
of a wire rope. In
general a rope with a
smaller number of larger
wires will be stiffer than
a rope with more,
smaller wires.
Figure 5-1
Basic Composition of
Wire Rope
(Courtesy ofUnirope)
124
Wire Rop e
5.1.1 Size
Wire rope size is expressed as its nominal diameter in inches
or millimeters, and its length in feet or metres. The diameter
is measured over the widest points as shown in Figure 5-2
Measuring Wire Rope Using Calipers.
Figure 5-2
Measuring Wire Rope Using Calipers
(Courtesy ofUnirope)
5.1.2 Construction
a The number of strands in a wire rope may vary from
3 to 41 and the number of wires in a strand may
vary from 7 to 49. Six is the practical minimum for
strands, and most commonly used ropes have six
strands, with or without an independent core (fiber
or wire).
b Ropes made with larger individual outer wires may
be less flexible but are more resistant to abrasion and
crushing. The most common wire ropes used in slings
have six strands and a minimum 15 wires per strand.
These ropes come in two classifications based on
flexibility, 6 x 19 classification with 15 to 26 wires
per strand and 6 x 37 classification with 27 to 49
wires per strand.
Wire Rop e
125
6x19 Class IWRC 6x37 Class Warrington

8x19 Class Warrington
Seale IWRC
Seale IWRC
19x7 Rotation resistant Compac® six-strand

Python® Super 8C*
die drawn*
Compac® Rotation
Python® Construct 6
Python® super 6R/8V*
Resistant*
(pre-stretched)*
Galvanized 7x7 Aircraft

Stainless Steel 7x19
PVC coated Aircraft
Cable
Aircraft cable
Cable*
Figure 5-3
Commonly Used Wire Rope Construction
*Proprietary Rope, similar to the one above it
Courtesy ofUnirope
126
Wire Rop e
c Within a given rope size, strength may vary greatly
depending on construction and grade. Applicable
standards or manufacturers literature contain
additional information. Various construction and
grades of wire rope are shown in Figure 5-3,
Commonly Used Wire Rope Construction.
d All wire rope used for cranes and hoists shall be the
type, size, grade, and construction recommended by
the crane or hoisting device manufacturer.
e Engineering approval is required to substitute material,
construction or both for any running wire rope.
Deviation from manufacturers recommendations
require approval by site engineering.
f All shop-made terminations should have a thimble to
prevent damage from crushing.
5.1.3 Grade of Steel
a Only wire rope marked 110/120 Improved Plow Steel
(IPS or 1770 N/mm2 ) or grades exceeding this
specification shall be used. Common grades are as
follows:
Extra Improved Plough Steel (EIPS), Grade
115/125 equivalent to metric grade 1960
Extra Extra Improved Plough Steel (EEIPS), Grade
130/140 equivalent to metric grade 2160
b Some cranes or hoists may be equipped with higher
strength ropes.
Wire Rop e
127
5.1.4 Core
The most common crane or hoist wire rope is Independent
Wire Rope Core (IWRC). In general, only IWRC ropes should
be used for hoisting applications. Some older cranes and hoists
were originally supplied with fibre core (FC) ropes. Fibre core
ropes are weaker, but are more flexible. Caution should be
exercised before a FC rope is replaced with an IWRC rope.
Engineering approval is required for all modifications.
CAUTION
Slings with fibre cores must not be used.
Breaking strength is not to be used as a capacity. The design
factor must be applied to the rope, based on use. The
minimum design factor for general lifting activities is five;
for lifts that directly support human life it is ten. Refer to
Table 5-1 Working Load Limit for Selected Wire Rope
(pounds) and Table 5-2 Working Load Limit for Selected
Wire Rope (kilograms).
5.1.5 Lay
a Lay is the distance for a wire rope strand to achieve
one full rotation, as measured in the direction of the
rope centerline.
b Wire rope is available in either right lay or left lay,
and in regular or Langs lay. Right regular lay is the
most common type used in normal rigging.
Right lay wire rope strands twist to the right like a
conventional screw thread and left lay strands twist
to the left.
A regular lay wire rope is one in which the wires
composing the strands and the strands composing
the rope are laid in opposite directions.

128
Wire Rop e
A Langs lay wire rope is one in which the wires
composing the strands and the strands composing
the rope are laid in the same direction.
c Different combinations produce different properties.
In general, regular lay ropes are stiffer than Lang lay
ropes, which tend to form kinks and hockles more
easily.
d When replacing ropes, both the rope lay and strand
lay must be as originally specified by the
manufacturer unless Engineering approval is
obtained.
e The surface wires of a right regular lay rope have a
minimum exposure to wear and line up with the axis
of the rope.
Figure 5-4
Right Lang Lay
(Reference: CSAO Rigging Manual (1996), Fig .9)
Figure 5-5
Right Regular Lay
(Reference: CSAO Rigging Manual (1996), Fig .9)
Wire Rop e
129
5.1.6 Rope Types
a All six-strand wire ropes are pre-formed. Wires are
shaped to fit their position in the finished rope. Pre-
formed rope resists unlaying when cut.
b Rotation-resistant or non-rotating ropes may be
required for some applications, such as hoists with
long drops. These ropes may not always be directly
interchangeable with conventional ropes of the same
size or strength. The hoist or rope manufacturer shall
be consulted before substitutions are made.
c Proprietary ropes may include special materials,
construction, or lay-ups. These ropes may offer
significant performance advantages under some
situations. Care shall be exercised when replacing a
standard rope with a proprietary rope, site
engineering or the hoist manufacturer shall be
consulted for directions.
5.1.7 Description
a Diameter is not a sufficient description of a wire rope,
and cannot be used as an accurate indication of strength
without also considering material and construction.
b Wire rope description should include the following:
diameter and length (e.g. 5/8 inch x 125 ft)
type (e.g. 6 x 25 Filler, Grade 115/125, IWRC,
Right Regular Lay, Pre-formed)
c Metric example:
diameter x length (e.g. 18 mm x 450 meter)
type (e.g. 6 x 25 Filler, Grade 1960, IWRC, Right
Regular Lay, Pre-formed)

130
Wire Rop e
5.1.8 Strength
a Table 5-1 and table 5-2 provide working load limits
for selected 6x19 and 6x37 class ropes. These figures
are provided as a reference only.
Table 5-1
Working load limit for selected wire rope (pounds)
Factor ofsafety = 5
Rope dia.
Weight
6x19 Class IWRC
6x37 Class IWRC
[in.]
[lb/ft]
SWL in Pounds
SWL in Pounds
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
110/120
120/130
110/120
120/130
IPS
[1]
EIPS
[2]
IPS
[1]
EIPS
[1]
3/16 0.07 600 - - -
1/4 0.11 1120 - 1000 1360
3/8 0.25 2440 3000 2240 3000
1/2 0.44 4240 5320 4080 5320
5/8 0.69 6270 8540 6320 8240
3/4 0.99 9680 11760 9040 11760
7/8 1.5 13080 15920 12320 15920
1 1.60 17040 20680 16120 20680
1 1/8 2.03 21280 26000 20000 26000
1 1/4 2.50 26760 31960 24880 31960
1 3/8 3.03 33080 38400 30400 38400
1 1/2 3.60 39200 45600 36760 45600

Notes:
1 Based on CSA G4-00
2 Based on Manufacturers Data; exceeds CSA G4-00
3 Individual manufacturers may produce ropes stronger than the minimum
figures as stated above.
Wire Rop e
131
Table 5-2
Working load limit for selected wire rope (kilograms)
Factor ofsafety = 5
Rope dia.
Weight
6x19 Class IWRC
6x37 Class IWRC
[mm]
[kg/m]
SWL in Pounds
SWL in Pounds
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
110/120
120/130
110/120
120/130
IPS
[1]
EIPS
[2]
IPS
[1]
EIPS
[1]
8 .27 910 1000 825 910
10 .42 1420 1565 1285 1420
12 .60 2060 2240 1855 2230
14 .82 27990 3080 2530 2795
16 1.07 3650 4015 3285 3650
18 1.35 4610 5075 4160 4610
20 1.67 5690 6580 5140 5690
22 2.02 6895 7585 6220 6895
24 2.41 8200 9035 7400 8200
28 3.30 11150 12300 10070 11180
32 4.30 14585 16500 645 14585
26 5.40 18440 20330 815 18440
132
Wire Rop e
5.2 Wire Rope Terminations
5.2.1 General Considerations
a Wire ropes may require end fittings. Factory made
terminations shall be used wherever possible. This
requirement is in place because the factory has the
capacity to load test such terminations to an
appropriate level (150-200% of the WLL is typical
among suppliers).
b Where terminations must be made, they shall be
made by a competent person, under controlled
conditions, using equipment designed for that
purpose. These terminations must not be
manufactured in the field, but rather in shops with
adequate equipment (e.g. Maintenance shops).
c Wire rope users shall be aware that each type of
fitting attached to a wire rope has a specific
efficiency rating. This can reduce the working load of
a rope assembly and shall be given due consideration
in determining the capacity of a wire rope system.
Termination strength is expressed as a percentage of
the strength of the rope. The strength ranges from
100% in the case of a Spelter Socket, 85% for a
clipped eye. Consult Engineering for direction.
d In replacing a termination, duplicate the existing one
whenever possible as not all terminations are suitable
for all applications. The crane or rope manufacturers
end fitting specifications shall be followed when
making a wire rope termination.
e In cutting any wire rope, special care should be taken
to seize the rope ends to prevent unlaying of the
wires and slippage of the core of IWRC and rotation-
resistant rope.
Wire Rop e
133
5.2.2 Swaged Fitting and Spelter Socket
a With swaged fittings, a rope is inserted into the
fitting bore and the fitting is then swaged onto the
rope. This method is used for buttons, threaded
studs, open and closed sockets, and to attach a load
hook directly onto a rope. This method can be used
with nearly all rope constructions and produces a
high efficiency bond.
b Spelter sockets have traditionally been used when
determining the actual breaking strength of ropes.
Other end terminations are compared to the strength
efficiency of spelter sockets, which is considered
100% of the actual rope strength.
5.2.3 Hand Splice
OHSA Construction Regulations no longer allow hand
spliced end termination on a wire rope which is used in a
crane or hoisting application, unless performed by the
manufacturer. A hand splice shall not be made on the Bruce
Power site. Any existing hand tucked splices may continue
to be used, as long as they pass the annual inspection for
the device they are attached to. Users should look for loose
serving wire, and signs of the tucks pulling out.
5.2.4 Flemish Eye Splice for Six-Strand
Wire Rope
a A flemish eye splice shall be used with six-strand
wire rope only.
b The Flemish eye splice (rolled-in eye) is the most
reliable eye splice for shop use.
134
Wire Rop e
c The strength of a flemish eye splice depends largely
on friction developed between strands in the eye, and
the manner in which the splice is finished. (If finished
with a swaged sleeve or compression fitting, as
shown in Figure 5-6, allows for a higher breaking
strength of the rope).
Figure 5-6
Finishing a Flemish Eye Splice
(Reference: CAO Rigging Manual (1996), Fig. 1.74)
d A flemish eye splice shall be fitted with a swaged
steel sleeve. Flemish eye splices will develop an
efficiency of at least 90% of the specified breaking
strength of the rope.
e The preferred sizes for Flemish eyes are shown in
Table 5-3.
Table 5-3
Preferred Sizes for Flemish Eyes
Rope size Eye size
[in] [mm] [in x in] [mm x mm]
1/4 to 5/16 6 to 8 2 x4 50 x 100
3/8 to 1/2 10 to 12 3 x8 80 x 200
9/16 to 5/8 14 to 16 5 x 10 130 x 250
3/4 20 6 x 12 150 x 300

f Table 5-4 lists the recommended sleeves and die sizes
for their compression.
Wire Rop e
135
Table 5-4
Recommended Sleeves and Die Size
6x25 wire
Aluminum conduit
Die size for pressing
rope size
or IPS piping
5/16 3/8 x 1 1/2 5/8 hex.
3/8 1/2 x 1 1/2 3/4 hex.
7/16 3/4 x 2 7/8 hex.
1/2 1 x 2 1/4 1 3/16 hex.
5/8 1 x 2 1/4 1 3/16 hex.
3/4 1 1/4 x 3 1 5/8 hex. followed by 1 7/16 hex.

g A thimble should be used on a Flemish Eye where
practical. Where a thimble in a Flemish eye is used,
the dimensions of the eye will have to be modified,
usually by reducing it. Install the thimble when the
first overhand knot has been tied. It is impossible to
make the eye fit tight around the thimble. Elongate
the ferrule somewhat to extend over the throat, or
install a cable clip at the throat to close the wire rope
around the thimble.
5.2.5 Clipped Eye
Clipped eyes shall not be used for hoisting except as noted
in Section 9.0 Slings.
Clipped eyes shall not be employed for hoisting and sling
applications where a manufactured sling could be used.
136
Wire Rop e
5.3 Wire Rope Handling
5.3.1 Handling
Wire rope should be handled as follows:
a Wire rope reels should not be dropped.
b When lifting a reel of wire rope, a bar should be
placed through the reel and the reel lifted using slings
or jack stands.
c Wire rope should be stored on reels, clear of the
ground and protected from weather.
d If manufacturers lubrication is gone, a thin film of
light oil should be applied to deter rust.
e When unreeling or uncoiling wire rope from a reel or
coil, the reel or coil should rotate as the rope
unwinds to avoid reverse bending. The following
should be performed:
1 Pass a shaft through the reel and raise it
sufficiently to allow it to rotate freely.
2 Pull the end of the rope straight away from the
reel, maintaining sufficient tension to avoid
kinking the rope.
3 If the reel cannot be raised, the free end of the rope
may be held and the reel rolled along the ground.
Wire Rop e
137
Figure 5-7
Re-reeling Wire Rope
Reference: CSAO Rigging Manual (1996), Fig. 1.24
5.3.2 Winding Wire Rope on a Drum
When starting wire rope on a drum, the wire rope should be
attached at the correct location and the rope spooled evenly
so that the turns lie snugly against each other in even layers.
Improper winding on a drum will result in excessive wear,
usually concentrated in one or more places as the loaded
rope attempts to climb over the next wrap and piles up on
itself. To obtain good drum winding the rope must be
started from the proper flange and this will depend on
whether the rope leads from the top or bottom of the drum.
Standing behind the drum and facing it, the following
should be observed (refer to Figure 5-8 Starting Rope on a
Drum):
1 A right lay rope leading from the underside of the
drum should start winding at the right flange.
2 A right lay rope leading from the top side of the
drum should start winding at the left flange.
In use, there must always be at least three full turns of rope
on the drum.
138
Wire Rop e
Figure 5-8
Starting Rope on a Drum
Reference: CSAO Rigging manual (1996), Fig 1.26

Wire Rop e
139
5.3.3 Fleet Angle
The fleet angle is the angle between the centre of the first
sheave after the drum and the edge of the drum.
Figure 5-9
Fleet Angle
140
Wire Rop e
Too large a fleet angle may result in excessive rubbing of the
rope against the flanges of the sheave groove, or crushing
and abrasion of the rope on the drum. If the angle is too
small the rope will pile up against a flange of the drum.
Fleet angles should not exceed 1 1/2° for smooth drums or
2° for grooved drums. A fleet angle of 1 1/2° represents a
distance of 38 feet for each foot of drum width from the
centre line to the flange. When the fleet angle is 2°, the
distance is 29 feet for each foot of drum width from the
centre line to the flange. The same proportions apply to
metric measurements.
Any time the fleet angle exceeds 2°, consult Engineering for
guidance and approval.
Wire Rop e
141
5.4 Use of Wire Rope for Cranes
5.4.1 Application
a The use of wire rope must meet the requirements of
OHSA and the regulations for construction projects.
(Refer to the most recent revision.)
b OHSA Regulation 168 (refer to the most recent
revision).
1 A cable used by a crane or similar hoisting device:
shall be steel wire rope of the type, size, grade and
construction recommended by the manufacturer
of the crane or similar hoisting device
shall be compatible with the sheaves and the
drum of the crane or similar hoisting device
shall be lubricated to prevent corrosion and wear
shall not be spliced
shall have its end connections securely fastened
and shall be kept with at least three full turns on
the drum
2 No cable used by a crane or similar hoisting
device:
i subject to subsection (3), shall contain six
randomly distributed wires that are broken in
one rope lay or three or more wires that are
broken in one strand in a rope lay; for rotation
resistant ropes 4 randomly distributed broken
wires in one lay, or 2 broken wires in 1 strand in
1 lay
142
Wire Rop e
ii shall be smaller than its nominal rope diameter
by more than
1 mm for a diameter up to and including 19 mm
2 mm for a diameter greater than 19 mm up to
and including 29 mm
3 mm for a diameter greater than 29 mm
iii shall be worn by more than one-third of the
original diameter of its outside individual wires
iv shall show evidence of kinking, bird-caging,
corrosion or other damage resulting in non-
recoverable distortion of the rope structure
(distortion of the rope structure is caused by the
lays shifting, for various reasons, relative to one
another)
v shall show evidence of possible rope failure
including rope damage caused by contact with
electricity
3 No cable that is static or is used for pendants:
shall contain three or more broken wires in one
lay or in a section between end connectors
shall have more than one broken wire at an end
connector
4 Rotation-resistant wire rope shall not be used for a
cable for boom hoist reeving and pendants.
5 Rotation-resistant wire rope shall not be used
where an inner wire or strand for a cable is
damaged or broken.
Wire Rop e
143
c OHSA Regulation 169 (refer to the most recent revision)
A cable used by a crane or similar hoisting device
shall be capable of supporting at least:
three and one-half times the maximum load to
which it is likely to be subjected if it is used on a
device other than a tower crane and it winds on a
drum or passes over a sheave
five times the maximum load to which it is likely
to be subjected if it is used on a tower crane and it
winds on a drum or passes over a sheave
three times the maximum load to which it is likely
to be subjected if it is a pendant or is not subject to
winding or bending
ten times the maximum load to which it is likely to
be subjected if the crane or similar hoisting device
is used for supporting persons
d OHSA Regulation 170 (refer to the most recent
revision):
1 All cable used by a crane or similar hoisting device
shall be visually inspected by a competent worker
at least once a week when the crane or similar
hoisting device is being used.
2 The worker performing an inspection shall record
the condition of the rope or cable inspected in the
log book for the crane or similar hoisting device.
e Inspection criteria for the visual inspection of wire
rope may be found in Bruce Power Procedure
Rigging, Lifting and Material Handling Equipment.
144
Wire Rop e
5.4.2 Wire Rope Fittings for Cranes
a Refer to the latest revision of OHSA Regulation 171:
1 A cable used by a crane or similar hoisting device
shall be securely attached:
by binding and fastening the cable around an
oval thimble in a way that is strong enough to
prevent the cable thimble from separating
by fastening the cable within either a tapered
socket by means of virgin zinc or a wedge-type
socket fitted with a wire rope clip at the dead
end to prevent the accidental release or loosening
of the wedge
2 The dead end cable of a wedge socket assembly on
a hoisting line shall extend between 100
millimeters and 300 millimeters out of the socket.
b Refer to the latest revision of OHSA Regulation 175:
1 An overhauling weight used on the cable of a crane
or similar hoisting device:
shall be prevented from sliding up or down the
cable
shall be securely attached to the load hook and
the cable
2 No overhauling weight used on the cable of a
crane or similar hoisting device shall be split.
Wire Rop e
145
5.5.1 Pre-Use Inspections
Refer to BP-PROC-00587, Inspection Requirements for
Rigging, Lifting and Material Handling Equipment, for
detailed inspection criteria.
a Pre-use inspections shall be completed by the
operator and shall consist of a visual inspection of all
load hoist rope, all boom hoist rope, and all trolley
rope that can reasonably be expected to be in use
during intended operation.
Particular attention shall be paid to the rope at
points of attachment to the hoist and points of
rapid deterioration, such as flange points,
crossover points, and repetitive pickup points on
the drum.
Pre-use inspection results shall be recorded in the
crane log.
If in doubt, the operator shall notify the Supervisor
of Lift and log findings and follow lock out
procedures.
b Wire rope shall be visually inspected before use
considering the following:
1 Shock Load:
a sudden force or load can cause internal and
external damage (bird caging)
there is no practical way to estimate the force
applied by shock loading a rope
sudden release of a load can also damage a wire
rope
146
Wire Rop e
Figure 5-10
Bird Caging From Shock Loading
Courtesy OPG
2 Broken Wires:
all wire rope removal and replacement criteria are
based on fatigue wire breaks located at the crown
of a strand
if six or more randomly distributed wires in one
lay are broken, or three or more wires in one
strand in one rope lay, the rope shall be replaced
broken wires close to an attached fitting may
indicate localized fatigue (the rope shall be
replaced)
wire rope shall be removed from service if a single
valley wire break is detected
3 Removal Criteria for Static Ropes and Pendants:
three broken wires in one lay or in a section
between end connectors
more than one broken wire at an end termination
an internal break indicated by an externally
protruding wire or loop of loose wires as shown in
Figure 5-11 Wire Fractures at Core/Strand
Interface
Wire Rop e
147
4 Removal Criteria for Rotation-Resistant Ropes:
(Close inspection of spin-resistant and rotation-
resistant wire rope is necessary because of their
susceptibility to damage. These ropes may
deteriorate from the inside out.)
four randomly distributed broken wires in one
lay
two broken wires in one strand in one lay
localized core deterioration
one outer wire broken at the contact point with
the core of the rope indicated by an externally
protruding wire or loop of loose wires (refer to
Figure 5-11)
Figure 5-11
Wire Fractures at Core/Strand Interface
5 Worn or Abraded Wires:
Outer wire rope wear that appears to exceed one-
third of the outer wire diameter due to friction on
sheaves, rollers, drums etc.
6 Reduction in Rope:
The outside appearance of a used rope should be
compared with an unused portion of the rope (e.g.,
on the drum).
148
Wire Rop e
7 Stretch:
If lay is visibly longer, especially accompanied by a
reduction in diameter.
8 Corrosion:
Rusting of wire rope or fittings.
9 Distortion:
Kinked, birdcaged, crushed, flattened or jammed
strands or other damage which distorts rope
structure (wires or strands that are pushed out of
their original position in the rope).
Figure 5-12
Examples of Wire Rope Adverse Conditions
Table 5-4
Nominal Size vs. Maximum Reduction in Diameter
Hoisting and Rigging Handbook
Wire Rope Hoisting and Rigging Handbook
Nominal size Maximum reduction
Inch mm Inch mm
up to 3/4 19 3/64 1
7/8 to 1-1/18 20 - 29 1/16 2
1-1/4 to 1-1/2 30 - 38 3/32 3
Wire Rop e
149
10 Insufficient Lubrication:
If a cable appears dry.
11 Heat or Electric Arc Damage:
Heat damage or signs of contact with high voltage
lines.
12 Accumulation of Defects:
In the judgment of the operator, creates an unsafe
condition.
When wire rope is wound on a drum, it should bend the
same way as when on the reel to avoid a reverse bend in the
rope. Always re-reel wire rope from the top of one reel to
the top of another, or from the bottom of one reel to the
bottom of another, as shown in Figure 5-7 Re-Reeling Rope
on a Drum.
150
Wire Rop e
6.0 Fibre Rope
6.1 General
6.2 Properties and Construction
6.3 Whipping
6.4 Knots, Bends and Hitches
6.4.1 Figure Eight Knot
6.4.2 Double Sheet Bend
6.4.3 Locking Bowline
6.4.4 Figure of Eight Loop
6.4.5 Half-S
6.4.6 S Bend
6.5 Handling, Care and Use
6.5.1 Uncoiling and Coiling
6.5.2 Rope Care
6.5.3 Kinks and Hockles
6.5.4 Overloading
6.5.5 Ultra-Violet Light or Ionizing Radiation
Degradation
6.5.6 Electrical Degradation
6.5.7 Heat
Fibre Rope
151
6.1 General
This section provides general information regarding care
and use of fibre rope, and describes fibre rope properties,
construction, and pre-use inspection criteria. Knowledge of
ropes and tying knots assists activities such as:
securing objects temporarily to fixed support
use of tag lines
hand hoisting light objects such as hand tools and
larger rigging
reeving a wire rope
152
Fibre Rope
6.2 Properties and Construction
Synthetic fibre rope, such as nylon, polypropylene and
polyester (Dacron) are the only ropes used in Bruce Power.
a Properties of synthetic fibre ropes are as follows:
resistant to rot, mildew and fungus growth
good resistance to chemicals and shock loading
nylon rope absorbs little moisture, but when wet,
loses about 10 percent strength
nylon ropes do not stiffen when wet, do not freeze,
and hold knots well
nylon ropes have good dielectric properties when
clean and dry
braided and double braided nylon ropes are good
choices for general use
polypropylene rope is stiffer and does not hold
some knots well
polypropylene rope has about 60 percent of the
strength of nylon
polypropylene rope floats and its strength is
unaffected by water
polypropylene rope degrades from exposure to
ultraviolet light or ionizing radiation
b Polypropylene rope shall not be used for overhead
lifting due to possible degradation from ultraviolet
light or ionizing radiation.
c When tying knots, bends or hitches, care shall be
taken when joining synthetic ropes of different
materials and construction.
Fibre Rope
153
d Rope strength and amount of stretch under load
depends on the rope material and construction (refer
to Table 6-2 Working Load Limits for Fibre Ropes).
Table 6-1
Characteristics of Various Materials and Constructions
Fibre Construction Relative strength
Nylon Twisted 100%
Single braid 120%
Double braid 125%
Plaited 100-115%
Polyester Twisted 80-95%
Single braid n/a
Double braid 125%
Plaited 135%
Polypropylene Twisted 60-70%
Single braid 80%
Double braid 80%
Plaited n/a
Aramid Twisted (4 strand) > 200%
Double braid 350%
PP/PE* Double braid 85%
154
Fibre Rope
Table 6-2
Working Load Limit for Fiber Ropes
(Varies widely by Manufacturer)
Rope
three-strand
Braided
3-stand
Nylon
Polyester
Kernmantle
Dia.
poly-
poly-
nylon
braid
braid
(in)
propylene
propylene
3/8 560 670 960 1200 1420
1/2 970 1150 1660 2500 2100
5/8 1680 1870 3400 3640 2730
3/4 2080 2490 4200 4800 -
1 3520 4200 6800 8600 -
1 1/4 5300 6340 10600 13100 -

