dlf ficult to identlfy the four individua/ colls.
as unipolar devices) lt is straightforward to
((e sfurtwr'ft| ftte ffieas(emen(o(ftte resrs(
ance between allthe differently coloured
ivires and make a note of them in a list (see
the example in Figure 2). Next, find all pairs
of wires that have the lowest resistance
between them and call those Rx ...O. The
resistance values of the other combinations
aren't important.
Measurements: yellow/red = Rx...Q
blue/red = Rx...O
white/red = Rx...Q
brown/red = Rx...o
From this example it appears that the red wire
isthe common one (COM). Two pairs of coils
make up the A-B phase and the C-D phase. To
find out which ones belong together we con-
nect a small AC voltage to one of the coils, if
need be via a series resistor to limit the cur-
rent. ln this example we chose yellow/red.
Now use the AC voltmeter to measure the volt-
age across the remaining coils. The coilwhere
we measure the largest voltage will be the one
that forms one phase in conjunction with the
yellow/red coil. lt's not important whetherwe
call this the A-B phase or C-D phase.
For a motor with 5 wires (both bipolar as well
Zapper for Electrothera py
o)@
Jac Hettema (The Netherlands)
A zapper is a device that is often used in alter-
native medicine. This device is a so-called
electronic bioresonance pulse generator,
elel<tor 7/8-zoro
order to connect the coils in pairs and in the
rilen (rfy (rte rhdrtndua/co rk. 4garh, g(e meas-
ure the resistance between allcoloured wires
and put them in a list.
Measurements: yellow/red = Rx...O
red/brown = Rx...O
blue/black = Rx ...o
black/white = Rx...o
yellow/brown = 2Rx...O
blue/white = 2Rx ...Q
We find a low resistance value (Rx ...O) four
times and a higher resistance (2Rx...O) twice.
There is no connection between the two
phases (see Figure 3). From this it can be seen
that yellow/red/brown is one phase with red
as common, and blue/black/white is the sec-
ond phase with black as common. For bipo-
lar use the 2Rx connections are used and the
common wire is left unconnected.
For a motor with 8 wires (both bipolar as
well as unipolar devices) it is quite difficult to
determine the correct order of the four coils
in the two phases. As for the other motors,
we start with the resistance measurements
and put them in a list, which will make clear
whatthe individualcoils are (see Figure 4). ln
THR
tc2.A
TR OUT
DIS
CNTR
which generates a square wave at a partic-
ular frequency. This signal is applied to the
human body via hand or wrist electrodes,
causing a minute current to flow through the
body. This is claimed to l<ill bacteria, viruses
co rrec( p ft a se, 01e wh dir g dr?ec ftb n o fe acrl
coil has to be determined. To do this, con-
nect the transformer to one of the coils and
measure the voltage across the other coils
with the AC voltmeter. The coil that shows
the largest voltage will be the one that forms
one phase in conjunction with the coil con-
nected to the transformer. To find out if the
coils are connected in phase, the coils are
connected in series and the transformer is
connected across one coil. First measure
the voltage across the powered coil and then
across both coils in series.
There are two possible outcomes: The volt-
age across the series connection is about
twice that across the single coil, or it's almost
zero. The correct series connection is the one
where the voltage is highest. For bipolar use
you should connect the two coils for each
phase in series or parallel, since that results
in the maximum torque from the motor.
(o9o4zo)
Literature
'Stepper Motors Uncovered',
Flel<tor November & December 2003
and other parasites in the body, and to boost
the immune system.
After reading the relevant parts in the hand-
book for self-health by Dr. Hulda Clark and
looking at the signal generated by such a
device, the author designed a cheap DIY ver-
sion ofsuch a zapper.
This design is significantly cheaper than the
commercially available devices. As far as its
effectiveness is concerned, there are various
claims and counter-claims put forward, all for
what it's worth. At least with this design you
can try it for yourself at little cost, in any case
a lot less than if you decided to buy a ready-
made zapper.
This zapper outputs a square wave signal the zapper turns itself off, since output Q9
at the supply voltage of 9 V in series with a (pin 1 ) of lC2 then goes high. This stops the
resistor of 1 ko. This means that the maxi- base current in T1, which turns off the supply
mum output current can never exceed 9 mA voltage to the circuit via T2.
(when short-circuited), which keeps it safe The ground and output connection (R1 ) of
to use. The frequency varies between about the circuit are connected to the body via two
28 kHz and 75k{z. C3 is charged up via a con- hand or wrist electrodes (in the simplest case
stant current source so thatthe change in fre- these could be two pieces of bare wire). For
quency is fairly linear. The LED used in the con- safety reasons the circuit should only be pow-
stant current circuit doubles as the 'on' indica- eredfroma9Vbattery.
tor for the device. After about eight minutes (oqoo3o)

Six-way Switch
fl"
tcl.c
Kees van het Hoff (The Netherlands) output level to toggle. The 10 nF capacitor
The 40106 is a versatile CMOS lC containing determines the output state after the supply

-f}" tct.D
trigger inverters. lt can be used
six Schmitt
to implement a set of alternating-action
switches with hardware contact bounce
voltage is switched on. You can connect it to
the supply voltage rail or the ground rail as
required. lfyou hold the button pressed, the
tc1.E

tc1.B
'f i"
+ -Eh- suppression. output signalwill be a square wave with a fre-
quency determined by the RC time constant,
Aside from one gate of the lC, all you need which is approximately 1 second.
:tr}. lc1.F
for each switch is a pushbutton, a resistor
and two capacitors. lt works as follows. The You may experiment with the component val-
1 pF capacitor at the output is charged or dis- ues if you wish.
lCl = 40106N charged via a 1 MO resistor, depending on the (roo;az-l)

output level ofthe inverter.

100342 - 1 1
Pressing the button causes the input level of
the gate to change, which in turn causes the

Front Panel Design Program

Henk van Zwam (The Netherlands)
Everybody who builds their own equipment
will come across this problem at some stage:
How can I create the layout for a decent front 100 - 500 i i00 - 1700
panel? Plain text can be positioned in the right
place using a word processor, but scales for .?G,.?.
potentiometers, rotary switches and variable t, r rfr, 418
t480 753
180

capacitors are a different matter. ,{ \,,/ \.

j" t573 57?
{50 130

For several years there has been a great Pro-

,\\{\{ /,,\ '10
485t660
{l roo

0' 0 10 43?

gram that can solve these problems: Galva LF Lcvel HF Lcvel

500
Frcqucncy
090

(version 1.85). lt is freeware and originates En , hi Modul.ton HF Ouput Fmr On

from France, but also offers an English lan-

guage user interface. lt also has an extensive
-
(H -
e (+--.F -

help section. The design can be printed on

any printer, using paper or a transParency,
depending on the printer used. I .-.--.f

The program is really a type of programming
environment: The user writes a number of
commands with parameters that result in the
drawing when the F4 key is pressed. The pro-
gram has two windows: a graphicalwindow
for the drawing and a text window where the because you know the reasons for issuing a
commands are typed in. lt doesn't have the specific command. Logos (signs) etc can be
usual graphical interface that we expect with imported and all fonts and symbols present
most drawing programs. However, it doesn't in Windows can be used. lt almost goes with-
take long to learn how to use this Program out saying that colours can be used.

52 718-zolo elektor