Note:
1. It is important to note that the above stated strength figures do
not take into account dynamic load effects.
Fibre Rope
155
6.3 Whipping
Whenever a fibre rope is cut, the rope ends should be heat
fused or whipped to prevent the rope from untwisting or
fraying. If the strands slip in relation to each other, one or
two strands will assume a greater share of the load, which
will result in shortened rope life and reduce its capacity
(refer to Figure 6-1 Whipping Fibre Rope Ends).
a A back splice is an excellent rope termination
provided it does not have to pass through a block.
b Tape should not be used for whipping rope ends
except for temporary measure.
Figure 6-1
Whipping Fibre Rope Ends
(Reference: CSAO Rigging Manual (1996), Fig. 2.12)
156
Fibre Rope
6.4 Knots, Bends and Hitches
Fibre rope, unlike wire rope, does not need a permanent end
fitting other than the appropriate form of whipping, in
order to be used. A fibre rope may be attached to an object,
or joined to itself by some form of knot.
a The strength of a rope is reduced by a knot, bend or
hitch. The efficiencies noted below are for new rope
and are only approximate. When tying knots in
synthetic rope, tails should be left at least 15 cm (6
inches) long. Common knots used in the rigging
industry are discussed in this section.
b In addition to being a generic term, Knots
generally refer to a stopper (such as a figure of eight
or overhand) or a loop (such as the various
bowlines). Bends are used to join two ropes
together (S- bend). Efficiency of knots and bends is
50-60% of rope strength. Hitches are used to
attach a rope to a pole (clove hitch, constrictor) or
ring (anchor bend, round turn and two half hitches).
Efficiency of hitches is approx 75%.
Note
These efficiencies are approximations only and vary
widely by the quality of the knot, bend or hitch.
c The knots presented in this handbook are known to
hold well in synthetic fibre ropes when tied properly.
Fibre Rope
157
Working End
Standing Part
Overhand Loop
Bight
Figure 6-2
Terms Commonly Associated With Knot Tying
6.4.1 Figure Eight Knot
(Efficiency: 50%, refer to Figure 6-3 Figure Eight Knot)
Generally used at the end of a rope to temporarily
prevent strands from unlaying.
Figure eight knots are useful in preventing a rope end
from slipping through a block.
A figure eight knot should be tied in the end of a tag
line as a hand hold.
Figure 6-3
Figure Eight Knot
158
Fibre Rope
6.4.2 Double Sheet Bend
(Efficiency: 50%, refer to Figure 6-4 Double Sheet Bend)
If ropes are new, the double sheet bend may be
unreliable under repeated loading.
The double sheet bend is used for joining ropes end-
to-end and works well with ropes of different sizes.
Figure 6-4
Double Sheet Bend
6.4.3 Locking Bowline Knot
This knot forms a non-slipping loop that is easy to untie.
The addition of the extra locking loop makes it hold in
stiff or slippery rope.
front
Figure 6-5
Locking Bowline Knot
Fibre Rope
159
6.4.4 Figure of Eight Loop Knot
This knot is easy to tie, and will not slip, even in
polypropylene rope. Form a bight at least twice as long as
the loop you want. Form an overhand loop in the bight, and
take the free end behind the standing part, and back
through the loop from the top. Adjust the size of the loop to
suit, and draw the knot tight.
Figure 6-6
Figure Eight Loop Knot
6.4.5 Half-S Knot
The Half-S is a slip knot that will hold well in synthetic
rope. Take a bight around the object to be secured (ring,
pole, etc.). Take the working end of the rope and make four
overhand loops around both parts of the rope. Pass the free
end through all the loops, and ease the knot tight. This knot
replaces the Slipknot and Running Bowline.
Figure 6-7
Half-S Knot
160
Fibre Rope
6.4.6 S-Bend Knot
This bend is essentially two Half-S knots tied over the two
standing parts to be joined, and then drawn together. Lay
the two rope ends parallel. Wrap one working end four
times around itself and the other rope. Pass the working end
through the loops and draw tight. Repeat with the other
working end. Pull the two knots together. This knot replaces
the Fishermans Bend and the Sheet Bend.
Figure 6-8
S-Bend Knot
Fibre Rope
161
6.5 Handling, Care and Use
Synthetic fibre ropes require care and maintenance, like
other rigging components. Exposure to various hazards
including dirt, water, radiation, heat, and electric fields can
cause deficiencies ranging from loss of strength to
catastrophic failure. Ropes should be periodically inspected
while in use for signs of degradation, wear or other defects.
Defective ropes shall be destroyed before discarding them to
prevent somebody else from using them.
6.5.1 Uncoiling and Coiling
a A new coil of three-strand rope should be laid flat
with the inside end of the rope at the bottom. The
inside end of the rope should be taken up through
the centre of the coil (refer to Figure 6-9 Uncoiling
New Rope).
b When coiling used rope by hand, it should be coiled
in a clockwise direction. When uncoiling, it should be
unwound counter-clockwise.
c Braided rope, having no lay, does not lend itself
easily to coiling. It may be held or laid down in
figure 8s, stored on reels or in bins (refer to Figure
6-10 Storing Braided Rope).
Figure 6-9 Figure 6-10
Uncoiling New Rope Storing Braided Rope
162
Fibre Rope
6.5.2 Rope Care
All ropes are subject to weakening due to dirt and grit
becoming embedded in them. Ropes may be cleaned in cool
fresh water with a non-detergent soap and dried in air,
protected from UV rays.
a Rope shall not be overloaded.
b Ropes shall not be dragged over ground or over
another rope under tension.
c Softeners shall be used to pack sharp corners when
hand lifting materials.
d Rope should be reversed end-for-end occasionally to
spread wear.
e Shock loading shall be avoided.
f Rope should be stored to prevent physical damage,
and in a range of -30°C to 80°C.
g Ropes shall be kept away from excessive heat and
from chemicals, acids, strong alkalis, paint, fumes
and exhaust gas.
h Ropes shall not be subjected to a sustained load
equal to its rated capacity for more than 3 days.
i 1/2 ropes are recommended for use as tag lines or
hand lines in hoisting operations; however, 3/8 rope
may be used for light or fragile loads. Ropes less than
1/2 are hard to handle and difficult to secure knots.
Nylon rope shall not be used as a tag line due to its
excessive stretch properties.
Fibre Rope
163
6.5.3 Kinks and Hockles
Three-strand rope that has been heavily loaded and
permitted to rotate may develop kinks when it relaxes (refer
to Figure 6-19 Kink in Rope). If kinks develop, they shall be
removed with care, if they are simply pulled out, the rope
will hockle (refer to Figure 6-20 Hockle in Rope).
a rope shall be destroyed if it hockles
braided and double braided ropes can kink if twisted,
but do not hockle
Figure 6-19 Figure 6-20
Kink in Rope Hockle in Rope
6.5.4 Overloading
Values in Table 6-2 Working Load Limits of Synthetic Fibre
Rope, allows for a design factor of five. Rope that has been
overloaded shall be removed from service. Overloaded rope
may be recognized by:
reduced diameter
unnaturally long lay
presence of kinks or hockles
164
Fibre Rope
6.5.5 Ultra-Violet Light or
Ionizing Radiation Degradation
Polypropylene rope (and to a lesser extent nylon ropes) are
subject to degradation due to exposure to UV radiation.
They shall not be used for overhead hoisting due to the
following:
the filaments degrade and weaken with exposure to
sunlight or ionizing radiation
ultra-violet rays may cause the outer filaments to
fade and become brittle
Polypropylene ropes tend to become discolored, stiff and
show broken outer fibers when UV radiation degradation
occurs. Such ropes must be discarded, since their strength
cannot be relied upon, and they are subject to catastrophic
failure.
6.5.6 Electrical Degradation
Current may flow along the surface of a synthetic rope if it
is wet and left in a strong electric field which may generate
heat and melt fibres. Such rope shall be discarded
immediately.
This condition may be recognized by:
loss of flexibility
local glazing
fusing of surface fibres
worm holes in the rope
Fibre Rope
165
6.5.7 Heat
Synthetic ropes are thermoplastic, melt at fairly low
temperatures and shall not be used when:
excessive heat or friction sufficient to melt fibres may
be encountered
near welding operations
temperatures exceeding 80°C (180°F) or hot pipes
may be touched
166
Fibre Rope
7.0 Chain
7.1 General
7.2 Grades
7.3 Chain Fittings
7.4 Handling Use and Storage
Chain
167
7.1 General
a General advantages and disadvantages of chain:
1 Advantages
More suitable for some applications because it:
withstands rough handling
does not kink
is easily stored
is flexible
excessive deterioration due to stretch, interlink
wear, abrasive action or corrosion is relatively
easy to detect
2 Disadvantages
steel coil chain is considerably heavier than wire
rope of equal breaking strength
minor deterioration due to stretch, interlink
wear, abrasive action or corrosion could be
difficult to measure
may permanently lose strength if heated to over
800° F
168
Chain
b The three main applications for chains in Bruce
Power are chain slings, chain for chain hoists, and
tie-down chains for shipping large objects.
1 ASME B30.9, Slings requires a design factor for
chain slings of 4-1, while the Construction Safety
Association of Ontario (CSAO) requires a 5-1
design factor to ensure it is equal to all other
rigging hardware. Since Bruce Power has industrial
and construction projects on the same sites, CSAO
guidelines shall be followed to ensure compliance.
When ordering a chain sling, a 5-1 design factor
shall be specified.
2 Alloy chains shall not be used at temperatures
greater than 500° F (260° C).
3 All welding repairs and heat treating shall be done
by the manufacturer.
4 All chains will have a temporary loss of strength at
temperatures above 400°F (204°C). Consult
Engineering for any application at temperatures in
excess of 400°F (204°C).
Chain
169
7.2 Grades
7.2.1 Grades
There are several grades of chain available for specific
applications. Chain is identified by grade number and a
special marking by the chain manufacturer.
7.2.2 Classifications
a Chain in use at Bruce Power comes under one of four
classifications:
1 Alloy Chain: Grade 80 or 100 alloy chain is the
only chain approved for normal overhead lifting
and tie-downs. In order to be able to be used for
overhead lifting, they shall be marked with grade
and manufacturer's markings.
2 Proof Coil Chain: Grade 30, 46 or 70 chain. It
must not be used for overhead lifting.
3 Stainless Steel Chain: Similar construction to Alloy
chain and it may be used for overhead lifting,
typically in applications that require immersion in
water, exposure to temperatures above 800°F
(425°C) or that are in an otherwise harsh
environment. Note that Stainless Steel chain has
just over half the strength of Grade 80 Alloy chain
of the same (identical) size. It may be used at
temperatures of up to 1600F (870C) without
permanent loss of strength.
4 Hand Chain: Proof Coil chain (often modified to
suit the application) that has been case-hardened
for use as the power for a manual chainfall. It
shall not be used for overhead lifting.
170
Chain
b Grade 80 chain is identified by 8, 80, or 800
embossed on its links at regular intervals, (refer to
Figure 7-1 Grade 80 Chain Link).
Figure 7-1
Grade 80 Chain Link
c Grade 100 is identified by a 10 embossed on the link
and is 20% stronger than Grade 80.
d Chain marked with only a letter A (alloy) shall not
be used for hoisting.
e Chains not identified by means of metal tags or
marking on links shall not be used for hoisting
(except unmarked chain fall or lever hoist chain
supplied by the hoist manufacturer).
f Chain-hoist chain shall be procured from the hoist
manufacturer as it is case-hardened. This chain shall
not be used in place of alloy steel load chains used
for slings and tie-downs.
g Chains can be procured with an optional protective
coating for use in hostile environments to protect the
chain from corrosion.
Chain
171
Table 7-1
Specifications for Chain used at Bruce Power
Factor ofsafety
Nominal
Working load limit
Max. length of 100 links
Approximate
size
[lb]
[in]*
weight of
100ft [lb]
Grade 80 Grade 100 Grade 80 Grade 100
7/32 1680 2160 75 75 50
9/32 2800 3440 90 90 72
5/16 3600 4650 100 100 114
3/8 5680 7040 125 125 148
1/2 9600 12000 164 164 243
5/8 14480 18080 202 202 351
3/4 22640 28240 252 252 584
7/8 37360 34160 277 277 705

Note* Physical dimensions of Grade 80 and Grade 100 chain are identical. Be
sure to check the identifying marks.
172
Chain
7.3 Chain Fittings
a Hooks, rings, oblong links, pear links, mechanical
coupling links, or other attachments shall have a
Working Load Limit (WLL) equal to or greater than
that of the alloy chain with which it is used. The
fittings to be used with alloy chain must come
embossed with the alloy Grade 80 or a rating equal
to that of the chain.
b Standard attachments shall be of a size recommended
by the chain manufacturer.
c Makeshift fasteners, hooks, or links shall not be
used.
Chain
173
7.4 Handling, Use and Storage
Hoisting chain shall not be overloaded.
The WLL decreases with decreasing hoisting angle.
When a chain sling is hooked back on itself to form a
choker the WLL is reduced by 20%.
Chain shall not be crossed, twisted or knotted.
Manufacturers shortener shall be used.
A hook shall not be placed through a link in the
chain body, a master link shall be used.
Chain shall be protected with suitable packing when
bent over sharp corners or edges.
Chain shall not be dragged from under loads or over
obstacles.
Chain slings shall not be dropped from heights.
Chain shall be stored in a clean dry place.
Chain shall not be used when the links are locked.
Chain shall not be spliced by inserting a bolt between
two links.
Chain links shall not be hammered to straighten.
Site personnel shall not repair chain, only the chain
manufacturer may repair a chain.
Snatch or sudden loading shall be avoided, especially
in extreme cold weather.
Chain subjected to shock or impact load, shall be
quarantined until inspected.
Attachments and fittings shall be of a type, size and
material suitable for service with the chain.
174
Chain
Chain shall not be heated during flame cutting or
welding of other objects. Heating a chain affects the
chains heat treatment characteristics and drastically
reduces its WLL.
When purchased as a bridle, the WLL shall be
marked on the sling identification tag and is based on
all sling legs being attached to the load. When
assembled on site, bridle sling WLL shall be based on
two sling legs carrying the load.
Chain
175
detailed inspection criteria. Chain shall be inspected link-by-
link before use for the following (refer to Figure 7-2 Chain
Inspection):
Periodic Inspection identification
link damage (cracked links or excessive wear)
gouges, chips or cuts
weld splatter
severe corrosion or
pitting
discoloration due to
exposure to heat
link wear: Using
calipers, measure the
reduced diameter at
the point of maximum
wear (replace chain if
reduction is >10%)
elongated (stretched),
bent or twisted links:
Compare a length of
chain with an equal
number of links of new
chain (if stretch
exceeds 3 percent
replace the chain)
Figure 7-2
Chain Inspection
176
Chain
8.0 Fittings and Hardware
8.1 General
8.2 Hooks
8.2.1 General
8.2.2 Pre-Use Inspection
8.3 Wire Rope Thimbles
8.3.1 General
8.4 Links
8.4.1 General
8.5 Shackles
8.5.1 General
8.5.3 Shackle Installation
8.6 Eyebolts
8.6.1 General
8.7 Swivel Hoist Rings
8.7.1 General
8.7.2 Side Pull Swivel Hoist Ring
8.8 Lifting Eye Nuts
8.8.1 General
Fittings a nd Hardware
177
8.9 Lifting Turnbuckle
8.9.1 General
8.10 Swivels
8.10.1 General
178
Fittings and Hardwa re
8.1 General
This section provides guidance for the proper selection, pre-
use inspection requirements, and safe use of common
rigging fittings and hardware.
a Bruce Power's policy for minor rigging and lifting
fittings and hardware is "Crosby Only". This
includes shackles, eyebolts, links and eyenuts. In
situations where a Crosby manufactured item is not
available, other manufacturer's may be used,
providing the following conditions are met:
1 They satisfy current Occupational Health and
Safety Act (OHSA) requirements.
2 They comply with a standard issued by a
competent authority such as ANSI / ASME, CSA,
ASTM, or any of the various industry associations.
3 The proposed use has been reviewed and accepted
by the Responsible System Engineer.
4 They are entered in the Tool Management System.
b Any equipment found to be defective for any reason
must be immediately removed from service. The
Supervisor of the Lift is responsible for ensuring that:
1 The defective equipment is tagged as defective.
2 If it is repairable, it must be sent to the appropriate
repair location or sent off site for repairs.
3 If it is not repairable, it must be destroyed prior to
being discarded;
4 A replacement shall be ordered to replace the
defective item.
179
c The WLL of any fitting or piece of hardware shall
not be exceeded.
d Fittings not listed herein may be used if they satisfy
current Occupational Health and Safety Act (OHSA)
requirements, they comply with a lifting device
standard issued by a competent authority such as
ANSI / ASME, CSA, ASTM, or any of the various
Industry Associations; they are in compliance with
company purchasing policies (e.g. manufacturer); the
proposed use has been reviewed and approved by the
Responsible System Engineer.
e Storage for rigging equipment shall be provided in
accordance with manufacturer or site engineering
recommendations. As a minimum, storage locations
shall be established in areas where equipment is
protected from mechanical damage, excessive heat,
sparks, vibration, moisture and acid fumes.
f The load rating of fittings used in a sling leg shall be
equal to, or exceed the load rating of the sling to
which the fitting is attached.
g Fittings for slings shall not be welded.
h All lifting equipment, regardless of function or
capacity requires an annual inspection and a pre-use
inspection.
180
8.2 Hooks
8.2.1 General
a Hooks shall meet or exceed the requirements listed in
ASME B30.10, Hooks.
b Manufacturers identification shall be forged or die
stamped on a low stress, non-wearing area of the
hook.
c Lifting hooks shall be equipped with a safety latch.
Requests to deviate from this requirement shall be
referred to site engineering.
NOTE
A safety latch may not be needed for unhooking a load
underwater (e.g. irradiated fuel bay). Consult
Engineering. Safety latches are also not required on
double saddle duplex hooks (Turbine Hall) if both sides
are loaded equally.
d Self-locking hooks shall be locked during use.
e Hooks shall not be used if the throat opening has
increased, or if the hook latch fails to close.
f Duplex (sister) hooks shall be loaded equally on both
sides, unless the hook is specifically designed for
single loading. When using an articulated duplex
hook, care should be taken as articulation of the
hook may cause load instability.
g Hooks shall not be repaired, altered, reworked or
reshaped by welding, heating, burning or bending.
h Hooks worn beyond manufacturers limits in typical
wear areas shall not be used.
i Eye hooks, shank hooks and swivel hooks are
designed to be used with wire rope or chain.

181
j When using synthetic slings, a web sling hook should
be used. They are used to connect synthetic web and
round slings. The hook eye is designed with a wide
beam surface to eliminate bunching effects.
k Hooks shall not be side loaded, back loaded or tip
loaded. The load capacity of a hook is reduced by
50% at its tip (refer to Figure 8-1 Hooking onto Lugs)
Figure 8-1
Hooking onto Lugs
l Loads shall be supported entirely by a hook. The
latch shall not support any part of the load. Proper
hook engagement shall be visually verified (refer to
Figure 8-2 Sling Hooking).
Figure 8-2
Sling Hooking
182
m A load shall be kept within the middle 90° of a hook
saddle, to a maximum of 45° on either side of centre
(refer to Figure 8-5 Sling Positioning). A master link
or shackle can be used to ensure that the load angle
does not exceed a 90° included angle (45° on each
side).
NOTE
Working Load Limits for hooks are based on a load being
supported vertically in the saddle. As the angle from
vertical increases, the WLL Diminishes.
Table 8-1
Alloy Steel Eye Hook WLL 1-60 Mg
Crosby
WLL Dimensions (inches) Weight
designation
Mg Tons B E
(lbs)
D 1 1.1 0.75 0.89 0.61
F 1-1/2 1.7 0.91 0.91 0.89
G 2 2.2 1.13 1 1.44
H 3 3.3 1.25 1.09 2.07
I 5 5.5 1.56 1.36 4.3
J 7 7.7 2 1.61 8.3
K 11 12.1 2.44 2.08 15
L 15 16.5 2.84 2.27 21.6
N 22 24.3 3.5 3.02 39.5
O 30 33.1 3.5 3.25 60
P 37 40.8 4.5 3 105
S 45 49.6 4.94 3.38 148
T 60 66.1 5.69 4.12 228
183
Figure 8-3
Sling Hook
Reference: Crosby Catalogue
Table 8-2
Sling Hook
Chain Size Working Load Limit Weight each Dimensions (in.)
(in.) lbs kg (lbs.) B E G
9/32 (1/4) 3500 1550 .81 .56 1.44 .90
3/8 7100 3200 2.1 .75 1.78 1.25
1/2 12000 5400 3.71 .94 2.12 1.55
5/8 18100 8200 6.40 1.15 2.41 1.88
3/4 28300 12800 9.80 1.34 2.69 2.16
7/8 34200 15500 15.40 1.44 3.06 2.45
184
Design factor = 4
Figure 8-4
Grab Hook
Table 8-3
Grab Hook
Chain Size Working Load Limit Weight each Dimensions (in.)
(in.) lbs kg (lbs.) B E H
9/32 (1/4) 3500 1550 0.6 0.559 0.91 0.38
3/8 7100 3200 1.2 0.8 1.16 0.5
1/2 12000 5400 3 0.98 1.69 0.63
3/4 28300 12800 8.25 1.36 2.19 0.88
7/8 34200 15500 11.9 1.55 2.56 1.06
185
ISO Design Factor = 4
Figure 8-5
Sling Positioning
n A hook shall not support more than two sling legs, a
shackle or master link may be used to suspend a
multi-leg sling (refer to Figure 8-6 Multiple Sling
Attachment).
Figure 8-6
Multiple Sling Attachment
186
Hooks shall be inspected before use for the following:
cracks, nicks, wear, gouges and deformation
operation of safety latch
hook swivels freely
hook attachment and securing means
increased throat opening
bending, twisting or distortion
self-locking hooks for proper operation and locking
Figure 8-7
Hook Inspection Areas

187
8.3 Wire Rope Thimbles
8.3.1 General
Thimbles should be used in the eyes of slings wherever
possible as they increase the strength of the eye and reduce
the wear.
Thimbles should be used to connect shackles, bolts,
hooks, etc to wire rope.
Thimbles reduce wear in the eye of a sling.
A constant D/d ratio is maintained by use of thimbles.
Since thimble eyes are too small to use in a choker
hitch, thimbles are not used on all slings.
Proper size slip on thimbles shall be used for a
given wire size.
When ordering thimbles, extra heavy should be
specified (Figure 8-6 Wire Rope Thimbles).
Thimbles are subject to wear and deformation due to
contact loads. This is normal and does not interfere
with their purpose.
Figure 8-8
Wire Rope Thimbles

188
Table 8-4
Heavy Duty Thimble
Rope dia. (in.) Weight

Dimensions (in.)
per 100
Overall
Inside
Overall
Inside
Width of
(lbs.)
length
length
width
width
score
* 1/4 6.50 2.19 1.62 1.50 .88 .41
* 5/16 11.80 2.50 1.88 1.81 1.06 .50
* 3/8 21.60 2.88 2.12 2.12 1.12 .63
7/16 34.70 3.25 2.38 2.38 1.25 .72
* 1/2 - 9/16 51.00 3.62 2.75 2.75 1.50 .89
* 5/8 75.70 4.25 3.25 3.12 1.75 1.00
* 3/4 158.10 5.00 3.75 3.81 2.00 1.22
7/8 177.80 5.50 4.25 4.25 2.25 1.38
1 313.90 6.12 4.50 4.75 2.50 1.56
1-1/8 - 1-1/4 400.00 7.00 5.12 5.88 2.88 1.81
1-1/4 - 1-3/8 811.00 9.08 6.50 6.81 3.50 2.19
1-3/8 - 1-1/2 1294.80 9.00 6.25 7.12 3.50 2.56
1-5/8 1700.00 11.25 8.00 8.12 4.00 2.72
1-3/4 1775.00 12.19 9.00 8.50 4.50 2.84
1-7/8 - 2 2775.00 15.12 12.00 10.38 6.00 3.09
2-1/4 3950.00 17.50 14.00 11.88 7.00 3.62

Notes:
1. Data taken from an older Crosby Catalogue.
189
Thimbles shall be inspected before use for the following:
proper fit in the sling eye
deformation such as bends or twists
extreme wear
190
8.4 Links
8.4.1 General
Links fall under the "Crosby Only" policy at Bruce Power.
Only Crosby Links shall be used.
a Only alloy steel fittings shall be used.
b Links symmetrically loaded, with a maximum
included angle of 120° may be used to full WLL.
c WLL is specified on an identification tag attached to
fittings by the manufacturer and is based on equal
load distribution between all sling legs. WLL on tag
is for all sling legs attached.
1 For multi-leg slings assembled on site, the WLL
shall be based on two sling legs carrying the load.
2 When purchasing multi-leg slings, the WLL for the
entire sling assembly shall be specified.
d Links are manufactured in different configurations
(refer to Figure 8-9 Links).
Figure 8-9
Links
191
Table 8-6
Pear Shaped Link
Design Factor = 6
Stock
Dimensions (in.) Working load Weight
diameter
each
(in.)
Outside length Outside width
lbs. Kg.
(lbs.)
(large end)
3/8 3.00 2.25 1800 800 .23
1/2 4.00 3 2900 1300 .55
5/8 5.00 3.75 4200 1900 1.06
3/4 6.00 4.5 6000 2700 1.88
7/8 7.00 5.25 8300 3760 2.75
1 8.00 6 10800 4900 4.35
1 1/4 10.25 7.5 16750 7600 7.60
1 3/8 11.00 8.25 20500 9300 11.30

Notes:
1. Data taken from an older Crosby Catalogue. Refer to current
manufacturers data where available.
192
Table 8-7
Alloy Master Link
Design Factor = 6
Size A Working load limit Weight each Dimensions (in.)
(in.) lbs kg (lbs.) Inside width Inside length
1/2 7000 3150 .82 2.50 5.00
5/8 9000 4050 1.52 3.00 6.00
3/4 12300 5550 2.07 2.75 5.50
7/8 15000 6800 3.50 3.75 6.38
1 24360 11050 4.85 3.50 7.00
1-1/4 36200 16400 9.57 4.38 8.75
1-1/2 54300 24600 16.22 5.25 10.50
1-3/4 84900 38500 25.22 6.00 12.00
2 102600 46500 37.04 7.00 14.00
2-1/4 143100 64900 54.10 8.00 16.00
2-1/2 160000 72550 67.75 8.00 16.00
2-3/4 216900 98350 87.70 9.50 16.00
3 228000 103400 115.00 9.00 18.00
3-1/4 262200 118900 145.00 10.00 20.00
3-1/2 279000 126550 200.00 12.00 24.00
3-3/4 336000 152400 198.00 10.00 20.00
4 373000 169150 228.00 10.00 20.00
4-1/4 354000 160550 302.00 12.00 24.00
4-1/2 360000 163250 345.00 14.00 28.00
4-3/4 389000 176400 436.00 14.00 28.00
5 395000 179150 516.00 15.00 30.00

Notes:
1. Data taken from an older Crosby Catalogue. Refer to current
manufacturers data where available.
193
Table 8-8
Master Link Assembly
Design Factor = 3.5
* Ultimate Load is 5 times the Working Load Limit. Based on 60 degree
included angle or smaller. For included angles greater than 60 degrees, the
Working Load Limit must be de-rated.
A
Working load limit (lbs)* Weight
Dimensions (in.)
size
each
(in.) Based on
Based on
(lbs.) B C D E F
Grade 8
5:1 Design
chain (4:1)
factor
3/4 9100 12300 3.40 2.75 5.50 .56 1.75 3.35
1 18400 24360 7.40 3.50 7.00 .69 2.36 3.94
1-1/4 31200 36200 15.90 4.38 8.75 .88 3.54 6.30
1-1/2 47000 54300 28.10 5.25 10.50 1.13 3.94 7.09
1-3/4 73500 84900 46.00 6.00 12.00 1.38 5.00 8.00
2 88900 102600 67.00 7.00 14.00 1.50 5.75 9.00
2-1/2 123900 160000 142.00 8.00 16.00 2.00 7.00 14.00
2-3/4 188000 216900 196.0 9.50 16.00 2.25 8.00 16.00
4 373000 403.4 10.00 20.00 2.75 9.50 16.00

Notes:
1. Data taken from an older Crosby Catalogue.
2. Load values for sling angle 60° or more.
3. Be sure to specify Grade 80 Alloy fittings.
Figure 8-10
Connecting Link
194
Table 8-9
Connecting Link
Design Factor = 4
Chain Size Weight

Working
Working
Dimensions (in.)
Each
Load Limit
Load Limit
(in.) (mm) (lbs.)

(lbs.)
(kg.)
A B D
9/32 (1/4) 7 0.28 4300 1950 0.36 1.88 0.78
5/16 8 0.33 5700 2585 0.36 2.18 0.91
3/8 10 0.73 8800 3992 0.45 2.53 1.03
1/2 13 1.67 15000 6804 0.64 3.44 1.44
5/8 16 2.86 22600 10251 0.75 4.13 1.73
3/4 20 5 35300 16012 0.93 4.92 2.03
7/8 22 7.5 42700 19368 1.06 5.46 2.27
1 25 11.03 59700 27079 1.22 5.98 2.44
1-1/4 32 20.38 90400 41005 1.5 7.43 3.07

Notes:
1. Data taken from an older Crosby catalogue.
2. Always be sure to specify alloy, Grade 80 or equal.
Links shall be inspected before use for the following:
rated WLL is equal to or greater than the attached
sling
manufacturers markings
deformation (bends, twists, nicks, gouges, cracks or
wear)
195
8.5 SHACKLES
8.5.1 General
a Shackles in use at Bruce Power follow the "Crosby
Only" policy.
b All Crosby shackles are now rated in Metric Tonnes
(Mg). This is denoted by the rating having units
written as t. There still may be older stock in
place, and it is important to be aware of the load
rating of the component you are using.
For example:
12T = 12 short tons = 24000lb
12t = 12000kg = 26455lb
c Shackles or links should be used when connecting
more than two sling eyes to a hook.
d The WLL, size and manufacturers mark shall be
embossed on the shackle body.
e Shackles shall be sized to the full WLL of the sling,
not just the load being lifted.
f Shackle diameter should be equal to or greater than
the wire rope diameter.
g Shackle pin and body parts should be kept together
and stored as a set.
h Screw pin and bolt type shackles are available in
anchor or chain style, in both screw pin and bolt
types.
196
i In-line shackle loading shall be applied perpendicular
to the pin. Screw pin and bolt type shackles may be
angle loaded, but loads should be applied in the
plane of the bow. When angle loaded, screw pin and
bolt type shackle WLL shall be reduced in
accordance with Figure 8-14 Shackle Angle Loading.
j Inadequate pin diameter and the folding, bunching or
pinching of synthetic web or round slings reduces the
rated load significantly. Slings shall not be constricted
or bunched between the ears of a clevis or shackle or
in a hook (refer to Figure 8-11 Bunching and
Pinching).
Figure 8-11
Bunching and Pinching
k Shackles shall be of the proper shape and size to
ensure slings seat properly.
l The following shackles may be found at Bruce Power:
1 Screw Pin Shackles: The pin is fastened by means
of a threaded portion that mates with the shackle.
197
2 Bolt Type Shackles: Bolt type shackles may be used
for any application where screw pin shackles are
used, but are recommended for permanent or long
term installations, or where a load may slide on the
shackle pin causing the pin to rotate. The pin is a
specially made bolt that is held in place by a nut
and cotter pin. The cotter pin must always be fitted
as well as the nut.
3 Alloy Shackles: Alloy shackles are available in
Screw Pin or Bolt types. They are exactly the same
size as regular shackles, but their WLL is about
50% higher. Alloy shackles should be kept separate
from regular shackles and added to the tool
management system. High strength forged alloy
steel shackles used for specialty applications, shall
also have the letter A embossed on the pin and
shackle body.
4 Web Sling Shackles: Web sling shackles are
designed to connect synthetic web slings and
synthetic round slings to eyebolts and lifting lugs
(refer to Figure 8-12 Round Sling and Figure 8-13
Web Sling Shackles). The wider bow area increases
load distribution, allowing for 100% of a slings
WLL to be used.
Figure 8-12
Round Sling Shackles

198
Figure 8-13
Web Sling Shackles
Angle loads must

In-Line 100% Rated Load
be applied in the
plane of the bow. 45 degrees
70% Rated Load
90 degrees
50% Rated Load
Side Loading Reduction Chart
For Screw Pin and Bolt Type Shackles Only
Angles of Side Load
from Vertical In-Line of Shackle Adjusted Working Load Limit
0 degrees from In-Line 100% of Rated Working Load Limit
Figure 8-14
Shackle Angle Loading
m Loading of bolt type and screw pin shackles shall not
exceed 120° included angle.
n Shackles symmetrically loaded with two sling legs
having a maximum included angle of 120° may be
used to the full WLL (refer to Figure 8-15 Maximum
Shackle Angle Loading).
199
120°
Maximum
LOAD
Figure 8-15
Maximum Shackle Angle Loading
Courtesy ofCrosby
200
Table 8-11
Crosby 2005 Screw Pin Shackles
Design Factor 6
Nominal Size
Working Load Limit Stock Number Weight Each
in inches
Tons Pounds G-209 S-209
in pounds
3/16 1/3 666 1018357 ***** 0.06
1/4 1/2 1,000 1018375 1018384 0.10
5/16 3/4 1,500 1018393 1018400 0.19
3/8 1 2,000 1018419 1018428 0.31
7/16 1-1/2 3,000 1018437 1018446 0.38
1/2 2 4,000 1018455 1018464 0.72
5/8 3-1/4 6,500 1018473 1018482 1.37
3/4 4-3/4 9,500 1018491 1018507 2.35
7/8 6-1/2 13,000 1018516 1018525 3.62
1 8-1/2 17,000 1018534 1018543 5.03
1-1/8 9-1/2 19,000 1018552 1018561 7.41
1-1/4 12 24,000 1018570 1018589 9.50
1-3/8 13-1/2 27,000 1018598 1018605 13.53
1-1/2 17 34,000 1018614 1018623 17.20
1-3/4 25 50,000 1018632 1018641 27.78
2 35 70,000 1018650 1018669 45.00
2-1/2 55 110,000 1018678 1018687 85.75

Note:
1. WLLs in this table are applicable to Crosby Shackles only
201
Table 8-12
Crosby 2009 Synthetic Round or Web Sling Shackles
Round
Working Load Limit Web Slings Stock
Weight
Sling
Tons Pounds Webbing
Eye
Ply
Number
Each
Size
Width
Width
S-281
in
Number
Inches
Inches
pounds
1 and 2 3-1/4 6,500 2 2 2 1021048 0.06
3 4-1/2 9,000 3 1.5 2 1021057 0.10
4 6-1/4 12,500 4 2 2 1021066 0.19
5 and 6 8-1/2 17,000 6 3 2 1021075 0.31
Shackles shall be inspected before use for the following:
(refer to Figure 8-16 Shackle Inspection).
WLL and manufacturers markings on the shackle
body
bends or twists in the body
no more than 10% wear in the pin or bow section
inside width at the pin has not increased (if the pin
does not screw into the shackle properly, the shackle
may have been overloaded)
202
Figure 8-16
Shackle Inspection
8.5.3 Shackle Installation
a A shackle pin shall be centred in a hook to prevent
side loading of the shackle.
b When a shackle is attached to a pad eye, the pad eye
width shall be 80% or more of the inside width of
the shackle at the pin.
c Shackles should be oriented such that the hook is in
contact with the pin, not the bow.
d When using more than one sling, the shackle pin
shall be placed in the hook, since the bow is designed
to carry more than one sling leg.
e If a shackle is used in a choker hitch, or in a two
ends down hitch, the shackle should be positioned on
the sling or hook to prevent pin rotation.
Figure 8-17
Shackle Use
203
8.6 Eyebolts
8.6.1 General
a Eyebolts in use at Bruce Power follow the "Crosby
Only" policy.
b Only shoulder type eyebolts are approved for use at
Bruce Power. "Regular" nut eyebolts require
Engineering approval for use. Machinery-type
eyenuts may be installed in a blind hole tapped at
least 1-1/2 diameters deep.
c Eyebolts shall not be welded.
d When installed, the eyebolt shoulder shall be at right
angles to the axis of a tapped hole, and be in full
contact with the working surface.
1 Eyebolts shall not be undercut to seat the shoulder
against a load.
2 Receiving holes should be counter sunk or washers
should be used to seat the shoulder.
e Loads shall be applied in the plane of the eye to
prevent side loading, ensuring the bolt does not bend.
Eyebolts may be shimmed to orient the eye, and shall
remain in firm contact with the shim and working
surface, (refer to Table 8-13 Eyebolt Shimming and
Figure 8-18 Eyebolt Installation). Eyebolts shall not
be over tightened.
f Where washers or spacers are used to correct the
orientation of eyebolts, a minimum of 1 1/4
diameters of thread engagement shall be obtained.
204
Figure 8-18
Eyebolt Installation
g Machined shoulder type eyebolts require a hole depth
equal to the shank length, plus one-half the nominal
eyebolt diameter.
h Minimum thread engagement shall be:
1 1/2 x diameter for steel, cast iron, brass and
bronze
2 x diameter for aluminum, zinc, magnesium or
plastic
i When using shoulder nut eyebolts, the threaded
shank shall protrude through the load sufficiently to
allow full thread engagement of the nut. If the
unthreaded section of the shank protrudes past the
load, washers shall be used to take up the excess
space between the nut and the load (refer to
Figure 8-19 Shoulder Nut Eyebolt).
205
Figure 8-19
Shoulder Nut Eyebolt
j Eyebolts installed with a retention nut shall have full
thread engagement. Retention nuts shall meet one of
the following standards to develop the WLL and
should be torqued to Society of Automotive
Engineers (SAE) Grade 8 bolt requirements:
ASTM A563 Grade D Hex Thick
ASTM A563 Grade DH Standard Hex
ASTM A194 Grade 2H Heavy Hex
SAE Grade 8 Standard Hex
k Eyebolt strength decreases rapidly with decreasing
sling angle. Angles less than 45° shall not be used
without engineering approval. Hoist rings may be
more suitable (refer to Section 8.7 Swivel Hoist Rings).
l Machine shoulder eyebolts are primarily intended to
be installed into tapped holes.
1 After the load on an eyebolt has been calculated,
the eyebolt size shall be selected.
2 Eyebolts should be screwed into a load until the
shoulder is secure against the load.

206
3 When flat washers are used as shims, hardened
washers such as grade F436 should be used since
other types of washers may crush and cause
eyebolt failure.
4 Table 8-13 Eyebolt Shimming may be used to
estimate shim thickness required to align eyebolts
with the sling line (based on Unified National
Course (UNC) threads).
Table 8-13
Eyebolt Shimming
Eye Bolt size (in) Shim Thickness Required to
Change Rotation 90° (in)
1/4 0.0125
5/16 0.0139
3/8 0.0156
1/2 0.0192
5/8 0.0227
3/4 0.0250
7/8 0.0278
1 0.0312
1-1/4 0.0357
1-1/2 0.0417
m It can not be assumed that because an eyebolt was
previously installed, that it can safely lift the load.
For example:
Some equipment is fitted with eyebolts intended for
use during manufacturing or servicing individual
equipment components, but not for lifting the
entire assembly.
207
Previously installed eyebolts may be suitable for a
vertical lift but may not have the capacity for a 60°
sling angle.
n Prior to use, eyebolt WLL shall be checked. (refer to
Table 8-14 Crosby 2005 S-279 Eyebolt Angular Load
Rating (Imperial))
o When lifting with a single vertical sling attached to
an eyebolt, a swivel with anti-friction bearings should
be used between the sling and eyebolt to prevent the
eyebolt from unscrewing. Alternately a tag line may
be used to prevent rotation.
p Values shown in the following tables are WLL for a
single eyebolt (not a pair).
Table 8-14 Crosby 2005 S-279 Eyebolt Angular
Load Rating (Imperial)
Table 8-15 Crosby 2005 S-279 Eyebolt Angular
Load Rating (Metric)
q Most eyebolts manufactured to ASTM A 489 are
rated for the temperature range of +30° F (-1°C) to
+275° F (135°C). Alloy steel eyebolts rated for use at
temperatures down to -40° F (-40° C) are marked
with the letter A.
r Eyebolts should be stored to prevent thread damage
(i.e. hanging rather than piled in bins).
WARNING
A 7/8 -9 UNC eyebolt may thread into a 1 -8 UNC
hole, but may fail when loaded.
s A thread gauge should be used to check thread size
when using a 7/8 eyebolt.

208
CAUTION
If a load is not stiff enough to resist compressive forces,
it may buckle. If a sling is passed through two eyebolts
and attached to a hook, the load and angle of loading on
the eyebolts will be altered.
t Care shall be exercised when attaching slings to
eyebolts. Use of a spreader beam will eliminate extra
tension from the sling angle (refer to Figure 8-20
Improper Attachments).
1 Two separate sling legs shall be used to attach
eyebolts to a hook.
2 After tension has been applied, the load should be
watched for signs of buckling.
Figure 8-20
Improper Attachments
u When eyebolts are used with a sling angle (not a
vertical lift), tension on sling legs increases.
Manufacturer specified WLL shall be reduced to
compensate for the additional load imposed on the
eyebolt due to increased sling tension.

209
v For angular lifts, eyebolts shall be selected as follows:
1 Sling angle shall be determined.
2 Sling leg tension shall be calculated (refer to
Section 9.0 Slings).
3 Eyebolt size shall be determined based on sling
angle and tension.
w Unlike sling tables for angular lifts which are based
on two slings carrying a load, eyebolt tables are
based on the WLL of a single eyebolt.
x Blank eyebolts and eyenuts are available to be
custom-machined to suit a particular applications.
Since the strength of the item will depend on the final
design, the capacity shall be added on a tag. A tool
number shall also be assigned.
y It is not permissible to shorten an eyebolt without the
approval of engineering. Such modified items shall
have a tool number and capacity tag.
z Engineering approval is required for use of Pad Eyes
on Bruce Power site.
210
Table 8-14
Crosby 2005 S-279 Eyebolt Angular Load Rating (Imperial)
Working Load Limit
Vertical Lift 60° Lift 45° Lift Less
Eyebolt
Than
Size
Tons Pounds Tons Pounds Tons Pounds
45°
1/4 x 1 0.33 650 0.21 420 0.10 195
5/16 x 1-1/8 0.60 1,200 0.39 780 0.18 360
0.78 1,550 0.50 1,00 0.23 465
Not Recommended
3/8 x 1-1/4
1/2 x 1-1/2 1.30 2,600 0.85 1,690 0.39 780
5/8 x 1-3/4 2.60 5,200 1.69 3,380 0.78 1,560
3/4 x 2 3.60 7,200 2.34 4,680 1.08 2,160
7/8 x 2-1/4 5.30 10,600 3.45 6,890 1.59 3,180
1 x 1-1/2 6.65 13,300 4.32 8,645 2.00 3,990
1-1/4 x 3 10.550 21,000 6.80 13,600 3.15 6,300
1-1/2 x 3-1/2 12.00 24,000 7.80 15,600 3.60 7,200

Note:
1. WLLs in this table are applicable to Crosby Eyebolts only
211
Table 8-15
Crosby 2005 S-279 Eyebolt Angular Load Rating (Metric)
Working Load Limit
Vertical Lift 60° Lift 45° Lift Less
Eyebolt
Size
Metric
Kilograms Metric
Kilograms Metric
Kilograms
Than
45°
Tons
Tons
Tons
M6 0.20 200 0.13 130 0.06 60
M8 0.40 400 0.26 260 0.12 120
Not Recommended
M10 0.64 640 0.416 416 0.192 192
M12 1.00 1,000 0.65 650 0.30 300
M16 1.80 1,800 1.17 1,170 0.54 540
M20 2.50 2,500 1.625 1,625 0.75 750
M24 4.00 4,000 2.60 2,600 1.20 1,200
M30 6.00 6,000 3.90 3,900 1.80 1,800
M36 8.50 8,500 5.525 5,525 2.55 2,550

Note:
1. WLLs in this table are applicable to Crosby Eyebolts only
212
a Eyebolts shall be inspected before use for the
following:
wear or damage
bent or elongated eye or shank
evidence of machining, grinding, welding or cutting
(after manufactured)
eyebolt and mating hole threads are clean
b During visual inspection, if thread damage is
suspected in a hole into which an eye bolt is to be
installed, a go-no-go gauge for class 2 fit should be
used to check the threads.
c Threads on eyebolts, swivel hoist rings and eye nuts
shall not be repaired with a tap or die, since
removing material will reduce the WLL to an
unknown amount.
1 If threads are damaged, the fitting shall be
removed from service.
2 If internal threads on a load are damaged, site
engineering shall be consulted for an appropriate
repair procedure.
213
8.7 Swivel Hoist Rings
8.7.1 General
a Hoist rings in use at Bruce Power follow the Crosby
only policy.
b Hoist rings have two main advantages over eyebolts:
hoist ring will swivel 360° thus eliminating side
loading on the hoist ring (shimming is not required
to ensure the lift is in the plane of the eye)
hoist ring strength will not be affected by sling
angle, however increased sling tension due to
angular lifts will influence the selection of hoist
ring sizes
c When lifting on a sling angle, increased tension due
to the sling angle shall be calculated before selecting
the hoist ring size.
d A tapped hole for a hoist ring shall be square with
the mounting surface, to a minimum depth of the
threaded shank length, plus one-half the threaded
shank diameter.
e Spacers shall not be used between a bushing flange
and the mounting surface.
f Hoist rings shall be installed to the recommended
torque, ensuring the bushing flange meets the load
surface. Torque values are stamped on hoist rings and
may be found in manufacturers tables. Engineering
approval is required if hoist ring can not be torqued
to the recommended value.
214
g Swivel hoist rings installed with a retention nut shall
have full thread engagement of the nut. Retention
nuts shall meet one of the following standards to
develop WLL and should be torqued to SAE Grade 8
bolt requirements:
ASTM A563 Grade D Hex Thick
ASTM A563 Grade DH Standard Hex
ASTM A194 Grade 2H Heavy Hex
SAE Grade 8 Standard Hex
h Triangular bail hoist rings are not approved for use
at Bruce Power.
i Lifting devices shall be attached in such a manner as
to ensure free movement of the hoist ring bail with
no interference. A partial load should be applied
before checking for proper rotation and alignment
(refer to Figure 8-21 Swivel Hoisting Ring).
Figure 8-21
Swivel Hoisting Ring
215
j Table 8-16 Crosby 2005 HR-125 Swivel Hoist Rings
and Table 8-17 Crosby 2005 Swivel Hoist Rings to
Synthetic Round or Web Slings, list short and long
thread length bolts (the star * after size indicates a
longer shank length). Short thread length bolts are
designed for ferrous metal (i.e. steel, iron). Long
thread bolts are designed for soft metals (i.e.
aluminum), but may be used in ferrous metals.
k These tables are applicable to standard swivel hoist
rings and hoist rings for web slings. Chain sling
tables are not shown.
Table 8-16
Crosby 2005 HR-125 Swivel Hoist Rings
Nominal Size
Working Load Limit Bolt Torque in
Thread Projection
in inches
Tons Pounds
Foot Pounds
Length in Inches
5/16-18 x 1.50 0.4 800 7 0.59
3/8-16 x 1.50 0.5 1,000 12 0.59
1/2-13 x 2.00 1.25 2,500 2 0.71
1/2-13 x 2.50* 1.25 2,500 28 1.21
5/8-11 x 2.00 2 4,000 60 0.71
5/8-11 x 2.75* 2 4,000 60 1.46
3/4-10 x 2.25 2.5 5,000 100 0.96
3/4-10 x 2.75* 2.5 5,000 100 1.46
7/8-9 x 2.75 4 8,000 160 0.9
7/8-9 x 3.50* 4 8,000 160 1.65
1-8 x 3.00 5 10,000 230 1.15
1-8 x 4.00* 5 10,000 230 2.15
1 1/4-7 x 4.50 7.5 15,000 470 2.22
1 1/2-6 x 6.50 12 24,000 800 2.98
2 1/2-4 x 6.50 15 30,000 1,100 2.98

Note:
1. WLLs in this table are applicable to Crosby Swivel Host Rings only
2. The star* above indicates a longer bolt shank length for soft
metals such as aluminum.
216
Table 8-17
Crosby 2005 Swivel Hoist Rings
to Synthetic Round or Web Slings
Round
Working Load
Web Sings Torque
Bolt Size
Spool
Thread
Sling
Limit
ft lb
inches
Bolt &
Projection
Size
Nut
Length
Ton lb. Web

Eye
Ply
Number
Torque
Width
Width
ft lb
Inch
Inch
1&2 3.10 6,200 2 2 2 100 3/4-10x2.75 90 0.90
1 & 2* 3.10 6,200 2 2 2 100 3/4-10x3.5 90 1.65
3 4.45 8,900 3 1.5 2 230 1-8x3 110 1.15
3* 4.45 8,900 3 1.5 2 230 1-8x4 110 2.15
4 6.20 12,400 4 2 2 470 1 1/4-7x4.5 130 2.22

Note:
1. The star* above indicates a longer bolt shank length for soft
metals such as aluminum.
8.7.2 Side Pull Swivel Hoist Ring
a Side pull swivel hoist rings are designed to accept
standard fittings to facilitate wider slings and quick
attachment. In order to use the larger fittings, shackle
load ratings may be greater than that of the hoist
ring frame (refer to Figure 8-22 Side Pull Swivel
Hoist Rings).
b The WLL of a hoist ring frame shall not be exceeded.
c Hoist rings shall be free to rotate into normal operating
position, and shackles shall be aligned with the load as
shown in Figure 8-22(a). If the shackle is oriented as
shown in Figure 8-22 (d), the lift shall not be made.
d A partial load should be applied and proper rotation
and alignment of the shackle checked. There shall be
no interference between the load and shackle.
217
Figure 8-22
Side Pull Swivel Hoist Rings
Hoist rings shall be inspected before use for the following:
bent or elongated bail
free movement of the bail, which should pivot 180°
and swivel 360°
corrosion, wear or damage
all mating threads for proper fit, damage, cleanliness
and free of lubrication
hoist ring bushing flange contacts work piece squarely
previously installed hoist rings shall be checked for
proper torque
no spacers or washers are used between the bushing
flange and mounting surface
hoist rings shall align with slings

218
8.8 Lifting Eye Nuts
8.8.1 General
a Lifting eye nuts in use at Bruce Power follow the
"Crosby Only" policy.
b Lifting eye nuts shall be used for vertical lifts only. To
ensure full thread engagement into an eye nut, one
thread of the bolt or stud shall be showing through
the eye (refer to Table 8-18 Crosby 2005 Lifting Eye
Nuts).
c Thread type and size shall be checked to ensure they
match (i.e. UNC or UNF, class 2).
d Grade 5 (equivalent or better), bolts or studs, shall be
used to attach eye nuts.
e Eye nuts shall not be ground, welded or modified.
f Pipe hangers, weld-less eye nuts or C-clamps shall
not be used as lifting eye nuts.
g Heavy duty eye nuts are available from
manufacturers where required.
219
Table 8-18
Crosby 2005 Lifting Eye Nuts
Design factor = 5
Size Information Working Load Limit G-400

Weight
Size
Standard
Tons Pounds
Stock
Each in
Number
Tap Size
Number
Pounds
Inches
1 1/4 0.26 520 1090438 0.09
2 3/8 0.63 1,250 1090474 0.17
3A 1/2 1.13 2,250 1090517 0.28
4 5/8 1.80 3,600 1090535 0.60
5 3/4 2.60 5,200 1090553 1.00
6 7/8 3.60 7,200 1090571 1.65
7 1 5.00 10,000 1090599 2.69
8 1-1/4 7.75 15,500 1090633 3.87
9 1-3/8 9.25 18,500 1090651 5.00
10 1-1/2 11.25 22,500 1090679 6.78
11 2 20.00 40,000 1090697 14.60

Note:
1. WLLS in this table are applicable to Crosby Eye Nuts only.
2. Values of WLL for vertical pull only.
Eye nuts shall be inspected before use for the following:
gross mechanical defects
evidence of grinding, welding or modification
thread condition
220
8.9 Lifting Turnbuckle
8.9.1 General
a Turnbuckle used for lifting and/or rigging on the
Bruce Power site fall under the Crosby only policy.
b Turnbuckle end fittings may be stub ends, hooks,
eyes, jaws, or any combination (refer to Figure 8-23
Turnbuckle).
c All Turnbuckle used for rigging shall be made of
forged alloy steel and the manufacturers name or
trademark and turnbuckle size shall be permanently
marked on the turnbuckle body.
d Turnbuckle size is determined by the diameter of the
threaded end fitting. The WLL of a turnbuckle is
determined by the weakest end fitting used (refer to
Table 8-19 Crosby Turnbuckle WLL).
e Turnbuckle may work loose in service, and therefore
should be secured with locking wire through the
body and around the end fittings.
f When adjusting a turnbuckle, a wrench on the hex
end of the body should be used rather than passing a
bar through the body which may damage the
turnbuckle.
g Turnbuckle should not be adjusted during the
performance of the lift. Any necessary adjustments
should be made with the load fully taken up during
the lift and hold stage only.
h Use of a turnbuckle with a hook attachment requires
engineering approval. Note that the hook does not
have a latch and that it has a significantly lower
capacity than the eye or jaw attachment.
221
i Turnbuckle eye and jaw ends should be used in sling
legs to adjust sling length. Hook ends may be used to
lash or brace a load.
Jaw and Eye
Hook and Eye

Figure 8-23
Turnbuckle
Turnbuckle shall be inspected before use for the following:
thread condition
bends, twists, gouges and wear
222
Table 8-19a
Crosby Turnbuckle Working Load Limits (WLL)
Thread Dia. &

Jaw & Jaw Jaw & Eye
Take Up
Working Load
Weight Each Working Load
Weight Each
Limit
Limit
(in.) (lbs.)* (lbs.) (lbs.)* (lbs.)
1/4 x 4 500 .37 500 .33
5/16 x 4-1/2 800 .56 800 .52
3/8 x 6 1200 .85 1200 .80
1/2 x 6 2200 1.82 2200 1.77
1/2 x 9 2200 2.29 2200 2.25
1/2 x 12 2200 2.71 2200 2.67
5/8 x 6 3500 3.21 3500 2.98
5/8 x 9 3500 3.95 3500 3.72
5/8 x 12 3500 4.58 3500 4.35
3/4 x 6 5200 4.80 5200 4.51
3/4 x 9 5200 5.85 5200 5.56
3/4 x 12 5200 6.72 5200 6.42
3/4 x 18 5200 8.45 5200 8.14
7/8 x 12 7200 9.37 7200 9.10
7/8 x 18 7200 11.8 7200 11.6
1 x6 10000 10.4 10000 10.0
1 x 12 10000 13.8 10000 13.4
1 x 18 10000 17.1 10000 16.7
1 x 24 10000 21.0 10000 20.6
1-1/4 x 12 15200 21.9 15200 20.9
1-1/4 x 18 15200 25.9 15200 24.8
1-1/4 x 24 15200 29.8 15200 28.8
1-1/2 x 12 21400 32.6 21400 30.6
1-1/2 x 18 21400 38.0 21400 36.0
1-1/2 x 24 21400 43.5 21400 41.5
1-3/4 x 18 28000 53.5 28000 52.1
1-3/4 x 24 28000 31.1 28000 59.7
2 x 24 37000 96.3 37000 89.9
2-1/2 x 24 60000 167 60000 158
2-3/4 x 24 75000 199 75000 187

* use of a hook attachment on a turnbuckle requires engineering approval
223
Table 8-19b
Crosby Turnbuckle Working Load Limits (WLL)
Thread Dia. &

Eye & Eye Hook & Eye * Hook & Hook *
Take Up
Working
Weight
Working
Weight
Working
Weight
Load Limit
Each
Load Limit
Each
Load Limit
Each
(in.) (lbs.)* (lbs.) (lbs.)* (lbs.) (lbs.)* (lbs.)
1/4 x 4 500 .29 400 .31 400 .33
5/16 x 4-1/2 800 .48 700 .50 700 .52
3/8 x 6 1200 .75 1000 .79 1000 .83
1/2 x 6 2200 1.72 1500 1.80 1500 1.88
1/2 x 9 2200 2.63 - - - -
1/2 x 12 3500 2.75 1500 2.70 1500 2.77
5/8 x 6 3500 4.12 2250 2.98 2250 3.21
5/8 x 9 5200 4.22 - - - -
5/8 x 12 5200 6.12 2250 4.35 2250 4.58
3/4 x 6 5200 7.83 3000 4.21 3000 4.20
3/4 x 9 7200 8.83 - - - -
3/4 x 12 7200 11.5 3000 6.52 3000 6.92
3/4 x 18 10000 9.62 3000 8.24 3000 8.65
7/8 x 12 10000 13.0 4000 9.34 4000 9.85
7/8 x 18 10000 16.3 - - - -
1 x6 10000 20.2 - - - -
1 x 12 15200 19.9 5000 13.9 5000 14.8
1 x 18 15200 28.8 - - - -
1 x 24 15200 27.8 - - - -
1-1/4 x 12 21400 28.7 - - - -
1-1/4 x 18 21400 34.1
1-1/4 x 24 21400 39.6
1-1/2 x 12 28000 50.7
1-1/2 x 18 28000 58.0
1-1/2 x 24 37000 83.5
1-3/4 x 18 30000 149
1-3/4 x 24 75000 174
2 x 24
2-1/2 x 24
2-3/4 x 24
* use of a hook attachment on a turnbuckle requires engineering approval
224
8.10 Swivels
8.10.1 General
a Swivels fall under the Crosby only policy at Bruce
Power.
b Swivels are positioning devices and are not intended
to rotate under load.
c Pipe hanger components shall not be used in place of
swivels.
d Where a shackle may twist and become eccentrically
loaded, a swivel should be used instead.
e Swivels shall not be ground, welded or modified.
f The proper swivel type should be selected for the
intended purpose (refer to Figure 8-24 Swivels and
Table 8-20 Crosby 2005 Swivels).
Swivels shall be inspected before use for the following:
swivels freely
gross mechanical damage
bends, twists or cracks
225
Figure 8-24
Swivels
Table 8-20
Crosby 2005 Swivels
Swivel Size
Working Load Limit Swivel Weight Each in Pounds
in Inches
Tons Pounds Regular Jaw Chain
1/4 0.43 850 0.21 0.21 0.13
5/16 0.63 1,250 0.39 0.34 0.25
3/8 1.25 2,500 0.71 0.66 0.54
1/2 1.80 3,600 1.32 1.34 1.12
5/8 2.60 5,200 2.49 2.48 2.09
3/4 3.60 7,200 4.02 3.88 3.09
7/8 5.00 10,000 6.25 5.87 - - -
1 6.25 12,500 8.95 9.84 - - -
1-1/4 9.00 18,000 16.37 15.75 - - -
1-1/2 22.60 45,200 45.79 54.75 ---

Note:
1. WLLs in this table are applicable to Crosby Swivels only.
226
9.0 Slings
9.1 General
9.2 Operating Practices for All Slings
9.2.1 Calculating Sling Length/Headroom
9.3 Centre of Gravity,
Sling Angle and Sling Tension
9.3.1 Centre of Gravity
9.3.2 Sling Angle
9.3.3 Sling Tension
9.3.3.1 Load Weight Distribution
9.3.3.2 Sling Tension
9.3.3.3 Drifting Loads
9.3.3.4 Field Tension Check
9.4 Wire Rope Slings
9.4.1 General
9.4.2 Wire Rope Sling Strength
Reduction Due To Bending
9.4.3 Wire Rope Sling Examples
9.4.4 Wire Rope Grommet
9.5 Synthetic Slings
9.5.1 General
9.5.2 Synthetic Round Slings
9.5.3 Corner Softeners and Wear Pads
9.5.4 Synthetic Sling Operating Practices
Slings
227
9.6 Chain Slings
9.6.1 General
9.7 Fibre Rope Slings
9.8 Multiple Leg Slings
228
Slings
9.1 General
a A sling is an assembly of wire rope, synthetic
material or chain used to secure a load to a lifting
hook or other device. Slings require special attention
as they may be inadvertently subjected to severe
wear, abrasion, impact loading, crushing and
overloading.
b Slings shall be checked for Periodic Inspection
identification such as colour coding or tags. If out of
date, slings shall not be used.
c If a sling does not pass pre-use inspection, it shall be
d ASME B30.9 is the basic standard for slings in use at
Bruce Power. Among its requirements is that all slings
carry the following basic information:
capacity, including units for the types of hitches
used
manufacturers name
number of legs if greater than one
diameter
in addition, Chain and Synthetic slings shall also
bear:
1 length (reach)
2 material or chain grade
3 a unique identifier
Slings
229
e Slings shall have sufficient capacity for the imposed
load. Three things shall be determined:
load weight
how load weight is distributed around the loads
Centre of Gravity (C of G)
sling tension
230
Slings
9.2 Operating Practices for All Slings
a Refer to individual sling sections for additional
operating practices applicable to wire rope, chain, or
synthetic slings.
b Rated sling capacity shall not be exceeded.
c Manufacturers sling charts should be used to
determine sling Working Load Limit (WLL) at a
given sling angle. If sling chart is unavailable, tension
in each leg shall be calculated before selecting a sling.
d Shock loading, side loading and angular loading
adversely affects sling strength, and may cause a sling
to be overloaded. Sudden stops and starts should be
avoided as they will increase the stresses on the
slings.
e Loads shall be centred in the base or saddle of hooks
to prevent hook tip loading.
f Slings should not be constricted, bunched, or pinched
by a load, hook or any fitting.
g Slings shall be shortened or adjusted only by methods
approved by the sling manufacturer or a qualified
person. Slings shall not be shortened or lengthened
by knotting or twisting.
h Slings shall be hitched in a manner providing load
control.
i Sharp edges should be covered with approved
softeners of sufficient strength to protect the sling.
j Slings should not be pulled from under a load when
the load is resting on the sling.
k Slings should not be dragged on floors or over
abrasive surfaces.
Slings
231
l Slings should be suspended for storage.
m Slings shall be repaired, and re-certified by the
manufacturer. Slings shall not be repaired in the field.
n When a sling is removed from service, fittings shall
not be reused.
o Slings shall not be tightened by striking with a
hammer or other object.
p Sling used in a choker or basket arrangement must
have the load balanced at two points to prevent
slippage.
q The size of fittings, such as shackles, eyebolts and
slings shall be selected to match the load.
r Slings shall not be shock loaded, dropped, driven
over or have loads dropped on them.
9.2.1 Calculating Sling Length/Headroom
The Pythagorean Theorem can be used to calculate usable
sling length and available headroom. Knowing two sides of
a right triangle makes it possible to calculate the third side.
a = available headroom
b = distance from attachment to C of G
c = usable sling length
232
Slings
Figure 9-1
Calculating Sling Length/Headroom
Slings
233
9.3 Centre of Gravity, Sling Angle
and Sling Tension
In Bruce Power (consistent with North American sling
standards), sling angle is measured from the horizontal
plane while at other locations sling angle may be measured
from the vertical.
WARNING
This section is based on rigging attachment points on
the same horizontal plane. If calculations are performed
using formulae from this section where rigging
attachment points are not on the same horizontal plane,
inaccurate sling tension values will result which may
lead to overloading a sling and a dropped load accident.
CAUTION
The following section deals with calculations associated
with lifting and rigging. Because even a small error has
the potential to lead to serious consequences, it is
important that calculations be verified as outlined in
Section 3.0, Rigging and Lifting Practices.
9.3.1 Centre of Gravity
a Location of the load C of G is an important
consideration. Off centre loads can severely alter
sling tension.
1 If the C of G is not centred, it will affect tension in
each sling.
2 If sling legs of equal lengths are used with an
uncentered C of G, the load will tilt when lifted.
3 C of G may be found by supplier information and
calculation.
4 If in doubt about the location of the C of G,
contact engineering.
234
Slings
b The Centre of Gravity of off-centre loads may be
calculated using the calculator available on the
maintenance intranet site, or by performing the
following:
1 Weigh each end of the items being lifted.
2 Add the two weights together to get the total
weight of the lift.
3 Determine the total distance between the lift
points. This is the total distance.
4 Use the percentage of weight to determine the
distance from the opposite end to the C of G.
Example:
(refer to Figure 9-2 Determining the Centre of Gravity of a
Non-Uniform Object)
C of G from B
1 Weight of End A + Weight of End B
= Total Weight of Lift
500 + 1500 = 2000
2 Weight of End A divided by Total Weight
= per cent of Weight of End A
500 ÷ 2000 = 0.25 = 25%
3 Per cent of Weight at End A
x Total Distance between lift points
= Distance from Lift Point B to C of G.
0.25 x 20ft = 5ft.
Slings
235
Follow this process on the other two sides of the load.
Then, intersect the two C of Gs to find the
combined C of G.
C of G from B
1 Weight of End B + Weight of End A
= Total Weight of Lift
1500 + 500 = 2000
2 Weight of End B divided by Total Weight
= per cent of Weight of End B
1500 ÷ 2000 = 0.75 = 75%
3 Per cent of Weight at End B
x Total Distance between lift points
= Distance from Lift Point A to C of G.
0.75 x 20ft = 15 ft
Figure 9-2
Determining the Centre of Gravity of a
Non-Uniform Object
236
Slings
c On loads that have obvious uniform sections, the
combined C of G can be determined by calculating
the size and weight of each section and its C of G.
Note: Uniform sections will have Centered C of Gs.
1 Measure the distance (TD) between the C of G-1
and C of G-2.
2 Calculate the weight of each section.
3 To determine the combined C of G, divide the
weight of one of the sections by the total weight
(TW) of the combined sections; then multiply by
total distance (TD). The resultant will be the
distance from the combined C of G to the C of G
of the opposite section of the load.
Example:
(refer to Figure 9-3 Determining the Centre of Gravity on
Non-Uniform Loads with Uniform Sections)
C of G from C of G-1: Wt. C of G-2 ÷ TW x TD
4000 ÷ 10000 x 20 = 8 ft
C of G from C of G-2 Wt. C of G-1 ÷ TW x TD
6000 ÷ 10000 x 20 = 12 ft
Slings
237
Figure 9-3
Determining the Centre of Gravity on
Non-Uniform Loads with Uniform Sections
9.3.2 Sling Angle
In Bruce Power, consistent with North American sling
standards, sling angle is measured from the horizontal plane.
(refer to Figure 9-4 Sling Angle from Horizontal Plane)
60° is Bruce Power
preferred angle
Figure 9-4
Sling Angle from Horizontal Plane
238
Slings
a Sling angles less than 45° shall only be used with
engineering approval.
b Sling angles may be estimated by one of the following
processes:
1 When the slings are the same length by comparing
the length of the slings to the distance between the
attachment points (refer to Figure 9-5, Estimating
Sling Angle).
When the sling legs are the same length as the
distance between the attachment points, the sling
angle will be 60 degrees.
When the sling legs are longer than the distance
between attachment points, the sling angle will
be greater than 60 degrees.
When the sling legs are shorter than the distance
between the attachment points, the sling angle
will be less than 60 degrees.
Slings
239
Figure 9-5
Estimating Sling Angle
2 Sling angle may be calculated when any two of the
following measurements are known as shown in
Figure 9-6 Dimensions.
(L) Length of Sling
(S) Spread between attachment points on load
(H) Height between hook and load
240
Slings
Figure 9-6
Dimensions
Table 9-1 Sling Angle Determination, provides values and
formulae for sling angle calculations:
For example: Determine sling angle if
spread between attachment points = 18 and
sling length = 25
value in Table 9-1 Sling Angle Determination
= S ÷ L
S ÷ L = 18 ÷ 25 = 0.72
0.72 is between values of 0.52 and 1.00 in
Table 7-1, column S + L
therefore sling angle is between 60° and 75°, lower
sling angle of 60° shall be used
Slings
241
Table 9-1
Sling Angle Determination
Sling Angle Degrees H+L S+L H + S
75 0.97 0.52 1.87
60 0.87 1.00 0.87
45 0.71 1.41 0.50
30 0.50 1.73 0.29

3 Sling angle may be estimated using an angle gauge
pattern illustrated in Figure 9-7 Sling Angle Gauge. A
copy of this gauge is also found on the back cover of
this handbook.
Figure 9-7
Sling Angle Gauge
242
Slings
9.3.3 Sling Tension
WARNING
This section is based on rigging attachment points on
the same horizontal plane. If calculations are performed
using formulae from this section where rigging
attachment points are not on the same horizontal plane,
inaccurate sling tension values will result which may
lead to overloading a sling and a dropped load accident.
If rigging attachment points for irregular shaped objects are
not on the same horizontal plane, and sling tension
calculations are required, site engineering should be
consulted.
Figure 9-8
Horizontal Plane
a Slings shall have sufficient capacity for the imposed
load. Three things shall be determined:
1 load weight
2 how the load weight is distributed around the
loads Centre of Gravity
3 sling tension
Slings
243
9.3.3.1 Load Weight Distribution
a When lifting points are on the same plane and the
load is symmetrical, and lift points are equal distance
from the C of G, the Load Weight Distribution can
be calculated by dividing the weight of the load by
the number of legs to determine the share of the load
(NOTE: In a multiple sling leg setup, 2 legs are
assumed to bear 50% of the load each refer to
Section 9.8 Multiple Leg Slings).
Load Weight Distribution (LWD)
= Wt ÷ # legs
= 10,000 lb ÷ 2 = 5,000 lb
Figure 9-9
Calculating Share of Loads Symmetrical Loads
b When lifting asymmetrical loads, the Load Weight
Distribution can be calculated by the following
formula:
LWD A: D2 x WT ÷ TD = Load Weight Distribution for A
4 ft x 10,000 lb ÷ 10 ft = 4,000 lb
LWD B: D1 x WT ÷ TD = Load Weight Distribution for B
6 ft x 10,000 lb ÷ 10 ft = 6,000lb
244
Slings
Figure 9-10
Calculating Share of Loads Uneven Loads
9.3.3.2 Sling Tension
a Sling tension is dependent on sling angle.
1 As sling angle decreases, sling tension increases.
For example, a 1,000 lb lift made with two vertical
slings (90° sling angle) each sling leg will have 500
lb tension. The same lift made with 30° sling angle
will result in sling tension of 1,000 lb in each leg.
2 Tension increases rapidly at low sling angles. For
example, an error of 5° at 30° will increase tension
by almost 20% as shown in Figure 9-11 Sling
Tension vs. Sling Angle.
Example:
A load of 2,000 lbs., shared by two slings, can result
in higher forces in each individual sling leg than their
1,000 lb. share of the load. The loading on each leg
is doubled when loaded at 30°.
Slings
245
Figure 9-11
Sling Tension vs. Sling Angle
b Load Angle Multipliers
Load Angle Multipliers are used in determining the
load carried at an angle to the load.
When the angle of loading is known, the sling
tensions can be calculated by using the Load Angle
Multipliers shown in Table 9-2.
Determine the share of the load the sling is
responsible for and then multiply its share of the
load by the angle of loading multiplier.
246
Slings
Table 9-2
Load Angle Multipliers
Horizontal Angle Load Angle Multiplier
90 1.00
85 1.004
80 1.015
75 1.035
70 1.064
65 1.103
60 1.154
55 1.220
50 1.305
45 1.414
The angles below may only be used with engineering approval
40 1.555
35 1.743
30 2.000
Angles below 30 degrees shall not be used at Bruce Power
c Sling tension can be calculated as follows:
NOTE
Sling tension is based on 2 slings carrying the load
(Refer to 9.8 Multiple Leg Slings)
1 Symmetrical Loads with attachment points at equal
distances from the C of G
Sling Tension
= Weight ÷ 2 x Load Angle Multiplier
Slings
247
Example:
1,000 lb load is lifted with a 4-leg bridle sling.
Horizontal sling angle is 60°sling legs are of equal length
and C of G is in the centre of the load.
Load Angle Multiplier for 60 degrees is 1.154
Sling Tension = 1,000lb ÷ 2 x 1.154 = 577 lb.
2 Symmetrical Loads with a known sling angle
i Calculate the slings load weight distribution
ii Multiply the load weight distribution by the angle
of the corresponding load angle multiplier (Found
in Table 9-2)
Sling Tension = Weight ÷ 2 x Load Angle Multiplier
2,000lb ÷ 2 x 1.305 = 1,305lb
Figure 9-12
Calculating Sling Tension (known Angle of Loading)
248
Slings
d Sling leg tension in multiple sling lifts
T =
(WL)
N X
V
Where:
ft.
T = Tension in a single leg
L = 12
WL = Weight of load
V = 6 ft.
N = Number of sling legs
L = Length of sling legs

Weight = 24,000 lbs.
including hardware
V = Vertical distance of sling
NOTE: N is always 2. (Depending on weight distribution
during the lift there may be times that only 2 of the slings
are supporting the load.)
T =
24,000
2 1 X
6
12 6
= 24,000 X 1
T = 24,000
OR
T =
24,000
2 X
12
= 12,000 X 2
T = 24,000
Slings
249
e Symmetrical Load with an Unknown Sling Angle
1 Determine the Load Weight Distribution. Load
Weight Distribution is the percentage of the total
load that the sling is lifting.
2 Perform the following:
i determine total sling length (L) including any
hardware
ii determine the vertical height (H) from the
horizontal plane of the load, to the upper sling
attachment point
iii divide the sling-leg length (L) by the height (H).
The result is the Load Angle Multiplier (LAM)
3 Multiply the Load Angle Multiplier (LAM) by the
Load Weight Distribution. The sling is responsible
for the total tension or loading on the sling leg.
Sling Tension = L ÷ H x Weight ÷ 2
12 ft ÷ 8 ft x 5000lb ÷ 2 = 3750 lb
Figure 9-13
Calculating Sling Tension (unknown Angle of Loading)

250
Slings
f Offset Centre of Gravity (Asymmetrical Loads)
When calculating sling loading on loads with an
offset centre of gravity (C of G) and different sling
lengths the following process must be followed to
determine the correct share of the load.
L1 = 6.7 ft
L2 = 5ft
H = 3 ft
D1 = 6 ft
D2 = 4 ft
TD = 10 ft
WT = 10,000 lb
Figure 9-14
Calculating Sling Tension (offset C of G)
L1 Leg:
i D2 x WT ÷ TD = LWD
4 x 10000 ÷ 10 = 4000 lbs
ii L1 ÷ H = LAM
6.7 ÷ 3 = 2.233
iii LAM x LWD = Sling Tension
2.233 x 4000 = 8932 lbs
Slings
251
L2 Leg:
i D1 x WT ÷ TD = LWD
6 X 10000 ÷ 10 = 6000 lbs
ii L2 ÷ H = LAM
5 ÷ 3 = 1.666
iii LAM x LWD = Sling Tension
1.666 x 6000 = 9996 lbs
g Attachment Points at Different Elevations
When slings are attached to the load at different
elevations, unexpected stresses are created. The
following formulas will correctly calculate the
loading on the slings.
Figure 9-15
Calculating Sling Tension (attached at different elevations)

252
Slings
h When slings may be subjected to different tensions,
slings shall be chosen based on the higher sling
loading.
Example:
Figure 9-16a Centred C of G, Vertical Slings shows the C of
G in the centre of a load, which results in equal sling leg
tension. When lifting vertically, as depicted in Figure 9-16,
the load will be shared equally (e.g. if the weight of the load
is 10 tons, each sling leg as well as shackles and eyebolts,
will bear a load of 5 tons).
9-16a Vertical Slings 9-16b Angled Slings
Figure 9-16
Centered Centre of Gravity Angles
Figure 9-16 Centred C of G, Sling Angle, shows the C of G
in the centre of a load, which results in equal sling leg
tension. When the same lift is made with a sling angle of 60
degrees Figure 9-16b, sling tension is calculated as follows:
Example of sling tension in Figure 9-16b:
Sling Tension = Weight ÷ 2 x LAM,
Tension = 10 tons ÷ 2 x 1.154, Tension = 5.77 tons.
Each sling and attached hardware will have a tension
of 5.77 tons.
Slings
253
Figure 9-17a Offset C of G, Vertical Slings and Figure 9-17b
Offset C of G, Sling Angle, depict offset C of G loads,
which results in unequal load distribution.
1 When the C of G is not in the centre of a load,
slings and hardware will not be equally loaded.
The sling closest to the C of G, will carry a greater
share of the total load. The load is distributed in
the same ratio as the distance from the attachment
points to the centre of gravity, divided by the
spread of the attachment points, but inverse to
position.
2 Before sling tension is calculated, Load Weight
Distribution (LWD) must be determined. For
Figure 9-17a, to calculate LWD in sling 1, the
distance that the C of G is from the attachment
point on sling 2 (2 ft) is divided by the spread
between the attachment points (10 ft), multiplied
by 100%.
LWD for sling 1 = 2 ÷ 10 x 100%
LWD for sling 1 = 20%
Sling 1 will carry 20% of the load and sling 2 will
carry 80% of the load
3 Figure 9-17a, sling tension for vertical slings is
calculated as follows:
Sling Tension = LW x LWD
Tension in sling 1 = 10 tons x (2 ÷ 10 x 100%)
Tension = 2 tons.
Tension in sling 2 = 10 tons x (8 ÷ 10 x 100%)
Tension = 8 tons
254
Slings
17a Vertical Slings 17b Angled Slings
Figure 9-17
Offset C of G Sling Angles
i When a lift is made with slings on an angle, as in
Figure 7-17, Offset C of G, Sling Angle, Sling tension
is calculated as follows:
Sling tension
= LAM (of sling 1 from table 7-2 Load Angle Multipliers)
x Wt x LWD.
Tension in Sling 1
= 1.220 x 10 tons x (2 ÷ 10 x 100%)
Tension = 2.44 tons
Tension in sling 2
= 1.015 X 10 tons X (8 ÷ 10 X 100)
Tension = 8.12 tons
i After sling tension in both legs has been calculated,
slings shall be selected based on the sling with the
greatest tension.
ii Sling 2 in figure 9-17 has greater load due to C of
G location.
Slings
255
j Other reduction factors shall also be applied as
required (i.e. choker hitch or small D/d ratio).
9.3.3.3 Drifting Loads
The tension on two hoists and their associated rigging while
drifting a load can increase the loading enough to severely
overload the hoist and rigging. To determine how much
tension will be put on the hoist, use the following formula:
TD = 16
D1 = 11
D2 = 5
L1 = 12
L2 = 7
H = 5
WT = 2000 lbs
Figure 9-18
Calculating Drifting Loads
Hoist A:
Tension = (WT x D2 x L1) ÷ (H x TD)
(2000 x 5 x 12) ÷ (5 x 16)
120000 ÷ 80 = 1500 lbs
Hoist B:
Tension = (WT x D1 x L2) ÷ (H x TD)
(2000 x 11 x 7) ÷ (5 x 16)
154000 ÷ 80 = 1925 lbs
256
Slings
9.3.3.4 Field Tension Check
1 Measure up from the attachment point until you make
a 10 mark on the sling leg. (refer to Figure 9-19)
Figure 9-19
Step 1
2 Measure up from the attachment point along the
sling leg to the 10 mark. (refer to Figure 9-20)
Figure 9-20
Step 2
Slings
257
3 Divide 10 into the measured length (13). The
result will be the load angle multiplier (LAM).
Multiply the Load Weight Distribution to get sling
Tension.
13 ÷ 10 = 1.3 (LAM) x LWD = Sling Tension
Figure 7-21
Step 3
258
Slings
9.4 Wire Rope Slings
9.4.1 General
a Fibre core wire rope slings shall not be used for
rigging.
b Each new wire rope sling purchased shall be marked
to show the following:
sling manufacturer name or trademark
rated capacity for type(s) of hitch(s) used and the
angle upon which it is based
diameter or size
the sling serial number or other form of
identification
c When a wire rope sling periodic inspection is
performed, existing slings shall be updated to comply
with sling identification requirements.
d Wire rope sling care includes the following
considerations:
dropping loads on, or running vehicles over a wire
rope sling may cause crushing
slings should be protected from corrosion and
contact with chemicals
slings may be oiled to discourage rust, oil is
applied sparingly to avoid dirt accumulation
slings should be stored by hanging in a dry, non-
vibrating location
wire rope slings shall not be bent to a diameter less
than 10 times the diameter of the rope
Slings
259
9.4.2 Wire Rope Sling Strength Reduction
Due To Bending
a D/d ratio is the diameter around which a wire rope is
bent (D) divided by the body diameter of the wire
rope (d). Refer to Figure 9-22 Wire Rope Strength
Efficiency Due to D/d ratio.
Example: A 1/2 diameter wire rope is bent around a
10 diameter pipe:
D/d ratio is equal to 10 divided by 1/2 = D/d ratio
of 20:1. Efficiency of 1/2 wire rope with a 20:1 D/d
ratio is 91%; this will affect the rated capacity of a
wire rope.
b When six-strand wire rope is bent around sheaves or
other objects, there is a loss of strength due to this
bending action. As the D/d ratio reduces, wire rope
strength is reduced.
c Basket and choker hitch capacities listed in load
charts for six-strand rope are based on a minimum
D/d ratio of 25:1.
d Six-strand wire rope shall not be bent at a diameter
less than 25 times the diameter of the rope, without
de-rating, as wire rope will become permanently
distorted. Other types of wire rope have different
minimum D/d ratios. Manufacturers charts should be
referenced.
e Figure 9-22 Wire Rope Strength Efficiency Due to
D/d ratio, is based on static loads and applies to six-
strand class 6x19 and 6x37 wire rope. Wire rope
shall be de-rated as shown.
260
Slings
Figure 9-22
Wire Rope Strength Efficiency Due to D/d Ratio
f A basket hitch has twice the capacity of a single leg
only if the D/d ratio is 25:1 or greater and the sling is
vertical. Wire rope capacity is greatly affected by
sharp bends at pins, hooks, or the load.
g A better D/d ratio can be created by use of softeners.
h The radius of contact should be at least equal to one
rope lay.
i Since sling eyes have nearly double the strength of
the sling body, D/d ratio in a sling eye is not as
critical as when a sling is used in a basket hitch.
j Figure 9-23 D/d Ratio Affects, (a to e) illustrates
various considerations for D/d ratio:
1 Sling eye length shall not be less than twice the
object (hook) diameter (Figure 9-23a).
2 If hardware over which a sling eye is placed has a
minimum D/d ratio of 1:1, an adjustment in
capacity is not required (Figure 9-23b).

Slings
261
3 If the object lifted with a six-strand wire rope in a
basket hitch has a minimum D/d ratio of 25:1, an
adjustment in capacity is not required
(Figure 9-23c).
4 If a shackle has 2 times the diameter of a 6 strand
wire rope sling and a D/d ratio of 2:1 is obtained,
the basket sling capacity shall be reduced by 35%
(Figure 9-23d).
5 If a larger shackle or wide body shackle is used,
and a D/d ratio of 5:1 is obtained, the basket sling
capacity shall be reduced by 25% (Figure 9-23e).
Figure 9-23
D/d Ratio Effects
262
Slings
k D/d Sling Ratio (to avoid permanent kink in wire rope)
Bending wire rope reduces its strength and can give
the wire rope a permanent bend. (refer to Table 9-3
Vertical Basket D/d Rated Capacity Adjustment)
for capacity reduction due to D/d ratio.
Example 1:
D
=
Diameter of Object
=
25
=
25 D/d
(1 wire rope)
d Diameter of Wire Rope 1

ratio
D/d ratio of 25 is equal to 100% strength.
25
Therefore no further calculation required.

d
Example 2:
(1/2 wire rope)
D
=
Diameter of Object
=
8
=
16 D/d
D
d Diameter of Wire Rope .5

ratio
8
D/d ratio of 15 is equal to 89% strength efficiency.
As per Table 9.4 Rated Capacities for Single-Leg
Slings for 6 x 19 and 6 x 37 Classifications,
improved Plow, IWRC (2), a 1/2 wire rope with a
mechanical splice is equal to 4.4 tons, so:
4.4 x .89 = 3.916 tons
Table 9-3
Vertical Basket D/d Rated Capacity Adjustment
Ratio A
Strength
IWRC and FC Wire Rope Sling
(D/d)
Efficiency
Rated Capacity Multiplier
25 100% 1.00
20 91% 0.91
15 89% 0.89
10 86% 0.86
8 83% 0.83
6 79% 0.79
4 75% 0.75
2 65% 0.65
1 50% 0.50
Note: This table is based on static loads only and applies to 6x19
and 6 x 37 class rope.
Slings
263
Table 9-4
Rated Capacities for Single-Leg Slings for 6 x 19 and 6 x 37
Classifications, Improved Plow, IWRC [2]
Rope Rated Capacities, Tons (2,000 lbs)
Diameter
Vertical Choker Vertical Basket
Construction (inches)
HT MS HT MS HT MS
1/4 6 x 19 0.53 0.56 0.40 0.42 1 1.1
5/16 6 x 19 0.81 0.87 0.61 0.65 1.6 1.7
3/8 6 x 19 1.1 1.2 0.86 0.93 2.3 2.5
7/16 6 x 19 1.5 1.7 1.2 1.3 3.1 3.4
1/2 6 x 19 2.0 2.2 1.5 1.6 3.9 4.4
9/16 6 x 19 2.5 2..7 1.8 2.1 4.9 5.5
5/8 6 x 19 3.0 3.4 2.2 2.5 6.0 6.8
3/4 6 x 19 4.2 4.9 3.1 3.6 8.4 9.7
7/8 6 x 19 5.5 6.6 4.1 4.9 11.0 13.0
1 6 x 19 7.2 8.5 5.4 6.4 14.0 17.0
1 1/8 6 x 19 9.0 10.0 6.8 7.8 18.0 21.0
1 1/4 6 x 37 10.0 12.0 7.9 9.2 21.0 24.0
1 3/8 6 x 37 13.0 15.0 9.6 11.0 25.0 29.0
1 1/2 6 x 37 15.0 17.0 11.0 13.0 30.0 35.0
1 5/8 6 x 37 18.0 20.0 13.0 15.0 35.0 41.0
1 3/4 6 x 37 20.0 24.0 15.0 18.0 41.0 47.0
2 6 x 37 26.0 30.0 20.0 23.0 53.0 61.0
264
Slings
Table 9-5
Fractions of Inches and Inches Converted to Decimals
Inches Decimals of Inch Decimals of Foot
1/16 0.062 0.005
1/8 0.125 0.010
3/16 0.187 0.015
1/4 0.250 0.020
5/16 0.312 0.026
3/8 0.375 0.031
7/16 0.437 0.036
1/2 0.500 0.041
9/16 0.562 0.046
5/8 0.625 0.052
11/16 0.6875 0.057
3/4 0.750 0.062
13/16 0.8125 0.067
7/8 0.875 0.072
15/16 0.9375 0.078
1 0.083
2 0.166
3 0.250
4 0.333
5 0.416
6 0.500
7 0.583
8 0.666
9 0.750
10 0.833
11 0.916
12 1.000
Slings
265
l Large objects shall not be placed into a sling eye,
which would result in splitting forces affecting sling
splice and sling safety. Shackles, hooks or bars placed
into a sling shall not be larger than 1/2 the sling loop
eye length as shown in Table 9-6, Sling Loop Eye
Dimensions.
m Moderate permanent bends do not weaken the sling
provided it is not fatigued by repeated bending and
straightening. Minor deformation may relate to how
the sling was stored and can be removed by applying
a moderate load to the sling for a few minutes.
Table 9-6
Sling Loop Eye Dimensions
Wire Rope Size Loop Eye Size

Sling Dimensions
Length and Width
Inches Millimeters Inches Millimeters
1/4 to 3/8 6 to 10 4 x2 100 x 50
7/16 11 7 x 3-1/2 130 x 90
1/2 12 to 13 8 x4 200 x 100
9/16 14 9 x 4-1/2 230 x 110
5/8 16 10 x 5 250 x 125
3/4 18 to 19 12 x 6 300 x 150
7/8 20 to 22 14 x 7 350 x 175
1 24 to 26 16 x 8 400 x 200
1-1/8 28 18 x 9 450 x 225
1-1/4 32 20 x 10 500 x 250
1-1/2 38 24 x 12 600 x 300
266
Slings
9.4.3 Wire Rope Sling Examples
a The most reliable splice for slings is the Flemish Eye
splice (rolled-in eye) and is the most commonly used
with six-strand wire rope. (refer to Figure 9-24
Flemish Eye)
b The most common wire rope sling classification is
6x19, which has a variety of constructions. The
following minimum information is required when
ordering new 6x19 class slings:
Lay: 6x19 pre-formed single part six-strand, right-
hand regular lay
Core: pre-formed Independent Wire Rope Core
(IWRC)
Material: grade 110/120 Improved Plow Steel (IPS)
wire or greater
Mechanical splice: shall be made with the Flemish
eye method, finished with a seamless steel sleeve,
swaged with a hydraulic press
c Rope construction for 6X19 class slings is:
1/4 to 3/8: 7x19, IWRC (6 strands of 19 wires
around 1 centre core of 19 wires)
7/16 to 3/4: 6x26 Warrington-Seale, IWRC
7/8 to 11/4: 6X25 Filler, IWRC
11/2 to 21/2: 6x36 Warrington-Seale, IWRC
Slings
267
Figure 9-24
Flemish Eye
9.4.4 Wire Rope Grommet
A wire rope grommet is an endless type sling. Points of
wear may be distributed around the circumference as the
sling is used (refer to Figure 9-25 Grommet Slings).
a Rope diameter and inside circumference shall be
specified when ordering.
b If sling legs form a sling angle, basket hitch capacity
shall be adjusted.
c D/d ratio shall be determined prior to every lift and
capacities adjusted from Figure 9-22 Wire Rope
Strength Efficiency Due to D/d ratio,
1 Sling capacity is based on D/d ratio of 5:1, hooks
and hardware should be selected accordingly, (i.e.
Figure 9-25, item 1 at hook and item 2 at shackle).
2 Effect of load size on D/d ratio shall be considered,
(i.e. Figure 9-25, item 3).
3 Grommet slings have no sling eyes, therefore D/d
ratio of 1:1 shall not be used without derating (i.e.
Figure 9-25, shackles at items 1, 4 and 5).
268
Slings
Figure 9-25
Grommet Slings
d Special slings may be approved by site engineering,
after being proof tested by the manufacturer to twice
the rated load and having permanent sling
identification attached.
Wire rope slings shall be inspected before use for the
following:
Periodic Inspection identification.
Missing or illegible sling identification tag.
Broken Wires: For six-strand wire rope slings, 6 or
more randomly distributed broken wires in one rope
lay, or 3 broken wires in one strand in one rope lay,
or a broken wire at an end fitting. The same rules
apply to each component rope in flexible wire rope
slings.
Slings
269
Metal Loss: Wear or scraping of one-third original
diameter of outside individual wires. This is difficult
to determine and requires some experience to
perform.
Distortion: Kinking, crushing, bird caging, wires or
strands that are pushed out of their original position,
or other damage which distorts rope structure. Note
the following exceptions:
1 slight bends where wires or strands are close to
their original position would not be considered
cause for rejection
2 minor permanent bends do not weaken a rope
provided it is not fatigued by repeated bending and
straightening
3 minor deformation may relate to how the rope was
stored, and may be removed by applying a
moderate load to the rope for a few minutes
Heat Damage: Any metallic discolouration caused by
heat.
Damaged End Attachments: Cracked, bent, worn or
broken end fittings.
Bent or Twisted Hooks: Hooks shall not be used if
cracked, throat opening is greater than as
manufactured, twisted from the plane of the unbent
hook, or it has missing or damaged safety latches.
Corrosion: Severe corrosion of a rope, end
attachments or fittings which have caused pitting or
binding of wires. Light rusting usually does not affect
sling strength.
270
Slings
Pulled Eye Splices: Any evidence that eye splices have
slipped, tucked strands have moved, or pressed
sleeves show serious damage.
Damaged Sling Eye: Severe crushing, flat spots or
defects near eye or socket. Sharp bends and moderate
flattening of wires in the sling eye are not causes for
rejection.
Mechanical damage: Kinks from pulling the sling
body through a loop (choker hitch) may cause wires
or strands to be deformed and pushed out of their
original position. This unbalances a sling, reducing
its strength.
Other conditions, including visible damage that cause
doubt as to integrity of sling.
Slings
271
9.5 Synthetic Slings
All fabric web slings must have a tag with the basic
information outlined in Section 9.1 General. Slings with
illegible tags shall be discarded and a replacement ordered.
9.5.1 Synthetic Web Slings
a Synthetic Web Slings are non-rotating and offer great
flexibility, resistance to shock loads and a wide
gripping surface that will not mar or scratch the load
surfaces. Some materials other than nylon are used to
provide special features such as heat resistance,
abrasion resistance, etc.
b Synthetic web slings are lighter than wire rope slings
with no hazard of broken wire ends.
c Synthetic web slings may be manufactured endless or
with eyes. Eyes of wider slings are often folded,
giving a tapered end that will properly fit hardware
and load hooks.
d Specially designed metal end fittings may be supplied
for flat web slings.
e Manufacturers catalogues should be referenced for
size and construction. Special construction and
upgrades are available. For example: wear pads, edge
protection and protection from moisture or dirt.
f Vertical, choker and basket sling capacities shall be
marked on each sling and are based on a design
factor of five. Ratings apply to straight pull lifts on
any sling angle.
g Manufacturers tables for bridle and basket
configurations shall be used with extreme caution at
low sling angles as one edge of the web may overload
and the sling may tear.

272
Slings
h To avoid edge loading of slings, spreader bars or the
longest possible slings should be used.
Figure 9-26
Edge Loading
i There shall be no sharp edges or surfaces on hooks
or hardware that may cause abrasion.
j Sling eyes shall be 3 times as long as a hook width or
pin diameter, some web slings have extra long eyes
for this purpose. A sling eye shall not be forced over
an attachment.
Figure 9-27
Sling Eye to Hook Fit
Slings
273
9.5.2 Synthetic Round Slings
a Synthetic round slings are made from polyester or
other high performance fibers (HPF). These materials
are strong and lightweight resulting in a sling that is
light for its capacity when compared to wire rope or
chain slings.
b Slings made from these fibers normally consist of one
(for polyester) or two bundles (for HPF) of load
bearing fibers that are protected from mechanical and
chemical damage by a double covering of nylon,
polyester or other synthetic fabric.
c Slings are provided with one or more tell-tales.
Tell-tales are fibers used to indicate sling damage. If
tell-tales are not visible, the sling shall be sent back
to the manufacturer for inspection and possible
repair.
d Fiber optic cables are another inspection system
fabricated into some slings. If no light is transmitted
through the cables, core yarn damage is possible.
f Selection information and special hardware is
available from manufacturers.
g Synthetic round slings are flexible and conform well
to a load. Minimum bend radius is equal to the sling
width. Unlike a web sling, there is no concentration
of load at the edges.
h Vertical, choker and basket sling capacities shall be
marked on each sling and are based on a design
factor of five.
274
Slings
9.5.3 Corner Softeners and Wear Pads
a A sharp corner occurs when the radius of the edge
of the object to be lifted is less than the width of the
sling.
b An approved corner softener is required to be used
on sharp corners. The commercially available
CornerMax TM softener is the standard softener at
Bruce Power. No shop made softeners, pieces of old
slings, sheet rubber, carpet, plywood and lumber, fire
hoses, gloves, or pieces of pipe shall be used unless
there is no other alternative and Engineering
approval has been obtained.
Figure 9-28
Example of a Softener in Use
c Wear pads are typically pieces of heavy nylon or
polyester used to protect the load from chafing by
the sling. They also protect the sling from chafing by
the load. Wear pads are NOT acceptable as corner
protectors.
Slings
275
Figure 9-29
Example of a Wear Pad
9.5.4 Synthetic Sling Operating Practices
a Sharp corners in contact with synthetic slings should
be padded with material of sufficient strength to
prevent cutting or damage to the sling.
b A sling should be of sufficient length to ensure choke
action is on the sling body, not on the sling splice,
fittings, eye, or at the base of a sling eye or fitting.
Tags and labels shall be kept away from the load,
hook and point of choke.
c Slings shall seat properly in a hook or lifting device.
Inadequate pin diameters and folding, bunching or
pinching of synthetic slings will reduce the WLL.
d Slings shall not be shortened, lengthened or adjusted
by knotting. Only manufacturer approved methods
shall be used.
e Twisting and kinking of sling legs shall be avoided.
f Prolonged exposure to sunlight or ultraviolet light
should be avoided with nylon web slings. Polyester
slings are affected less by ultraviolet rays.
g Slings should be stored in a cool, dry, and dark place
to prevent environmental damage. Soap or detergent
and water should be used to clean a synthetic sling.
276
Slings
h Nylon and polyester slings shall not be used at
temperatures above 194°F (90°C) or below -40°F
(-40°C) or when required to be in contact with
objects which are within this range. Slings shall not
be used if frozen. Nylon web sling capacity shall be
reduced by 15% if wet.
i Web slings with aluminum fittings or synthetic fibre
slings such as nylon and polyester shall not be used
where fumes, vapors, sprays, mists or liquids of
acids, phenols or other caustic agents are present.
j Nylon slings are less affected than polyester slings
when subjected to bunching and small curvatures in
some rigging attachments.
k Nylon slings stretch more than polyester slings and
therefore should not be used together on the same
lift. Polyester and nylon slings are similar in colour,
therefore the sling tag should be checked to confirm
material type.
l Wire rope or chain slings should be used in harsh
conditions when synthetic materials are not
permitted. A determination of environmental
conditions shall be made by a qualified person.
m Synthetic slings should not be used in radiation areas
unless no other option is practical. If necessary, the
following precautions apply:
when not in use, synthetic slings shall not be left in
fields greater than 100 mr/h
As Low as Reasonably Achievable (ALARA)
principals shall be followed to ensure the sling does
not receive greater than 100,000 rad during the life
of the sling
Slings
277
n All Grade 80 fittings connected to synthetic slings
shall have a design factor of 5:1.
o Do not pull from under loads when the load is
resting on a sling.
p If a web sling with metal fitting is used in a choker
hitch, make sure that it is long enough so that the
choking action is on the webbing.
Synthetic slings shall be inspected before use for the
following:
missing or illegible sling identification tag
acid or caustic burns
evidence of heat damage
holes, tears, cuts or snags (a synthetic sling shall
not be used even if it has a small nick in the edge)
excessive abrasive wear
wear or snags that expose core yarns in round slings
broken or worn stitching in load bearing splices
knots used to shorten sling length
pitted, corroded, cracked, bent, twisted, gouged or
broken fittings
other conditions, including visible damage that
cause doubt as to integrity of sling

278
Slings
9.6 Chain Slings
9.6.1 General
a Chain slings shall be Grade 80 or 100 alloy chain or
better and have a design factor of 5:1.
b Each sling shall be identified with a metal tag
identifying the following:
sling manufacturer name or trademark
grade
nominal chain size
number of legs
rated capacity for type(s) of hitch(s) used and the
angle upon which it is based
length (reach)
sling serial number or other form of identification
c Links are rated for single leg slings only. Hooks shall
not be attached back to the master link. If a hook is
attached back onto the master link creating a basket,
a double leg sling will result, which will exceed the
master link rated capacity.
d Chain slings should be lightly oiled and stored in a
dry, non-vibrating place.
CAUTION
Most commercial manufacturers of chain slings make
them to a factor of safety of 4. Ontario OHSA regulations
require a Factor of safety of five, so do not rely on
manufacturers tables for this information.
Slings
279
Chain slings shall be inspected before use for the following:
missing or illegible sling identification tag
cracked or broken links or fittings
gouges, chips, or cuts
weld splatter
severe corrosion or pitting
link wear
elongated, stretched, bent or twisted links or
components
evidence of heat damage (including discoloration due
to exposure to heat)
inability of chain or components to articulate (hinge)
freely
other conditions, including visible damage that cause
doubt as to integrity of sling
280
Slings
9.7 Fibre Rope Slings
a Rope slings are normally made of three-strand
polypropylene or Dacron rope with an eye splice at
each end.
b Fibre Rope slings shall be manufactured by a fibre
rope supplier.
c Field splices of fibre rope slings are not permitted.
Slings
281
9.8 Multiple Leg Slings
a When choosing slings for a four legged bridle, it shall
not be assumed that each leg will share the load
equally (refer to Figure 9-30 Four-Legged Sling).
Variation in sling length and height of sling
attachment points may result in the load being
carried by two legs. Additional legs will aid in
balancing the load.
Since two diagonally opposite legs will carry more
load, two-legged capacity from appropriate load
tables shall be used when choosing slings.
b Some manufacturers bridle slings may specify higher
three or four-leg capacities verses two-leg capacity.
All sling legs shall be attached to the load and the
WLL on the tag shall be used.
Figure 9-30
Four-Legged Sling
(shown with and without an Equalizer Beam)
NOTE
The slings on the right share the load equally. The slings
on the left share most of the load between two
diagonally opposite slings.
282
Slings
Figure 9-31
Multiple Leg Slings and Load Distribution
c Sling selection is affected when an equalizer beam is
used.
Without an equalizer beam, four 5/8 diameter
wire rope slings would be needed to lift a 10,000
lb load at a 60° sling angle from a single hook
attachment point.
When using an equalizer beam each end supports
approximately 50% of the load. Four 7/16
diameter wire rope slings would be needed to lift a
5,000 lb load with a sling angle of 60° suspended
from two attachment points. Refer to Section 9.0
Rigging Tools and Devices, for more information
on spreader beams and equalizer beams.
d Unused sling legs shall be secured or removed prior
to lifting a load (Figure 9-32 Securing Slings).
e Loose objects shall be removed from the load.
f A three leg slink equally distributes the load between
all slings. As a precaution, the slings shall be chosen
such that they can carry 40% of the load.

Slings
283
Figure 9-32
Securing Slings
284
Slings
10.0 Rigging Tools and Devices
10.1 Small Hoisting Devices
10.2 Portable Chain Hoists
10.3 Lever Operated Hoists
10.4 Chain Operated Hoists
10.4.1 General
10.5 Electric or Air Operated Chain or
Wire Rope Hoists
10.5.1 General
10.6 Wire Rope Tensioners or
Cable Type Hoists (Tirfor)
10.6.1 General
10.7 Jacks
10.7.1 General
10.8 Caged Steel Rollers
10.8.1 General
10.9 Load Binders
10.10 Dynamometers
Rigging Tools a nd Devices

285
10.11 Spreader Beams and Equalizer Beams
10.11.1 General
10.11.2 Spreader Beam and Equalizer Beam
Pre-Use Inspection
10.12 A-Frames
10.12.1 General
10.13 Jib Cranes
10.13.1 General
10.14 Portable Boom Cranes (Engine Hoists)
10.14.1 General
10.15 Monorail Beams
10.15.1 General
10.15.2 Pre Use Inspection
10.16 Beam Clamps
10.16.1 General
10.16.3 Beam clamps vs. Pipe hanger clamps
10.17 Beam Trolleys
10.17.1 General
10.18 Plate Clamps
10.18.1 General
286
Rigging Tools and Devices
10.20 Tackle Blocks and Snatch Blocks
10.20.1 General
10.20.2 Snatch Blocks
10.20.3 Rope Blocks
10.20.4 Parts of Line
10.20.5 Wire Rope Strength Efficiency
10.20.6 Loads on Blocks
10.20.7 Load on Structure
10.20.8 Groove Size
10.21 Below-the-Hook Lifting Devices new to
Bruce Power
10.22 Shutdown and Storage
NOTE
All rigging and lifting equipment maintenance and
inspection at Bruce Power is covered in BP-PROC-00587,
Inspection Requirements for Rigging, Lifting and Material
Handling Equipment. In the event of a discrepancy
between this handbook and the procedure, BP-PROC-
00587 shall be deemed to be correct.

287
10.1 Small Hoisting Devices
Visual Inspection Criteria
The following items should be visually checked before using
a hoist, crane or other lifting device. These items serve to
indicate that damage may have occurred to the device.
Further inspection, testing by competent maintenance
persons will be required to place the device in service.
Check for excessive wear.
Check for obvious gross mechanical damage, cracks,
twisting, bending, bulging, buckling and abrasion
damage.
Check that wire rope and slings are in acceptable
condition as per OHSA.
Check for rust, corrosion, peeling paint and other
surface flaws that may indicate other damage.
Check for missing components.
Check for improperly substituted or modified
components, such as bolts substituted for shackle
pins, pipe hangers substituted for beam clamps and
welded eyebolts, hooks or alloy chain.
Check for freedom of moving parts.
Check attachment points, supports and
mating/connecting components.
Check for the correct reeving of the wire rope, if
applicable.
Check that the device has a clearly identifiable load
rating.
Check for hydraulic leaks, if applicable.
Report any defects to your supervisor immediately.

288
Defective equipment shall not be used for any purpose
other than a test by a competent maintenance person.
Small portable hoisting and pulling devices used in rigging
include:
lever or chain operated hoists
electric or air operated hoists
monorail hoists
tugger hoists
tirfor hoists
portable boom cranes
a Equipment shall be removed from service if unusual
performance is noted including but not limited to:
abnormal operation
peculiar noises or jerky operation
visual defects or damage
b The capacity of a hoist shall not exceed the capacity
of the anchor point to which it is attached.
c Where multiple hoists are used on a single anchor
point (i.e. on a monorail), the maximum combined
capacity of the hoists shall not exceed the maximum
anchor point WLL.

289
d When available, manufacturers installation and
maintenance manuals shall be followed.
e Instructions and warnings on, or attached to
equipment shall be followed.
f Only competent personnel shall repair hoisting or
pulling devices and shall only use manufacturer
recommended parts and materials.
Figure 10-1
Manually Operated Chain Hoists
290
10.2 Portable Chain Hoists
Manually operated chain hoists may be classified as follows:
(refer to Figure 10-1 Manually Operated Chain Hoists)
Spur-geared endless chain operated
Worm-geared (screw geared) endless-chain
operated or lever operated
Differential, endless chain or lever operated
Lever-Operated
a The load chain on these hoists is a special case-
hardened product and does not carry the same
markings as grade 80 alloy chain. This chain shall
not be choked. If a link is distorted, it may jam the
mechanism. Load chain is too brittle for any other
application such as slings or load binders.
b Spur and worm-geared hoists are furnished with
hand and load chains and are operated by pulling the
hand chain. Lever operated hoists are operated by a
hand lever or handle. Generally, endless chain hoists
are used for hoisting, and lever operated hoists are
used for pulling the load horizontally or vertically.
c If a load must be left suspended, the load shall be
blocked or physically secured in place.

291
10.3 Lever Operated Hoists
Lever hoists are a portable means of lifting or pulling loads
short distances, and are available in various capacities from
3/4 ton to 6 ton. Lever hoists are often used when rigging
with limited headroom. They are available in a load brake
(friction disc) or a ratchet-and-pawl design. Load-brakes
depend on frictional resistance of the brake discs. Lever
hoists with a load-brake are recommended for use in Bruce
Power.
a Worm-geared hoists have sufficient internal friction
to prevent running away when lowering loads. Spur-
geared hoists are usually provided with a load brake
in the mechanism.
b Ratchet hoists are unsuitable where a smooth
hoisting operation is required and operation in a
confined space is difficult because of the forward and
backward movement of the handle.
c When using a ratchet hoist, the load is held by the
hand lever during the lifting or lowering stroke and if
accidentally released, the lever will swing back
forcefully. Accidental release of the lever may result
in self-ratcheting until the load bottoms, although
some units are designed to prevent self-ratcheting.
d Hoists should be kept clean and dry, and brake faces
shall be dry and free from oil and grease. Internal
dirt or grease build-up may cause a load to drop
when lowering light loads.
e Lever operated hoists may be used at any angle. They
are designed to lift their WLL with reasonable force
exerted on the handle. Extending the hoist handle
with a length of pipe or using two people at the same
time to operate the hoist shall not be done as this
may overload and damage the hoist.

292
f When a lever hoist is used as an adjustable sling leg
on a crane and the load has been taken up with the
lever hoist, its brakes will be engaged. In order to
release the brake, the lever should be reversed before
the tension of the load is completely released
otherwise the brake will remain engaged.
g Recent OPEX, confirmed by the manufacturer,
indicates that the brakes on COFFING lever-operated
hoists will NOT set properly if the load on the device
is less than 50 lb.

293
10.4 Chain Operated Hoists
10.4.1 General
Endless chain hoists are operated from below where the
operator can control the load. They are not provided with a
control for free-chain operation and the hook is raised or
lowered by pulling the operating chain.
a The slow rate of travel of a chain hoist allows precise
vertical placement of a load.
b Chain hoists manufactured with a load limiter should
be used to prevent overloading the hoisting device.
c The lower hook is designed to open first if
overloaded to prevent rigging from falling.
d Chain hoists may be used as adjustable sling legs to
level loads.
e The area in which a hoist is installed shall provide
sufficient space for the following:
the operator to safely operate the hand chain
the operator and other personnel to stand clear of
the load at all times
firm footing for the operator
f Chain hoists shall be rigged to allow a straight line
between the upper and lower hooks.
Clearance for the hoist frame to swivel on the
upper hook shall be provided.
Chain hoists should be used in a near vertical
position and should hang freely.
The gear housing may be damaged if it is rested
against an object while under load.

294
g If a hoist has been shock loaded or involved in a
rigging incident, it shall be removed from service and
sent for inspection.
h The pull chain is designed for one person to lift the
WLL of a hoist with normal force on the chain. No
more than one person shall operate the pull chain,
otherwise overloading and damage may result.
i When using two hoists to lift a load, the tension in
each sling leg shall be calculated.
1 To prevent roll out, two separate shackles should
be used to attach hoists to the load.
2 As the load moves, tension in each leg will change.
3 The higher the load raises the greater the tension
on each sling leg.
4 The tension in each leg as shown in Figure 10-2
Lift with Lever Operated Hoists, may be calculated
as follows:
Tension
= Length ÷ Height x Weight x Load Weight Distribution
Tension in Hoist A
= 7 ÷ 5 x 2,000 x (11 ÷ 16)
= 1,925 lb
Tension in Hoist B
= 12 ÷ 5 x 2,000 x (5 ÷ 16)
= 1,500 lb

295
Figure 10-2
Lift with Lever Operated Hoists
Hoisting devices shall be inspected before use for the
following:
WLL of the hoist is marked on the housing
load chain and guide for cleanliness, wear or damage
hoisting rope for cleanliness, lubrication and damage
hooks swivel freely and are equipped with a safety
latch
damage, cracks or distortion to hooks
support shoulder of lifting hooks for wear
anchorage for signs of damage
operation of limit switches, if fitted
brakes for evidence of drift or slippage (raise load a
few inches, pause and check)

296
10.5 Electric or Air Operated Chain
or Wire Rope Hoists
10.5.1 General
a Hoists shall have the following markings:
rated capacity marked on the hoist
manufacturers name
manufacturers model or serial number
if air operated, air pressure rating
if electrically operated, the power supply voltage,
phase and frequency of AC power
b Hoists may be suspended from a fixed point, beam
clamp or beam trolley.
c Trolleys may be motorized, or moved manually by
tugging gently on the pendent.

297
10.6 Wire Rope Tensioners
or Cable Type Hoists (Tirfor)
10.6.1 General
a Wire rope tensioners or cable type hoists have the
following characteristics (refer to Figure 10-3 Wire
Rope Tensioner or Cable Type Hoist):
operates manually by a lever handle with no snap
back
are available in 1, 2 and 4 ton capacities, with
5/16, 7/16 and 5/8 wire rope respectively
may be reeved through a block system to increase
capacity and mechanical advantage
may be used vertically or horizontally
may be reversed under load
will hold load at any position
b Wire rope tensioners or cable type hoists shall use
6x25 filler, IWRC, Grade 110/120 wire rope with a
clipped loop on the slack end to prevent it from
passing through the hoist.
298
Wire rope tensioners and cable hoists shall be inspected
before use for the following:
loose bolts, nuts, and rivets
levers for bends and cracks
damage to the hoist support
is reeved in compliance with hoist manufacturer or
site engineering recommendations
the intended use is within the rated capacity of the
hoist
functional mechanism for proper operation
Figure 10-3
Wire Rope Tensioner or Cable Type Hoist

299
10.7 Jacks
10.7.1 General
a No work shall be done under a load supported by a
jack. The jack is a lifting device only. The load must
be blocked to work under it.
b There are 2 SME standards for jacks:
1 ASME B30.1 is a lifting device standard. Jacks
used at Bruce Power for maintenance purposes are
expected to meet this standard.
2 ASME PALD (Portable Automotive Lifting
Devices) made to this standard require approval
from engineering before use.
c Mechanical and hydraulic jacks are available in
various capacities and shall have:
rated capacity clearly marked on the jack
sufficient capacity for the intended load
firm footing that will not slip or tip under load
suitable blocking used to support the load after it
is raised
d Ratchet jacks provide both toe and head lift (refer to
Figure 10-4 Ratchet Jacks).
e Reel type jacks are used in pairs for raising reels of
cable or wire rope where the lifting shaft is placed on
the side hook or U-saddle cap.
300
Figure 10-4
Ratchet Jacks
f Hydraulic rams and jacks have the following
characteristics (refer to Figure 10-5 Hydraulic Jacks):
are available in various capacities (Up to 300 tons)
and ram travels
may be used for pulling or pushing, either
vertically or horizontally, however care must be
taken to prevent excessive eccentric and side
loading which may cause damage to the cylinder
walls and seals
may use separate pumps to power several rams at
once
may be self-contained or have a separate pump,
(the separate pump is usually connected to the jack
by hydraulic hoses with quick-disconnect)
may be powered by hand, air, electricity or a gas
engine

301
rams may be double-acting, which retract under
hydraulic power
hydraulic hoses with quick-disconnect fittings
normally connect the pump and jack
g Hydraulic rams and jacks require the following
considerations:
Eccentric and side loading should be avoided to
prevent cylinder wall and seal damage.
When not in use, end caps shall be used to keep
out dirt and protect the threads.
Jacks shall be stored in the fully lowered position
to avoid damage to the ram.
Pumps, seals and release valves shall be inspected
periodically.
Jacks should be stored inside a heated building in
cold weather to avoid damage from moisture
caused by condensation.
CAUTION
Under NO circumstances shall hydraulic pressure be
relied on as a satisfactory support to work on a load.
302
Jacks shall be inspected before use for the following:
hydraulic leaks (where applicable)
Figure 10-5
Hydraulic Jacks

303
10.8 Caged Steel Rollers
10.8.1 General
a Caged steel rollers are designed for moving heavy loads
in a straight line, but turntable tops may be used for
gradual turns (refer to Figure 10-6 Caged Steel Rollers).
b Various size rollers are available with capacity ratings
from 35 to 200 tons.
c Rollers shall be selected to ensure the capacity of any
two are able to support the load.
d Steering bars shall be used for turning.
Sledgehammers shall not be used.
e Steel plates should be used to protect concrete floors
and allow smooth movement.
f Chocks or wedges may damage rollers if used to stop
or hold a load.
g Caged steel rollers should be handled carefully, kept
clean and lubricated.
Rollers shall be inspected for damage before use (Periodic
Inspection is not required).
Figure 9-7
Caged Steel Rollers

304
10.10 Dynamometers
Dynamometers accurately determine load weight and
monitor the forces exerted on rigging. Regular use of
dynamometers to determine and monitor loads has been
shown to reduce hoisting incidents and accidents. Ensure
the following:
End fittings are designed for the WLL of the
instrument.
After a lift, the weight of the load should be
permanently recorded (on the load or drawings).
Dynamometers shall be treated as any other piece of
rigging equipment, requiring Periodic Inspection,
annual calibration and routine maintenance.
Dynamometers shall not be overloaded. If it is
suspected that they have been overloaded, they must
be recalibrated.
Figures obtained from a dynamometer may be
inaccurate by as much as +/- 5% of the actual weight
of the load.
306
10.11 Spreader Beams
and Equalizer Beams
10.11.1 General
An equalizer beam is used to distribute a load between two
cranes. A spreader beam is used to distribute the attachment
points under a single crane hook.
a An equalizer beam may be used as a spreader beam
however, a spreader beam shall not be used as an
equalizer beam.
b Site designed or fabricated beams require site
engineering approval and the WLL shall be marked
on the device.
c Spreader beams may be used to perform the
following (refer to Figure 10-8 Spreader Beam):
support long loads during lifts
eliminate the hazard of load tipping, sliding or
bending
reduce the possibility of low sling angles or slings
being pulled of a hook
provide a vertical lift on eye bolts
d Spreader beams shall be designed and approved by
the RSE.
e The distance between attachment points is used in
calculations to determine the WLL of spreader
beams, modifications shall be approved by site
engineering.
f Lifting loads on a platform using spreader beams
shall not be done. A rigid skip box or enclosed
container shall be used.

307
Figure 10-8
Spreader Beam
g Equalizer beams (lifting beams) may be used to
perform the following:
equalize the load on sling legs
lift loads in areas with limited headroom
allow loads to be shared in any proportion when
using two hooks
h Equalizer beams may have a single pick-up point on
top and two or more load suspension points on the
bottom of the beam (refer to Figure 10-9 Equalizer
Beam).
i Crane attachment points and the load suspension
point may be positioned along an equalizer beam to
lift out-of-balance loads while keeping them level.
j Equalizer beams shall be engineered to safely
withstand the bending forces to which they may be
subjected.
308
k Spreader beams shall be permanently marked with
the load rating, dimensions, weight and names of
fabricator as applicable. Unrated lifting devices shall
not be used without prior engineering approval.
Figure 10-9
Equalizer Beams
Beams shall be inspected before use for the following:
the WLL and weight of the beam are permanently
marked on the beam
dimensions and weight of the beam
cracks, twisting, bending, bulging and abrasion
damage
the integrity of the attachment points

309
10.12 A-Frames
10.12.1 General
A-Frames are self supporting, portable structures, from
which a hoist may be suspended (refer to Figure 10-10
A-Frame). These devices are intended for vertical lifts only.
Loads shall not be pulled sideways or dragged.
A-Frames shall be used on level surfaces.
The height of an A-Frame shall not be adjusted while
under load.
Manufacturers safety recommendations and warning
labels shall be followed.
Loads should be centered on the I-beam and as low
as possible when moving the A-Frame.
Some A-Frames are not designed to be moved while
supporting a load (manufacturers literature should
be checked).
10.12.2 Pre-Use inspection
A-Frames shall be inspected before use for the following:
the WLL is stenciled on the device
no mechanical damage exists that could affect the
structural integrity of the device
rail stops are in place
safety locking pins are in place
310
Figure 10-10
A-Frame

311
10.13 Jib Cranes
10.13.1 General
Jib cranes consist of a single beam, free to turn on a hinge
or mast (refer to Figure 10-11 Jib Cranes).
Jib cranes with a permanently attached hoisting
device shall have an annual Periodic Inspection.
For jib cranes without a permanently attached
hoisting device, the Supervisor of Lift shall ensure a
periodic inspection is performed prior to use.
Jib cranes shall be inspected before use for the following:
the WLL is stenciled on the device
attachments to hinges or the mast for, bent, broken
or missing fasteners
freedom of movement of the hinges or mast
312
Figure 10-11
Jib Cranes

313
10.14 Portable Boom Cranes
(Engine Hoists)
10.14.1 General
a Portable hydraulic boom cranes are intended for
industrial use (refer to Figure 10-12 Portable Boom
Cranes). They may be manually operated or powered
with an electric motor.
b The crane mast may be fixed or rotary. Rotary mast
type cranes, even with outriggers, are not to be
approved for use at Bruce power due to instability
problems.
c Loads should not be transported with a portable
boom crane, unless the device is designed for that
purpose.
d The load centre of gravity shall be kept within the
devices support stability zone.
e Personnel shall not stand on the back of portable
boom cranes.
314
Portable boom cranes shall be inspected before use for the
following:
the WLL is marked on the boom for each position
hydraulic leaks
damaged chain, wheels and pins
the condition of the hook and safety latch
Figure 10-12
Portable Boom Cranes

315
10.15 Monorail Beams
10.15.1 General
A monorail beam is a structural member designated as a
lifting device.
Monorail beams shall be inspected before use for the
following: (refer to Figure 10-13 Monorail)
the WLL is stenciled on the beam
no mechanical defects such as cracks, twisting,
bending, bulging
abrasion damage
Figure 10-13
Monorail
316
10.16 Beam Clamps
10.16.1 General
a Beam clamps are devices used to connect a hoist to
an approved structural member or monorail and have
the following characteristics (refer to Figure 10-14
Beam Clamps):
if installed correctly, beam clamps provide a secure
anchor point
beam clamps are available with capacities up to 12
ton with various jaw widths
beam clamp jaws are designed for a range of flange
widths (i.e. 4 1/2 - 9 flanges)
most beam clamps are designed for use at 90û to
the beam flange
b Manufacturers installation instructions shall be
followed.
c Angle (side) loading of clamps or beams shall be
approved by site engineering.
d Beam clamps shall be centered on the flange and shall
be properly seated.
e There shall be no obstructions between the flange lip
and the clamp jaw.
f Beam clamps designed to support pipe runs shall not
be used for rigging.
g Beam clamps shall be appropriate for the flange on
which they are installed, and shall be used within the
specified flange range, otherwise sufficient grip will
not be obtained.
h Beam clamps shall be positive locking devices.

317
Beam clamps shall be inspected before use for the following:
the WLL is marked on the device
no mechanical damage
smooth operation
Figure 9-14
Beam Clamps
10.16.3 Beam Clamps vs Pipe Hanger Clamps
A beam clamp is a lifting device used to connect a hoist or a
hoist hook to a beam. A plate clamp performs the same
function for a plate. Beam clamps are also used as a means
of connecting a portable hoist to a beam. It is important to
note that pipe hanger clamps are NOT acceptable as a
means to attach a hoist to a beam.
a Pipe Hanger Clamps are used to connect a pipe
saddle to building steel. In general they are designed
to withstand more-or-less static vertical loads, plus
side loads in both directions. They are designed to a
factor of safety, typically on the order of 1.33 times
the allowable load for the material, as specified under
ANSI B31.1.
318
10.17 Beam Trolleys
10.17.1 General
a Beam trolleys are used on approved structural
members, monorails or jib cranes to allow movement
of a load and have the following characteristics (refer
to Figure 10-15 Beam Trolleys):
are available in capacities from 1/2 ton to 40 ton
may be hand operated, chain operated or
electrically driven
b Trolleys shall be suitable for the beam type and size.
c Light duty trolleys should not be used for rigging
applications.
d Rail stops shall be in place and shall be suitable for
the trolley.
e Original equipment manufacturer replacement parts
shall be used to repair trolleys.
f Manufacturers installation instructions shall be
followed.
320
Beam trolleys shall be inspected before use for the
following:
the WLL is marked on the device
no mechanical damage
damaged or worn wheels
a bent or twisted hook plate
the hook plate is centered under the beam
the beam trolley operates freely after installation
Figure 10-15
Beam Trolleys

321
10.18 Plate Clamps
10.18.1 General
a Plate clamps are available in a number of
configurations depending on the application (refer to
Figure 10-16 Plate Clamps).
b Only models which manually lock into the closed
position shall be used.
c Vertical lifting clamps shall not be used to move
horizontal plates, and horizontal lifting clamps shall
not be used to move vertical plates (except when
changing plate orientation).
d Plate clamps shall not be used on a tapered flange of
a structural shape unless it is designed for that
purpose.
e C-clamps shall not be used in place of plate clamps.
f Plate clamps shall not be used as anchor points. Only
components specifically designed as anchors shall be
used for that purpose.
g Plate clamp WLL and size ratings shall be marked on
the plate clamp body as well as the Manufacturers
name or logo. The capacity shall be reduced if the
gripping surface is greasy or dirty, manufacturers
catalogues may be consulted for details.
h When lifting with plate clamps, the following safety
considerations shall be adhered to:
correct clamp, size and rated capacity shall be used
large capacity clamps should not be used to lift
light loads
clamps shall be locked closed before lifting a load

322
two or more clamps should be used to balance a
long or flexible load
slings or shackles should be used between a clamp
and the hoist hook
only one plate at a time shall be lifted with a
vertical clamp
personnel shall remain clear when lifting or moving
a load
NOTE
Refer to Manufacturers operating instructions.
i Plate clamps shall be positive locking devices.
j Pipe hanger clamps are not acceptable as a means to
attach a hoist to a beam.
Figure 10-16
Plate Clamps

323
Plate clamps shall be inspected before use for the following:
gross mechanical damage
proper operation of the clamp, pivoting shackle and
locking device
324
10.19 Tackle Blocks and Snatch Blocks
10.19.1 General
a A block and tackle using synthetic or wire rope
provides mechanical advantage.
b Snatch blocks provide no mechanical advantage and
are intended for infrequent use with slow line speeds.
c WLL may be affected by wear, misuse, overloading,
corrosion, deformation or alteration.
d Blocks are intended for tension or pull. Side loading
shall be avoided, as it exerts additional force or
loading which the blocks are not designed to
accommodate.
e Fiber core wire ropes should not be used for this
application.
f Blocks do not have brakes.
10.19.2 Snatch Blocks
a Size is determined by the outside diameter of the
sheave (refer to Figure 10-17 Snatch Block). The
WLL shall be determined from manufacturers
literature and is affected by bearing size, sheave size
and block construction. It will depend on the
capacity of the blocks, the safe working load of the
rope, the load added by friction, and the load
reduction due to the ratio of sheave diameter to rope
diameter.
b Snatch blocks are used to change direction of lifting
or hauling lines. The load on a block depends on the
tension in the line, and the angle through which the
line is turned.
325
c A crane must never be used to drag a load sideways.
In cases where the crane must be used to pull load, a
snatch block shall be used to change the direction of
force.
Figure 10-17
Snatch Block
10.19.3 Rope Blocks
Multi-sheave tackle blocks come in a wide range of
strengths and sheave sizes.
a Tackle arrangement shall be designed to suit the
application by a competent person.
b Total load on a block (load plus pull force on line)
shall not exceed the blocks WLL.
c Ropes have separate WLLs, which shall not be
exceeded.
d Synthetic rope blocks should be chosen with a shell
length of eight times rope diameter.
e One method of reeving blocks is illustrated in
Figure 10-18 Common Reeving of Blocks.
326
Figure 10-18
Common Reeving of Blocks
10.19.4 Parts of Line
CAUTION
Consult engineering before lifting loads with a rope
block.
a Mechanical advantage increases as parts of line
increase. Parts of line is determined by counting the
number of lines just above the running block. Figure
10-18 Common Reeving of Blocks, shows examples
of four, five and six parts of line.
b Sheaves in a system of blocks rotate at different rates
of speed, and have different loads. When in use, line
tension is not equal throughout the system.

327
c Anti-friction bearings require 5% to 30% less pull
than bronze bearings. Bearing types should not be
mixed in any single block system.
d Table 10-1 Crosby 2005 Sheave Bearing Factors is
used to calculate parts of line required based on the
type of sheaves used in a block system.
e Depending on circumstances, one of three variables
may need to be calculated (examples are shown after
Table 10-1):
Parts of Line: the number of lines just above the
running block
Line Pull: the force required to perform the lift
Lift Capacity: the amount of load that can be lifted
(WLL)
328
Table 10-1
Crosby 2005 Sheave Bearing Factors
Parts of Line Factor A

Factor B
Bronze bushed Sleeves

Anti-friction Bearing Sheaves
1 0.96 0.98
2 1.87 1.94
3 2.75 2.88
4 3.59 3.81
5 4.39 4.71
6 5.16 5.60
7 5.90 6.47
8 6.60 7.32
9 7.27 8.16
10 7.91 8.98
11 8.52 9.79
12 9.11 10.60
13 9.68 11.40
14 10.20 12.10
15 10.70 12.90
16 11.20 13.60
17 11.70 14.30
18 12.20 15.00
19 12.60 15.70
20 13.00 16.40

329
f Example questions to illustrate calculation of; Parts
of Line, Line Pull and Lift Capacity:
1 How many Parts of Line are required to lift a
6,000 lb load with a line pull of 1,800 lb using a
bronze bushing block?
Step 1: Determine which Factor to use from Table 10-1,
based on bearing type
Step 2: Factor A = Load ÷ Line Pull
Step 3: Factor A = 6,000 lb ÷ 1,800 lb
Step 4: Factor A = 3.33
Step 5: The next highest value after 3.33 in Table 10-1,
Factor A column is 3.59
Step 6: Parts of Line column in the same row as
Factor A for 3.59 is 4
Answer: 4 Parts of Line should be used for this lift.
2 How much Line Pull is required to lift an 8,000 lb
load with 6 Parts of Line using an anti-friction
bearing block?
Step 1: Determine which Factor to use from Table 10-1,
Step 2: Line Pull = Load ÷ 6 Parts of Line for Factor B
Step 3: Line Pull = 8,000 lb ÷ 5.60
Step 4: Line Pull = 1,429 lb
Answer: 1,429 lb Line Pull is required to lift an 8,000 lb
load with 6 Parts of Line.
330
3 What is the Lift Capacity of 8 parts of line, with a
1,500 lb Line Pull, using an anti-friction bearing
block?
Step 1: Determine which Factor to use from Table 10-1
Step 2: Lift Capacity = Line Pull x 8 Parts of Line for
Factor B
Step 3: Lift Capacity = 1,500 x 7.32
Step 4: Lift Capacity = 10,580 lb
Answer: 10,980 lb load may be lifted with 8 Parts of Line
and a 1,500 lb Line Pull.
10.19.5 Wire Rope Strength Efficiency
Bending wire rope reduces rope strength (Refer to Section
9.0 for D/d ratio details). To select a proper sheave,
Table 10-2 Effect of Bend Radius on Wire Rope, is used to
determine the effect of bend radius on rope strength. For
example, to determine the strength efficiency of 1/2
diameter wire rope using a 10 diameter sheave:
D/d Ratio = Sheave Diameter ÷ Wire Rope Diameter
D/d Ratio = 10 ÷ 1/2
D/d Ratio = 20:1
Refer to Table 10-2 Effect of Bend Radius on Wire
Rope for row with D/d Ratio 20:1, then across to
strength efficiency of 91%.
Wire rope strength is reduced to 91% of
manufacturers catalog WLL value.

331
Table 10-2
Effect of Bend Radius on Wire Rope
D/d Ratio Strength Efficiency

D/d Ratio Strength Efficiency
Compared to WLL
Compared to WLL
1:1 50% 10:1 86%
2:1 65% 15:1 89%
4:1 75% 20:1 91%
6:1 79% 30:1 93%
8:1 83% 40:1 95%

10.19.6 Loads on Blocks
a The WLL for blocks indicates the maximum load
that shall be exerted on a block and connecting
fittings. The total load value may be different from
the weight being lifted or pulled by a hoisting or
hauling system.
b Single sheave blocks used to change a load line
direction may be subjected to total loads greater than
the weight being lifted or pulled. Total load value on
a block varies with the angle between incoming and
departing lines.
c Table 10-3 Angularity Factors, provides factors to be
multiplied by line pull to obtain the total load on a
block.
d The total load being imposed shall be determined for
each block in the system.
e The following examples show how to determine Line
Pull and Total Load on each block for a 1,000 lb
load and 2 Parts of Line using bronze bushed
sheaves.
332
1 To calculate Line Pull:
Determine which Factor to use from Table 10-1,
Line pull = Load ÷ 2 Parts of Line for Factor A
Line Pull = 1,000 lb ÷ 1.87
Line Pull = 535 lb
535 lb Line Pull is required to lift a 1,000 lb load
with 2 Parts of Line.
2 To calculate Total Load on travelling block C:
Total Load on C = Line Pull x Angularity Factor
(AF) from Table 10-3
Total Load on C = 535 lb x 2.0 (0° factor)
Total Load on C = 1,070 lb.
3 To calculate Total Load on stationary block D:
Total Load on D = Line Pull x AF in Table 10-3 +
Dead end load (1/2 total load)
Total Load on D = 535 lb x 1.87 (factor 40° angle)
+ 500 lb (dead end load)
Total Load on D = 1,501 lb.
4 To calculate Total Load on stationary block E:
Total Load on E = Line Pull x AF in Table 10-3
Total Load on E = 535 lb x 0.84 (factor 130°
angle)
Total Load on E = 449 lb.

333
5 To calculate Total Load on stationary block F:
Total Load on F = Line Pull x AF in Table 9-3
Total Load on F = 535 lb x 1.41 (factor 90° angle)
Total Load on F = 754 lb.
Table 10-3
Angularity Factors
Angle Factor
Angle Factor
Angle Factor
0° 2.00
60° 1.73
130° 0.84
10° 1.99
70° 1.64
135° 0.76
20° 1.97
80° 1.53
140° 0.68
30° 1.93
90° 1.41
150° 0.52
40° 1.87
100° 1.29
160° 0.35
45° 1.84
110° 1.15
170° 0.17
50° 1.81
120° 1.00
180° 0.00
10.19.7 Load on Structure
The total load exerted on a supporting structure and
anchorage shall be considered, and may be calculated as
follows:
Total Load on Structure
= Load being lifted + Line Pull x Angularity factor
(from Table 10-3)
Refer to Section 11.1, Fixed Lifting Points on Equipment
and Structures for details.
334
10.19.8 Groove Size
a Consideration shall be given to groove diameter of
sheaves (Figure 10-19 Rope to Sheave Matching).
When groove diameter is too large, ropes will not be
properly supported and may flatten or distort, which
increases fatigue in the individual wires and may
cause early rope failure.
b When a sheave groove diameter is too small for a
rope, operating tension may force the rope into the
groove. In this situation, the rotation of the sheave is
restricted, and the rope may be subjected to abrasive
wear. This condition may arise when new ropes are
installed over old sheaves.
c Consult engineering before applying a load in excess
of 1,000 lb to building steel.
Figure 10-19
Rope to Sheave Matching

335
Blocks shall be inspected before use for the following:
sheaves for uneven wear, grooving, flat spots, free
wheeling bearings
broken or deformed flanges and cracks
premature wear, damaged or broken wires in the rope
installation
wear in pins or axles, rope grooves, side plates,
bushings or bearings, and fittings
permanent deformation in side plates, pins, axles,
fitting attachment points, trunnions, etc
loose bolts, nuts, and other locking methods
pins retained by snap rings for missing or loose rings
sheave pin nuts for proper positioning
clearance between hooks or shackles to the swivel
case
hooks, including deformation or corrosion of the
hook and nut threads
welded side plates for weld corrosion or weld
cracking
336
10.20 Below-the-Hook Lifting Devices
new to Bruce Power
a Any below the hook lifting devices not previously in
use at Bruce Power and not referred to in this
handbook or BP-PROC-00587, Inspection
Requirements for Rigging, Lifting and Material
Handling Equipment, require the approval of the
RSE for Cranes and Hoists.
b The device shall be inspected according to the
provisions in the current version of ASME B30.20,
Below-the-Hook Lifting Devices until a process has
been established at Bruce Power.
c Records shall be kept on whatever existing form
most closely matches the device as determined by the
RSE.

337
10.21 Shutdown and Storage
When the user of a hoisting device has completed the job,
the following shall be completed:
Raise hooks to a safe park position if the lifting
device is left in place.
For electric or air operated hoisting devices, place
controls in the OFF position.
De-energize the hoist, and isolate as appropriate.
Return hand operated lifting devices to proper
storage areas.
Return A-Frame, davits or portable floor cranes to a
designated safe storage area.
Finally, make a visual inspection of lifting equipment
and work area.
338
11.0 Anchor Points
and Non-Standard Lifting Points
11.1 Fixed Lifting Points on Equipment
and Structures
11.1.1 General
11.2 Anchor Points
11.3 Building Structural Steel
11.3.1 General
11.4 Floor Grating
11.4.1 General
11.5 Scaffolding to Support
Temporary Lifting Beams
11.5.1 General
11.6 System Piping
Anchor Points and Non-sta ndard Lifting Points

339
11.1 Fixed Lifting Points
on Equipment and Structures
11.1.1 General
Process equipment such as pumps, motors, valves, etc. may
have designated lifting points permanently attached by the
manufacturer or Bruce Power.
a Welded lugs require engineering approval and shall
be installed by a qualified welder.
b New lifting points shall have a documented initial
inspection and a WLL before use.
c Site engineering shall be contacted if lifting points or
WLL are unknown.
d To prevent side loading, rigging shall be attached to a
lug in line with the lifting plane.
e If hoisting is not vertical, the lift shall be assessed to
evaluate the increased load on the lifting lug due to
sling angles, and site engineering approval may be
required.
f A periodic inspection on a fixed lifting point, may be
performed by a competent person on the crew as per
Rigging, Lifting and Material Handling Equipment.
340
Anchor Points and Non-sta nda rd Lifting Points
11.2 Anchor Points
Hoists, winches, tirfors, and other rigging devices require
secure anchor points.
a Anchors may be overhead, in floors, or at lateral
points in structures.
b Beams, beam clamps, beam trolleys, welded lugs,
slings or floor anchors may be used.
c The load weight and required strength of the anchor
point shall be known.
d Anchor points shall have site engineering approval
and shall be labeled with a WLL.
e When using a snatch block or a block and tackle, the
load on the anchor point will be greater than the
weight of the load by the amount of pull force
required to pull on the lead line.
As mechanical advantage increases, the load on the
anchor point decreases.
To avoid overloading, the load on the anchor point
shall be calculated prior to the lift.
Lead line load and the load on the anchor point
may be calculated as follows:
1 Example 1: 800 pound load, using snatch block
(no mechanical advantage):
Lead Line Load = Load ÷ Parts of line at the load
= 800 lb ÷ 1
= 800 pounds
Load on the Anchor = Load + Lead Line Load
= 800 lb + 800 lb
= 1,600 pounds

341
2 Example 2: 800 pound load, using block and
tackle (mechanical advantage of 4):
Lead Line Load = Load ÷ Parts of line at the load
= 800 lb ÷ 4
= 200 pounds.
Load on the Anchor = Load + Lead Line Load
= 800 lb + 200 lb
= 1,000 pounds.
In the examples above, the load on the anchor point
was reduced from 1,600 pounds to 1,000 pounds to
lift the same 800 pound load, when a block and
tackle was used rather than a snatch block.
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11.3 Building Structural Steel
11.3.1 General
When using building structural beams as an anchor point
during lifting, the following applies:
a Engineering approval is required.
b Rigging attachments to a structure shall not affect the
structure permanently by welding, cutting, drilling,
deforming or any other alteration.
c Only structural beams supported at both ends shall
be used for lifting. The Supervisor of Lift shall ensure
approval has been obtained.
d Beams shall only be loaded vertically, without side
loading. Appropriate beam clamps and trolleys may
be used. When a sling is used to attach rigging to a
beam, a double wrap basket or choker hitch should
be used and softeners shall be used.
e Slings may be used to anchor rigging to a structure as
follows (refer to Figure 11-1 Slings):
1 A double wrap basket hitch should be used for the
following reasons:
two sling legs support the load
the load is distributed around the structure
it is less prone to slippage than a single choker
or single basket hitch
2 Slings shall be long enough to avoid low sling
angles.
3 Softeners shall be used around sharp edges.

343
Figure 11-1
Slings
f Without prior engineering approval, the following
shall NOT be used for rigging purposes:
cantilever beams or roof trusses
structural angle iron, channel or diagonal bracing
supplementary or secondary steel beams
columns, or posts with side loads

344
When used as an anchor point, structural steel shall be
inspected before use for the following:
limits defined by engineering have been followed
distortion, cracked welds or loose bolts
the hoist is securely attached to the beam using
appropriate rigging methods
the WLL of the beam is equal to or greater than the
hoist WLL (conditions for an exception to this
requirement are listed in Section 3.0, Rigging and
Lifting Practices)

345
11.4 Floor Grating
11.4.1 General
a Rigging suspended from a sling attached to a pipe
placed on floor grating shall not be used for hoisting
without site engineering approval.
b An example of a lifting beam to allow hoisting from
below floor grating is illustrated in Figure 11-2,
Example of Lifting Beam Used Through Floor
Grating.
c The lifting device is placed above the grating and is
supported by the grating support beams.
d A movable lifting lug may be used to situate the
rigging equipment over the load.
e Lifting devices shall be approved by site engineering
and the WLL shall be stenciled on the device.
f The WLL of the hoist shall not exceed that of the
beam (conditions for an exception to this
requirement are listed in Section 3.0 Rigging and
Lifting Practices).
g Horizontal structural beams shall have a combined
WLL greater than the WLL of the lifting device.
h Engineering approval is required.
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The lifting device shall be inspected before use for the
following:
the device identification number and WLL are
stenciled on the beam
no distortion, cracked welds or loose bolts exist
the rigging is securely attached to the lifting beam
the beam is level and has firm footing
Figure 11-2
Example of Lifting Beam Used Through Floor Grating

347
11.5 Scaffolding to Support Temporary
Lifting Beams
11.5.1 General
a Scaffolds used for rigging purposes shall be erected in
accordance with approved site engineered drawings.
b If a scaffold deviates from approved lifting scaffold
drawings, the scaffold tag shall be authorized by site
engineering signature.
c Scaffold tags shall identify the scaffold WLL and
shall identify the approved rigging method (whether a
beam trolley, beam clamp or a sling wrapped around
the beam is to be used).
d The WLL of the hoist shall not exceed the WLL on
the scaffold tag.
e The WLL is not required to be stenciled on the
scaffold lifting beam since the WLL depends on the
scaffold frame and beam configuration, which may
be different for each scaffold erection.
f Lifting beams used in scaffold frames shall not be
used for any other purpose.
g Scaffold tags shall note unusual or out of the
ordinary scaffold features.
h Damaged scaffold shall be reported to the Supervisor
of Lift who shall contact the supervisor responsible
for scaffolding. Damaged scaffold shall be tagged and
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Lifting scaffolds shall be inspected before use for the
following:
inspection due date is identified on the scaffold tag
scaffold WLL is identified on the scaffold tag
the scaffold tag is filled out and signed by a scaffold
inspector
if a beam trolley is used, adequate end stops are in
place on the lifting beam
a clear path exists for load travel
if the scaffold deviates from approved lifting scaffold
drawings, the tag is authorized by site engineering
signature
the scaffold tag identifies whether a beam trolley,
beam clamp or sling is to be used to attach the hoist

349
11.6 System Piping
System piping shall not be used for hoisting and rigging
without site engineering approval. Alternative rigging
arrangements should be investigated.
350
12.0 Travelling Overhead Bridge and
Gantry Cranes
12.1 Crane Configurations
12.2 Restrictions to Access and Operation of
Cranes
12.3 Pre-Use Inspection and Operational
Checks
12.3.1 Pendant Controlled Hoists
12.3.2 Cab Operated Hoists
12.4 Operation and Use of Cranes
12.4.1 General Operation and Use
12.4.2 Operation of Resistor-Controlled Wound-Rotor
Motor Driven Cranes
12.5 Shutdown Procedure
12.6 Emergency Procedures
12.7 Principal Causes of Crane Wear and
Failure
Operator - APPROVE the Crane operation
A Annual inspection tags (E stop is activated)
P Physical condition of the crane
(rails, stops, buttons, etc.)
P Power on
(ensure crane numbers and breaker match)
R Buttons will Return to neutral
(E stop in power on)
O Operate, check the up button makes it go up
check N, S, E, W
V Verify the both limits and brakes 2 ways
E Examine the cables operation and
hook/block assembly
Travelling Overhea d Bridge a nd Ga ntry Cra nes
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12.1 Crane Configurations
a Overhead travelling cranes consist principally of a
pair of runway rails, a single-girder or multiple-girder
bridge that spans a runway and a hoist(s) mounted
on a trolley(s) that moves along the bridge girder.
b Most overhead travelling cranes are electrically
powered but some are manually operated. Operator
control cabs may be provided, or a crane may be
controlled from the floor with a pendant control or,
in some cases, remotely by radio.
c Overhead cranes are top-running or underhung,
depending on whether the bridge end trucks travel on
top of the runway beams or along its lower flange.
There are variations within each type, depending on
whether a single girder or multiple-girder bridge is
used.
d Top-running cranes are supported from building
columns (refer to Figure 12-1 Typical Overhead
Electric Travelling Crane).
e Gantry cranes travel along rails that are at ground
level (refer to Figure 12-2 Gantry Crane).
f Under hung cranes are often supported from roof
trusses (refer to Figure 12-3 Underhung Pendent
Crane).
g This section also applies to monorail hoists which are
usually less complex but share the same basic
characteristics as bridge and gantry cranes.
352
Travelling Overhead Bridge and Ga ntry Cra nes
Figure 12-1
Typical Overhead Electric Travelling Crane

353
Figure 12-2
Gantry Crane
Figure 12-3
Underhung Pendent Crane
354
12.2 Restrictions to Access and
Operation of Cranes
a Defective cranes shall not be operated.
b Cranes shall be operated only by:
designated and competent operators
learners under the supervision of a designated and
competent operator
qualified crane inspectors moving unloaded cranes
for testing, verification, and maintenance purposes
c No other personnel shall operate a crane or enter a
crane cab or pulpit without the knowledge and
consent of the operator or the Supervisor of Lift.

355
12.3 Pre-Use Inspection and
Operational Checks
a Logbooks and inspection records shall be kept for
examination by the Ministry of Labour in accordance
with OHSA regulations. The periodic inspection of
cranes together with a suitable log book, form a
permanent record of crane inspection, servicing,
replacement of components, and overhauls.
b Operators shall look and listen for potential crane
problems but shall not be exposed to hazards in
order to perform these inspections. It may not be
possible to see the entire wire rope or drum and the
condition of rollers, lubrication, collectors, shoes or
bars, etc.
c Operators shall not attempt to make repairs unless
competent and authorized to do so.
d Prior to using a pendant controlled hoist, or a cab
operated hoist, the crane operator shall perform a
pre-use inspection and make a crane log entry to
record the inspection and inspection results:
For pendant controlled hoists, crane operator shall
follow step 12.3.1
For cab operated hoists, crane operator shall
follow step 12.3.2
e If problems are noted during the pre-use inspection,
the operator shall enter details in the crane log and
notify the Supervisor of Lift.
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f If a defect affects the safe operation of a crane, or if
an overload relay trips, the operator shall remove the
crane from service following site procedures:
1 Land the load if a lift was in progress
2 Set controls to OFF position.
3 Open and lock out local disconnect switch.
4 Hang tag (i.e. caution tag, or plant status control
tag, etc).
5 Make a log book entry clearly outlining the
problem.
6 Notify the work group supervisor, who shall
contact the Crane Maintenance Crew.
12.3.1 Pendant Controlled Hoists
a Check the following:
crane availability
log book
Periodic Inspection date
tag (i.e. caution tags etc)
b Visually check the following
(where applicable):
location and position of local disconnect switch
no evidence of oil leaks (on floor under hoist)

357
rail stops in place on bridge and trolley
bridge, trolley runway obstructions or foreign
material
electrical collector shoes and bars in good shape
bridge and trolley components and wheels
wire rope cable wrapped on drum properly
cable end connections and wire rope for damage
hook for damage, operation of swivel
hook block and safety latch
crane capacity
function labels for operator controls
c Ensure area below is clear and test operate the
following (where applicable):
emergency stop button
smooth, quiet hoist drive speeds and brake
operation
hoist drum wire rope spooling
audible bridge travel warning alarm is operational
smooth, quiet bridge drive and brake operation
smooth, quiet trolley drive and brake operation
pendant controls return to neutral position
minimum of 3 wraps of cable left on drum
hoist upper limit switch
hoist lower limit switch (if working at the elevation
the lower limit is set to operate)

358
12.3.2 Cab Operated Hoists
a Check the following:
crane availability
log book
Periodic Inspection date
tags (i.e. caution tags, etc.)
position of bridge for safe access
access warning light indication (if equipped)
b Visually check the following
(where applicable):
location and position of local disconnect switch
no evidence of oil leaks (on floor under hoist)
rail stops in place on bridge and trolley
bridge, trolley runway obstructions or foreign
material
electrical collector shoes and bars in good shape
major components for no obvious abnormalities
wire rope cable wrapped on drum properly
cable end connections and wire rope for damage
location and condition of controlled descent device
(set up and ready)
evidence of coupling, bearing or other mechanical
parts loosened by vibration
safety guards and foot walk (bent, broken, or lost)

359
cab for general housekeeping
location and condition of fire extinguisher
bridge trap door is properly closed
bridge and trolley components and wheels
hook for damage, operation of swivel
hook block and safety latch
crane capacity
function labels for operator controls
c Ensure area below is clear and test operate the
following (where applicable):
controls in neutral position before energizing panel
emergency stop button
smooth, quiet hoist drive speeds and brake
operation
hoist drum wire rope spooling
audible bridge travel warning alarm is operational
smooth, quiet bridge drive speeds and brake
operation
smooth, quiet trolley drive speeds and brake
operation
pendant controls return to neutral position
minimum of 3 wraps of cable left on drum
smooth, quiet main hook drive and brake
operation
hydraulic foot brake firm

360
smooth, quiet auxiliary hook drive and brake
operation
auxiliary hook upper limit switch
main hook upper limit switch
auxiliary hook lower limit switch (if working at
the elevation the lower limit is set to operate)
main hook lower limit switch (if working at the
elevation the lower limit is set to operate)

361
12.4 Operation and Use of Cranes
12.4.1 General Operation and use
In addition to information contained in this section, crane
operators shall observe practices outlined in sections 2.0,
Personnel Requirements, 3.0, Rigging and Lifting Practices
and 4.0 General Craning Considerations.
WARNING
A hanging lanyard of a fall arrest system may expose
crane operators or maintenance personnel to the hazard
of being caught in rotating equipment.
a Personnel should enter and exit cranes using proper
boarding procedures. If personnel are required to be
exposed to any of the following hazards, a fall arrest
system or travel restraint system shall be used:
any unprotected area of the crane
a rusted or deteriorated catwalk or platform
where collision between two cranes is possible
(must be identified in the JSA and Form-12293,
Safe Lift Form)
b Two or more cranes on the same runway should be
kept at least 9 m (30 ft) apart. If cranes must operate
closer, operators and supervisors shall take extra
precautions to avoid contact.
c A crane should not be permitted to bump another
crane or end stops.
d If contact with end stops or another crane is
required, it shall be made with extreme caution. The
operator shall do so with particular care for the
safety of persons on or below the cranes, and only
after ensuring personnel on the other crane are aware
of the planned contact.

362
e When a duplex hook (double saddle hook) is used, a
double sling arrangement shall be used to ensure that
the load is equally divided over both saddles of the
hook. Some duplex hooks do not have safety latches.
In this case, site engineering or the manufacturers
recommendations shall be followed.
f Appropriate procedures shall be established and
followed for cranes with multiple control stations or
control modes.
g While hoisting, there shall always be three wraps of
cable left on the crane drum.
h If the electric power to a crane is disrupted,
controllers shall be placed in the OFF position until
power is restored.
i Load limit or overload devices shall not be used to
measure loads being lifted. These are safety devices
and are not to be used as operating controls.
j Travel limits are safety devices and shall not be used
as operating controls. The operator must know
where the load is at all times and be in control of it.
k If the crane fails to respond correctly, stop operation,
put the crane in a safe state (i.e. put the load down
where possible), open the power switch and lock it
open. Place a Caution Tag then call the Supervisor of
the Lift.

363
l The operator should check frequently to see that the
crane is square with the runway rails by lining up
with the rail tops. If the crane is out of square, the
operator should apply power for travel motion
(without a load on the crane and with the trolley at
the end of the bridge where the wheel is away from
the rail stop). The drive wheel at one end of the
crane will then slip on the rail while the other rolls
up to the rail stop.
m Cranes should not be side-loaded. Where it is
unavoidable, engineering shall be contacted.
364
12.4.2 Operation of Resistor-Controlled
Wound-Rotor Motor Driven Cranes
Most large overhead cranes at Bruce power are driven by
wound-rotor motors controlled by resistors. This includes
all cab-operated cranes except the Bruce A SIFB 100T flask
crane. To control speed, resistance to the motor is adjusted.
The resistors heat up as a result. This heating can cause
damage not only to the resistors but also to nearby
components which control the direction and speed of the
crane.
The hoists on such cranes shall be operated in the
highest speed that it is safe to use.
The hoist controls must be allowed to cool off
regularly. Under no circumstances shall a hoist be
operated in the first speed for more than one minute.
If the hoist must be used in a speed lower than 3 it
should be operated for 30 seconds on and 120
seconds off.
The hoist shall not be plugged: that is rapidly
switching from up to down.
The load shall not be inched excessively. If necessary,
land the load with chainfalls or come-alongs.

365
12.5 Shutdown Procedure
Prior to leaving a crane, the operator shall perform the
following:
1 Land the load and raise all hooks to the normal
storage position.
2 Park the crane at an approved, designated location.
3 Place all controls in the OFF position, and stow
pendant control (if equipped).
4 De-energize the crane by opening either the local
disconnect or main disconnect.
5 For cranes on outside runways, set the brake and
anchor to prevent crane movement.
6 Visually check the crane and surrounding area.
366
12.6 Emergency Procedures
Approved procedures shall be in place to ensure emergency
situations can be adequately communicated and provisions
exist to affect a safe and effective egress from the crane cab
if required in an emergency situation.

367
12.7 Principal Causes of Crane Wear
and Failure
Premature wear or damage to a crane may be caused by any
of the following:
sudden starting and stopping loads
swinging or jerking loads
overloading a crane (any load in excess of rated
capacity)
lack of lubrication
side pulling or dragging loads
excessive inching
plugging of motors (using the reverse direction of an
electric motor as a brake)
accelerating the hoist before slack is taken out of the
cables or slings
running a hook into the upper limit switch (other
than for testing)
improper or severe use of hydraulic bridge brakes
running a crane or trolley hard into its end stops
failure to address maintenance issues
368
13.0 Road Mobile, Rough Terrain and
Crawler Cranes
13.1 General
13.2 Types and Configurations of Cranes
13.3 Setup
13.4 Crane Capacity
13.4.1 Determining Net Capacity
13.4.2 Conditions Affecting Crane Capacity
13.5 Overhauling Weights and Swivels
13.6 Planning Crane Lifts
13.7 Planning Dual Lifts
13.8 Moving and Refueling Mobile Cranes
13.9 Warning Notices
13.10 Soil Bearing Capacity
13.11 Crane Inspection
13.12 Rental and Contractor Cranes
13.12.1 Rental Crane
13.12.2 Contractors Crane
13.13 Work Platforms on Crane Booms
13.14 Pre-Use Inspections And Operational
Checks For Mobile Cranes
13.15 Mobile Crane Operation
13.16 Shut Down Procedure
Roa d Mobile, Rough Terrain and Crawler Cranes

369
13.1 General
a This section shall be used in conjunction with
Section 4.0 of this handbook, General Craning
Considerations.
b A copy of the manufacturers manual for the mobile
crane being used shall be available at the work site,
preferably with the crane.
c Any mobile crane with a capacity greater than 8 tons
must be operated by an operator certified as a
Hoisting Engineer by the Province of Ontario under
the Trades Qualification and Apprenticeship Act,
O.Reg 631/94 s.3.
d Any mobile crane with a charted capacity of less than
8 tons and a correctly fitted load moment indicator.
or load limiter that will prevent the device from
lifting any load in excess of 8 tons may be used by a
competent worker trained in its use.
e When planning a lift with a mobile crane (regardless
of capacity) the operator shall be selected based on
the complexity of the lift. This means that for a
difficult lift the mobile crane should be operated by a
licensed operator regardless of capacity.
f Any machine such as a forklift, backhoe or bulldozer
that is being used to lift a suspended load shall be
treated (and operated) as a crane.
370
13.2 Types and Configurations of Cranes
a Figure 13-1 Lattice Boom Crane, and Figure 13-2
Telescopic Boom Crane, show parts of typical lattice
boom and telescoping boom mobile cranes.
Figure 13-1
Lattice Boom Crane

371
b The following factors shall be considered when
selecting the type of crane to be used:
The location of the Centre of Gravity (C of G), the
height, width, length and shape of the load. These
factors influence the minimum and maximum
boom length and load radius. Operators should
maintain a clearance of at least 1 metre between
the boom and load.
The lift height, lift radius, and any known
obstruction through the lift cycle.
The boom position for the maximum capacity of
mobile truck-mounted cranes is normally over the
rear of the carrier and decreases as the boom is
swung over the side. Cranes may not be designed
to lift over the front, and such lifts shall be avoided
unless the crane capacity for this type of lift is
supplied by the manufacturer.
Travelling with a suspended load is permissible
with some cranes. Rough terrain and crawler
cranes usually have a pick and carry rating.
372
Figure 13-2
Telescopic Boom Crane

373
13.3 Setup
a Before a crane arrives on site, a site survey shall be
completed to ensure the crane has safe access, and if
necessary, sufficient room to be assembled.
b If the ground is not firm enough to support
outriggers or crawler loads, then timber pads, steel
plates or other means to spread the load over a
greater area shall be provided.
c Load charts are based on outriggers being fully
extended and placed centrally on pads, unless
specified by the manufacturer. If this cannot be done
line management shall be consulted.
374
13.4 Crane Capacity
a To ensure adequate capacity of a crane, the following
shall be known:
maximum load radius
boom length and configuration required (i.e. boom
angle)
jib length and offset (refer to Figure 13-3 Jib
Length and Offset)
gross load
parts of line required
operating quadrants
any specific limitations
b Lifting boom-jib combinations are as follows:
lift from main boom
lift from main boom with jib attached
lift from jib

375
Figure 13-3
Jib Length and Offset
13.4.1 Determining Net Capacity
a The gross capacity of a crane is shown on
manufacturers load charts. The method of
calculating net capacity varies between manufacturers
and requires some study of their literature.
b The following shall be considered when calculating
the net capacity of a jib attachment:
Manufacturers load chart shall be used for the
calculation.
376
Effective weight of the jib as listed by the
manufacturer. The actual weight of the jib shall not
be used since it does not allow for the movement
of the jib.
The capacity of the jib depends on the structural
capacity of the jib or stability of the crane. Both
shall be calculated and the net capacity shall be the
lower of the two. The method of calculation is
shown on manufacturers load charts and in
standard craning texts.
Only cranes specifically designed to use their boom
and jib simultaneously shall be used in this manner.
13.4.2 Conditions Affecting Crane Capacity
The following factors shall be considered to determine the
WLL of a crane: (refer to Figure 13-4 Safe Working Factors)
a Crane Levelling
Load chart capacities on outriggers are based on
the crane being level. Prior to any lift, the crane
machinery deck shall be level to within 0.5°
(10 mm/m or about 3/32 in/ft).
Cranes on tires have separate load charts. Prior to
lifting on tires and crawlers, the crane shall be level
to within the limits specified by the manufacturer.
A spirit level should be used to check that the
crane is level.
When levelling a crane, check for level in two
directions, 90° apart. If making a series of lifts,
level shall be checked periodically.

377
b Radius
Load charts are based on load radius. An increase
in radius will increase stresses in the crane at high
boom angles (structural range of chart) and reduce
stability of the crane at low boom angles.
For all lifts, the maximum radius of the lift shall be
known. Mobile crane load charts are based on this
measurement and any errors may substantially
affect stress levels, rated capacity, and crane
stability.
If a load exceeds 75% of the load-chart capacity
for any boom angle, the crane radius shall be
measured exactly.
When heavy loads are lifted by boom cranes, the
radius may increase due to compression of the
earth or stretch of the boom suspension lines which
causes the boom to deflect forward. To help
control boom radius, the following steps apply:
1 Operators should initially boom-up to take the
load weight.
2 Lifts shall not be made beyond the boom-tip as
this tends to draw the boom forward.
3 Rotation shall be started and stopped gradually
to avoid side loading the boom.
4 Slow swing speeds shall be used to prevent loads
from swinging beyond the allowable radius.
378
Figure 13-4
Safe Working Factors
c Load
The load on a mobile crane also includes hook
blocks, slings, rigging, etc., and any parts of the
load line not allowed for by the manufacturer.
For loads above 75% of the rated capacity of the crane
at any radius or boom angle, the load shall be
determined exactly. The lift shall involve site engineering
and may meet the criteria for a Critical Lift.
The total load on a crane is equal to the static load
plus the dynamic load:
1 The static load is the gross load when stationary.
2 The dynamic load is caused by sudden lifting,
stopping, or swinging.
379
3 The dynamic load may increase the total load by
up to 100%.
4 Smooth crane operation will reduce the dynamic
load.
d Outriggers
Load chart capacities provided by manufacturers
may be based on outriggers fully or partially
extended or on rubber tires. If a manufacturers
load chart for partially extended outriggers does
not exist for the device, outriggers shall not be
partially extended for a lift. Deviations from
manufacturers load charts shall have site
engineering approval.
CAUTION
When span blocking or corner blocking is used, an
outrigger float may fail at half of its design load.
Ground bearing pressure generated by crane
outriggers is high, which will cause soft soil to
deflect or yield, therefore, blocking pads shall be
used under outrigger floats to distribute crane
loads over as large an area as possible.
1 Soil load bearing capacities shall be determined.
(refer to Table 13-1 Approximate Soil Bearing
Values)
2 Two or more pads shall be placed under
outriggers in off-road situations.
3 A minimum of one pad per outrigger shall be
used on pavement or concrete.
4 Manufacturers recommendations shall be
followed.
380
A large percentage of a crane and loads total
weight may be transmitted to one outrigger.
Therefore blocking pads should be fairly rigid,
tightly spaced, and at least three times larger in
area than the float and should completely support
the float.
Blocking pads shall be level to guarantee a right
angle between the cylinder and float.
e Counterweight
Manufacturers recommendations for
counterweights shall be followed.
f Gantry Height
Load charts are determined with the crane gantry
in a specified position. The gantry shall not be
lowered as this increases compressive stress on the
boom.
g Boom Foot Mounting
On a crane provided with more than one boom
foot mounting position, the position specified on
load charts shall be used.
h Boom Stops
Boom stops shall be installed and be operative.
When operating at high boom angles, a sudden
release of the load may otherwise throw the boom
backward.

381
i Multi-Part Load Line Reeving
Rigging should be symmetrical and the lines should
not cross.
Boom tips shall not be reeved to take a load on
one side, since this twists the boom (refer to Figure
13-5 Examples of Balanced Reeving Methods).
j Side Loading
Side loading is extremely dangerous. It may be
caused by erratic swinging and stopping, incorrect
levelling of the crane, eccentric reeving, wind
effects on the load and boom surfaces, or lifting a
load that is not plumb.
Cranes shall be positioned and operated to
minimize side loading on all lifts regardless of
rated chart capacity.
On any load above 75% of the rated chart
capacity of a crane, reeving of the boom tip and
load block shall be balanced.
k Jerking and Swinging
Erratic operation of a crane shall be avoided. Rapid
acceleration or deceleration when lifting, lowering or
swinging a load, increases stresses in load-supporting
components and reduces stability of a crane.
Production operations such as concrete placing shall
be carried out at a de-rated crane capacity.
l Pile Driving
When cranes are used for pile driving, the normal
methods of calculating load and radius shall be
observed.
382
Cranes equipped with hydraulic booms shall not be
used for pile driving, since the boom cylinder may
be damaged.
To prevent side loading, piles shall not be dragged
with a crane.
m Weather Conditions
The effect of wind on a mobile or gantry crane is
not allowed for in the load charts. Mobile cranes
are particularly affected by wind pressure on the
load. Manufacturer limitations shall be observed,
where available.
Many types of steel lose their elastic properties and
become more brittle at lower temperatures, making
them more likely to fail from stress concentrations
at minor defects such as nicks and under load
shock or impact loads. Heavy loads should be
scheduled to occur at moderate temperatures,
unless the type of steel in the crane is known to
have good low-temperature characteristics.
If the groove of a sheave or drum fills with ice, it
could cause a rope to jump out of position, with
serious consequences.
Freezing rain and snow accumulation on the
surface of the crane boom and jib increases the
loading due to both weight and extra surface
exposed to the wind. These have not been included
in load charts.
Work should be deferred to more suitable weather
conditions when the ice deposits will have dropped
off or been removed from the machine. Note that
falling pieces of ice form a hazard themselves.

383
13.5 Overhauling Weights and Swivels
WARNING
Overhauling weights not meeting the requirements below
have resulted in accidents, personnel injuries and death.
a Overhauling weights are also known as headache
balls, downhaul weights or hook weights.
1 When overhauling weights are selected, the type
and location of swivels are factors that may affect
the life and breaking strength of the wire rope
used.
2 Overhauling weights used on the cable of a crane
or similar hoisting device shall:
not be split
be prevented from sliding up or down the cable
be securely attached to the load hook and cable
b Swivels substantially isolate a load from torque in the
wire rope or system and reduce the hazard of a sling
spinning the overhauling weight as the load is taken
up or released.
swivels use appropriate anti-friction bearings that
are designed to rotate freely under the maximum
rated load for which the swivel was designed.
swivel hooks orientate the hook during rigging
operations. Hook swivels that use plain bearings
are designed to rotate only when the hook is not
loaded.
384
c A swivel is used on single part lines to isolate the
rotation of a load from Rotation Resistant Wire
Rope (RRWR) and to maintain the ropes lay and
balance of inner and outer strand layers of RRWR.
d When load rotation is prevented by tag lines or
guides, swivels are not required on single part lines of
RRWR because the load prevents rotation of the wire
rope terminal end.

385
13.6 Planning Crane Lifts
a Crane lift planning requires an understanding of the
conditions affecting the following:
choice of crane type
knowledge of manufacturers load charts
the steps involved to arrive at the net capacity of
the crane
b Crane capacities are based on the following:
machine weight
stability
hydraulic pressure
the strength of components
c The main factors which affect lifting of a load are as
follows:
load weight, including load blocks, slings and
hardware
shape of the load
height to which the load is to be raised
final position of the load when raised
load ratio
overhead obstructions
limits of approach
any other unique circumstance
386
d There is a difference between rated capacity, actual
strength of a crane and crane stability. The gross
capacity of the crane is shown on the manufacturers
load chart. The method of calculating net capacity
varies. Information on all Bruce Power cranes is
available from the Crane Crew and the RSE for
Cranes and Hoists.
1 On load charts, strength and stability refers to:
Strength: When a structural component of a
crane will fail.
Stability: A crane will tip over when overloaded.
2 Cranes shall not be operated by the seat of the
pants method to check for stability.
3 Cranes may fail structurally before tipping.
4 Cranes showing signs of tipping may already be
overloaded.
5 The following must be known:
maximum load radius
boom length and configuration required; boom
angle
jib length and offset
gross load
parts of line required
any specific limitations
lifting capacity of boom-jib combinations
lift from main boom
lift from main boom with jib attached
lift from jib

387
13.7 Planning Dual Lifts
a Crane capacities are based on freely suspended and
balanced loads. Dual lifts are complex and
potentially dangerous. The following factors shall be
considered when planning dual lifts:
1 All dual lifts shall be thoroughly planned, by a
qualified person, as an engineered lift.
2 A dual lift may be considered a critical lift,
depending on lift details.
3 A job plan including a rigging print, shall be
prepared.
4 The plan shall include the following:
load calculation
crane selection
ground preparation
crane hook up
crane movements
initial and final position
b Whenever possible, cranes of similar characteristics
should be used.
c Cranes and rigging shall have a capacity greater than
its calculated share of the load. For example, each
crane shall have at least a capacity of 100% of the
whole load at that radius.
d When a lifting beam is used on a dual lift:
1 Beams may be designed to share a load in
proportion to the cranes capacity (refer to
Figure 13-8 Dual Lift With Lifting Beam).

388
2 Beams shall remain level, in Figure 13-7 Tilted
Lifting Beam, as the beam tilts, the load shifts
toward one crane.
e If a lifting beam is not used in a dual lift, any
variation from level will throw additional weight
onto one of the cranes. Rigging shall not be attached
below C of G (refer to Figure 13-5 Dual Lift Without
Lifting Beam).
NOTE
For further information on dual lifts, the Construction
Safety Associations Mobile Crane Handbook or
Mobile Craning Today from OETIO should be consulted.
Figure 13-5
Dual Lift Without Lifting Beam

389
Figure 13-6
Dual Lift With Lifting Beam
Figure 13-7
Tilted Lifting Beam
390
13.9 Warning Notices
a Danger - Keep Clear - Swing Area signs shall be
displayed on the exterior of the crane at all times.
b Keep Clear - Working Near Live Apparatus signs
shall be displayed on the exterior of the crane when
working near live lines or apparatus.
c A notice giving the following instructions shall be
placed in crane cabs:
1 Limits of approach to live apparatus.
2 The crane shall be grounded when working in the
vicinity of live apparatus.
3 The crane shall not be moved in the vicinity of live
apparatus without aid of a signaler.
d Counterweight rotation clearances shall be
maintained as follows:
1 A minimum two foot clearance shall be maintained
as a passageway between any solid or fixed object
and the counter-weight.
2 Where a two foot clearance cannot be maintained,
a passageway shall be roped off and posted with a
No Passage or Swing Area sign.
392
13.10 Soil Bearing Capacity
a Soil pressure in the SI metric system is expressed in
kilopascals, where a Pascal is a pressure of one
Newton per square metre. For practical rigging
purposes, mass per unit area in megagrams (metric
tonnes) per square metre is a more useful ratio and is
used in this handbook. All values are approximate.
b When a lift is made over the corner of a crane, the
maximum ground bearing pressure is exerted on the
corner outrigger, therefore larger outrigger pads may
be required.
c Conditions at the surface of the ground may not be
the same as below the surface.
d Table 13-1 Approximate Soil Bearing Values, may be
used as a guide to determine soil bearing values. If in
doubt, a lower value shall be used. Values from Table
13-1 may also be used to determine the size of
outrigger pads.
e If the water table is at or near the bearing surface in
granular soils, the load figures should be reduced by
50%.
CAUTION
Conditions may change unexpectedly. Frost may melt,
especially under outrigger pressure, thereby reducing
support. A few days of rain can drastically reduce soils
bearing values.
f If a crane remains in one place for an extended time,
outriggers shall be examined and reset if necessary.

393
Table 13-1
Approximate Soil Bearing Values
Material Tons per

Mg/m2 kPa
Sq. Ft.
1. Loose saturated sandy clay soils;

1 10 96
medium soft clay
2. Firm or stiff clay 1.5 15 140
3. Loose fine sand; medium compact sand;

1 10 96
inorganic silt soils
4. Compact sand-clay soils 3 30 290
5. Loose coarse to medium sand; medium

2 20 190
compact fine sand
6. Hard dry consolidated clay 5 50 480
7. Loose gravel and sandy gravel; very

5 50 480
compact sand and inorganic silt soils;
compact sand and gravelly sand
8. Soft rock 8 80 770
9. Compact gravel and boulder gravel

10 100 960
formations; very compact sandy gravel
10. Hard pan overlying rock 12 120 1150
11. Medium hard rock 40 390 3830
394
13.11 Crane Inspection
a Logbooks and inspection records shall be kept for
examination by the Ministry of Labour in accordance
with OHSA regulations. The periodic inspection of
cranes together with a suitable log book form a
permanent record of crane inspection, servicing,
replacement of components, and overhauls.
b Periodic and pre-use inspections shall be carried out
and logged before operating Mobile or Boom Truck
Cranes following Bruce Power instructions.

395
13.12 Rental and Contractor Cranes
13.12.1 Rental Crane
a It is preferable to rent a crane with an operator,
however, for a crane rental without an operator, the
following applies:
1 All provisions of this handbook shall apply as
though the crane was owned by Bruce Power.
Inspection and maintenance is the responsibility of
Bruce Power.
2 At the time of rental, following site procedures, the
supervisor responsible for the work shall obtain a
Safety Certificate from the owner certifying that
the equipment has been inspected and is
satisfactory for use at its rated load. The certificate
shall contain the same information as Bruce
Powers inspection check sheet.
b For a crane rental with an operator, the following
applies:
1 For cranes rented with an operator, all provisions
of this handbook shall apply as though the crane
was owned by Bruce Power, except the
requirements for inspection and maintenance
which remains the responsibility of the crane
owner. Bruce Power, however must be satisfied that
the owner is aware of and is carrying out their
responsibilities.
2 At the time of rental, following site procedures, the
supervisor responsible for the work shall obtain a
Safety Certificate from the owner certifying that the
equipment has been inspected and is satisfactory for
use at its rated load. The certificate shall contain
the same information as a Bruce Power check sheet.

396
3 The supervisor has the right to reject a crane if it is
suspected to be defective. No Bruce Power
employee is expected to undertake a detailed
inspection of any supplier-owned or contractor-
owned crane, except as provided in Section 13.14.
4 During the course of the cranes use, the Supervisor
of Lift shall:
Be satisfied the crane is receiving regular
inspection and required maintenance.
If not satisfied with the inspection and
maintenance of the crane, notify supervisor.
If not satisfied that the crane is safe, or the
operator competent, stop the cranes use and
notify supervisor.
13.12.2 Contractors Crane
a For cranes used by contractors or sub-contractors on
their own work, all provisions of Section 13.14 shall
apply.
b A Bruce Power representative shall be the Contract
Administrator or delegate. Requirements should be
written into the contract document and shall be
rigorously enforced.

397
13.14 Pre-Use Inspections And
Operational Checks For
Mobile Cranes
a Prior to using a mobile crane, the crane operator
shall perform a pre-use inspection according to the
following list and make a crane log entry to record
the inspection and inspection results.
NOTE
All checks listed below may not pertain to the crane
being operated, operator shall check the manufacturers
manual for the type of crane.
1 Check the following:
if there is a warning sign on the switch or engine
starting controls, do not operate the crane
logbook
crane Periodic Inspection date
inspection date on crane fire extinguisher
load chart (to stay within capacity)
location and procedure for emergency shut down

399
2 Visually check the following: (where applicable)
radiator coolant level
engine oil level
fuel level
hydraulic oil level
engine oil pressure
engine coolant temperature
battery charging amperage
hydrostatic transmission temperature
general condition of tires (proper inflation)
HIAB mounting hoses, oil level and general defects
crane for loose pins and physical damage
condition of sheaves and load line retainers
load line and hook for damage
other usual circle checks for the vehicle
3 Test operate the following: (where applicable)
warning lights
parking brake
hydrostatic transmission control switch
accelerator
power steering
anti-two-block system
backup alarm
chassis for normal operation

400
4 Perform the following: (where applicable)
ground vehicle if necessary
set wheel chocks if required
engage PTO and set RPM
observe boom operation for normal power
and speed
place warning signs or cones
place blocking for outriggers
extend and lower outriggers
level vehicle and raise the tires clear of the
ground
b If problems are noted during the pre-use inspection
the operator shall enter details in the crane log and
notify the Supervisor of Lift.
c If a defect affects the safe operation of the crane the
operator shall remove the crane from service,
following site procedures, and hang a warning sign.

401
13.15 Mobile Crane Operation
a Crane operators shall observe practices outlined in
this section in conjunction with those listed in
Sections 3.0, Rigging and Lifting Practices and 4.0,
General Craning Considerations.
b No one shall be on or under the machine chassis of a
mobile crane at any time when the engine is running
or when the operator is at the controls.
c Operator shall perform the following:
know the weight of the load
fasten seat belt if supplied
check swing area and overhead clearance
check for overhead obstructions when travelling
the crane
ensure the hook is secured when travelling the
crane without a load
on pick and carry loads, secure the load with the
boom as low as possible
ensure that it is safe to travel on floor gratings and
hatches
with rear wheel steering, rear-end swing shall be
taken into account when cornering
always set the emergency brake before leaving the cab
ensure a minimum of three wraps of cable remain
on the drum. (Broderson recommends five wraps of
cable remain on the drum of some models)
check manufacturers recommendations for crane
being used
operate controls smoothly and gradually to avoid
abrupt, jerky movements of the load

402
d Operator shall observe the following restrictions:
do not travel with the boom cylinder bottomed out
as damage may result
never shift from forward to reverse without coming
to a complete stop
do not travel a crane with a load unless it has a
pick and carry rating
never leave the controls when the load is in the
raised position
as the boom is extended, the hook block rises and
may jam at the boom head (this is known as two
blocking and shall be avoided)

403
13.16 Shut Down Procedure
To shut down a mobile crane, the operator shall follow
manufacturers recommendations and should perform the
following:
1 Remove the load.
2 Stow the boom.
3 Raise outriggers and pick up blocking.
4 If crane has been heavily worked, let the engine cool
off before shutting down.
5 Remove electrical grounds, if used.
6 Disengage the PTO.
7 Park in designated parking areas, clear of doorways
and fire routes.
8 Apply the parking brake.
9 Turn off fuel, if required.
404
14.0 Critical Hoisting Operations
14.1 Critical Lift Determination
14.2 Critical Lift Requirements and Planning
14.3 Pre-Lift Meeting
14.4 Critical Lift Performance
Critical Hoisting Operations

405
14.1 Critical Lift Determination
a The decision to designate a particular hoisting
operation as a critical lift shall be a line management
decision in keeping with the principles in
BP-PROC-00586, Control of Lifting Activities and
this handbook. The RSE may be consulted if required.
The work group supervisor who has responsibility for
the item to be lifted has the authority to designate the
lift be handled as a critical lift.
b A lift shall be designated as a critical lift if any of the
following conditions are met:
lifts involving man baskets or other personnel lifts
lifts where the load must be worked on while
suspended (this also requires an engineered lift)
lifts that require the use of more than one hoist
(i.e. to drift a load)
lifts that require a crane and attachment to a
structural support
lifts that require 2 or more cranes
lifts where the C of G is above the attachment
points
engineered lifts (rigger skill level to be part of the
engineered lift assessment)
lifts where a safety interlock must be bypassed (an
upper or lower limit for example)
blind lifts or lifts where no radio communication is
possible or lifts involving more than one signaller
(if the second signaller is there for the sole purpose
of keeping the lift area clear, this is not sufficient
for a critical lift classification on its own)

406
lifts where the object being lifted has a high
potential to get stuck leading to a dead lift
lifts at 75% or more of the safe working load of
the crane or rigging, including overload tests
lifts where the C of G could potentially change
(such as tanks or open vessels partially full of a
liquid or granular solid such as sand or salt)
lifts where the load must be rotated vertically
lifts where the sling angle of any sling is less than
45° or the total included angle of the rigging (any
two slings connected together) is less than 90° in
any plane
lifts into or out of water (this does not include
repetitive fuel handling lifts of spent fuel performed
by fuel handling operators)
lifts of an object more than twice the width of the
trolley or 25% of the span of the bridge in size
(large, potentially awkward objects that might be
difficult to control if the load started swinging)
lifts of an object with a replacement value that
severely impact economics (i.e. with a replacement
value of more than $500,000 or a lead time of
greater than 12 months)
lifts over energized equipment such as steam lines,
power lines, electrical switchgear, compressed
gasses or safety related equipment that may
become energized
lifts of explosive, flammable or highly
contaminated/radioactive loads

407
lifts where loss of control could lead to a Category
C spill or exposure to a controlled substance
lifts of an object with no pre-engineered
attachment point and no logical choker location
lifts that require the use of adjustable rigging for
the purpose of clearing obstructions (this does not
include lifts using adjustable rigging for the
purpose of balancing a load)
lifts that involve verifying the weight or Centre of
Gravity of a load through a test lift
408
14.2 Critical Lift Requirements
and Planning
a Rigging plans for critical lifts not included in
maintenance procedures shall be documented. This shall
be a minimum of Form-12293, Safe Lift Form, plus an
Engineering Decision memo (EDM). Critical lift
documents should be prepared as soon as possible to
provide sufficient time for development, review and
approval.
b The First Line Manager shall ensure that only
competent and knowledgeable personnel who are
qualified to the appropriate level are assigned to critical
lifts. A least one rigger shall be a Master Rigger.
c The Supervisor of Lift shall ensure that a critical lift
plan or maintenance procedure is prepared that
defines the operation and includes the following:
1 Description of the lift and reason(s) for critical
designation.
2 Identification of the following:
items to be moved
load dimensions, and centre of gravity location
total weight to be lifted including load blocks
and rigging equipment
any hazardous or toxic materials that are present
3 Identification of hoisting equipment to be used by
type and rated capacity.
4 Rigging instructions and sketches that include the
following (as applicable):
identification and rated capacity of all hardware,
slings and rigging accessories

409
load-indicating devices
lifting points
sling angles and softeners
boom and swing angles
methods and location of attachment
crane orientations
other factors affecting equipment capacity
5 The load path shall be defined on Form-12293, Safe
Lift Form.
6 For mobile cranes, plan and elevation sketches
showing the intended load path, potential
obstructions and the location and clearance of the
crane and load.
7 Operating procedures and special instructions to
operators including rigging precautions and safety
measures to be followed as applicable.
d If required by the critical lift procedure, a practice lift
shall be done before the critical lift. Conditions for a
practice lift should closely simulate actual conditions
involving: weight, rigging selection and
configuration, load movement path, and other
relevant factors. Practice lifts should be done by the
same crew, using the same lifting equipment.
e Periodic inspection of rigging components used to
perform critical lifts should include non-destructive
evaluation.
f All lifting devices used in the lift shall be in date and
shall have a thorough examination before, during and
after the lift as per the instructions in this handbook.

410
14.3 Pre-Lift, Pre-Job Briefing Meeting
a The critical lift plan or maintenance procedure shall
be reviewed with all individuals engaged in the
hoisting operation at a pre-lift meeting led by the
First Line Manager/Supervisor of the Work Group
performing the lift.
b During the pre-lift meeting, line management shall
ensure the following:
1 All lift personnel are identified and their
responsibilities are clearly understood.
2 Job safety analysis and personnel qualifications are
reviewed.
3 All questions pertaining to the lift are resolved.
4 All involved in the lift shall sign Form-12293, Safe
Lift Form, to indicate agreement with the plan.
5 The EDM or other engineering documents (such as
calculations or drawings) shall be affixed to Form-
12293, Safe Lift Form.
6 Present the Lift Plan to the Shift Manager for
concurrence.

411
14.4 Critical Lift Performance
a Prior to the lift, the Supervisor of Lift shall perform
the following:
1 Control the lift to prevent inadvertent access to lift
area.
2 Appoint appropriate safety person(s) to perform
the following:
escort the load
keep the intended path of travel clear
monitor the safe work area
3 Physically ensure evacuation of all effected lift
areas is complete.
4 If applicable, ensure all visual and audible alarms
are activated.
5 Ensure rigging has been inspected and installed
correctly.
6 Ensure an appropriate communication system is in
place and tested.
7 If applicable, have a site PA announcement made
regarding the lift location, areas to be avoided and
possible evacuation requirements.
412
b The Supervisor of Lift shall be present at the lift site
during the entire lifting operation and shall ensure
the following:
1 Signal person shall have no other duties while the
load is in the raised position.
2 The load is escorted by the safety person(s) to keep
intended path of travel clear of personnel and
obstructions.
c Upon completion of the critical lift, the Supervisor of
Lift shall ensure the following:
1 If applicable, a PA announcement is made to notify
staff that the lift has been completed.
2 Rigging is inspected for visible damage and signs of
over loading.
3 If rigging equipment has been damaged, it is
removed from service and an incident report shall
be filed.
4 The critical lift plan or maintenance procedure
shall be completed and filed.

413
414 Notes
Notes
415
416 Notes
© 2009 Bruce Power L.P.
Unpublished work, all rights reserved
CS5552r1 Oct 09

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Rigging and Lifting

For Bruce site use only

Neither Bruce Power, Ontario Power Generation Inc., nor

any person acting on their behalf, makes any representation

or warranty, express or implied, with respect to the use of

any information, data, procedures, practices or

recommendations contained in this handbook; or assumes

any liabilities with respect to the use of, or for damages

resulting from the use of, any such information, data,

This handbook is FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY, to be used

only by Bruce Power staff and contractors and is not to be

released or disclosed to external parties without the express

written permission of Bruce Power. Contractors using this

handbook while performing activities for Bruce Power must

return the book to their contract supervisor upon exit.

2.0 Personnel Requirements

3.0 Rigging and Lifting Practices

4.0 General Craning Considerations

5.0 Wire Rope

6.0 Fibre Rope

8.0 Fittings and Hardware

10.0 Rigging Tools and Devices

11.0 Anchor Points and Non-Standard Lifting

12.0 Travelling Overhead Bridge and Gantry

13.0 Road Mobile, Rough Terrain and Crawler

14.0 Critical Hoisting Operations

1.0 Lifting and Rigging Handbook

Rigging and Lifting are a big part of maintenance and

operations activities at Bruce Power. This handbook is

intended to provide guidance to all potential users.

This revision was printed in 2009, and includes extensive

revisions throughout the document.

This handbook must remain relevant. It shall be reviewed

for content every five years or sooner, if necessary due to

changes in legislation. Any requests for revision should be

referred to the Rigging and Lifting Program Owner in

Technical inquiries or concerns regarding the Rigging and

Lifting Handbook should be directed to the Bruce Power

System Engineer, Cranes and Hoists.

This handbook is recommended to supervisors and workers

directly engaged in rigging and lifting. It outlines guidelines

Thanks are due to a number of individuals and organizations

who have provided permission to use material from their

publications in this handbook. Of special note are the

Construction Safety Association of Ontario, EPRI (Electrical

Power Research Institute), Ontario Power Generation,

Unirope, The Crosby Group and Mike Riggs, author of The

Complete Riggers Reference Handbook (www.riggsafe.com).

Revised by: _________________________________

Rebecca Ellis, FLM, Maintenance Programs

Verified by: _____________________________________

Fred Wolsey, Senior Technical Engineer

Approved by: ____________________________________

David Khan, VP, Nuclear Operations Support

The Occupational Health and Safety Act and Selected

Regulations for Construction Projects and Industrial

Establishments provide the minimum standards that concern

rigging and hoisting operations.

It must be noted that Rigging and Lifting activities are

traditionally viewed by the Ministry of Labour (MOL) as

construction type activities. This in turn means MOL

usually applies the most stringent standards available when

interpreting the Act and Regulations.

c Notwithstanding this handbooks contents, work

f In this document, the word shall indicates

mandatory actions, the word should indicates a

practices, and the word may indicates

Bruce Power Safety Rules

BP-PROC-00587, Inspection Requirements for

BP-PROC-00586, Control of Lifting Activities

BP-PROC-00544, Material Handling

Trades Qualification and Apprenticeship Act R.R.O.

Trades Qualification and Apprenticeship Act R.R.O.

OHSA and Regulations for Construction Projects (O.

OHSA and Regulations for Industrial Establishments

Construction Safety Association of Ontario Rigging

Construction Safety Association of Ontario: Mobile

Operating Engineers Training Institute of Ontario

CSA B167-96, Safety Standard For Maintenance and

CSA G4-00 Steel Wire Rope for General Purpose and

CAN/CSA-Z150-98, Safety Code for Mobile Cranes

CAN/CSA-Z259.10-M90, Full Body Harness