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Introduction to Multiphase Flows Part #1

Classification of Multiphase Flows

Presentation · January 2017

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.32697.98408

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Multiphase Flows

Simulation of bubbly flow between parallel plates. Turbulent

structures are shown in yellow and cyan; bubbles are shown in
light gray.
Dr. Mohammad Jadidi Image Credit: Igor Bolotnov
(Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering)
Jadidi.cfd@gmail.com

https://ir.linkedin.com/in/moammad-jadidi-03ab8399
Multiphase Flows What is Multiphase Flows?

Multi-phase flows is simply any fluid flow

system consisting of:

 Two or more distinct phases flowing simultaneously in

mixture, and
 Have some level of phase separation at a scale well above the
molecular level
Note:
In multiphase flow, a phase can be defined For example, different-sized solid particles
as an identifiable class of material that has a of the same material can be treated as
particular inertial response to and different phases because each collection of
interaction with the flow and the potential particles with the same size will have a
field in which it is immersed. similar dynamical response to the flow field

Presented by: Mohammad Jadidi 2

Multiphase Flows Classification of Multiphase Flows

Multiphase flow regimes can be grouped into

four categories:

1. Gas-Liquid or Liquid-Liquid Flows

2. Gas-Solid Flows

3. Liquid-Solid Flows

4. Three-Phase Flows

Presented by: Mohammad Jadidi 3

Multiphase Flows Classification of Multiphase Flows: Gas-Liquid or Liquid-Liquid Flows

 Bubbly flow: discrete gaseous or fluid bubbles in a continuous fluid.

 Droplet flow: discrete fluid droplets in a continuous gas.
 Slug flow: large bubbles in a continuous fluid.
 Stratified/free-surface flow: immiscible fluids separated by a clearly-defined
interface.
Bubbly flow Droplet flow Slug flow Stratified/free-surface flow

Black color: liquid phase , White color: gas phase

Presented by: Mohammad Jadidi 4

Multiphase Flows Classification of Multiphase Flows: Gas-Liquid Flows
Gas–liquid flows can, in principle, assume several different configurations.
 Dispersed Flows
 Mixed or transitional flows
 Separated flows

Classification of gas–liquid flows (adapted from Ishii & Hibiki, 2006).

Presented by: Mohammad Jadidi 5
Multiphase Flows Classification of Multiphase Flows: Gas-Liquid Flows
Multiphase Flow Regime Maps
A very important factor is the diameter of the flow line, if the liquid and gas flow rates
are kept constant and the flow line size is decreased from 4” to 3”, both the superficial gas
and liquid velocities will increase by a factor 16/9. Hence, in the two-phase flow map this
point will move up and right along the diagonal to a new position. This could cause a
change in flow regime, e.g. changing from bubbly flow to slug flow or changing from
slug flow to annular flow

A generic two-phase
vertical flow map

NOTE: See appendix for more

examples of flow regime maps

Presented by: Mohammad Jadidi 6

Multiphase Flows Classification of Multiphase Flows: Gas-Liquid Flows

Flow Regimes in Vertical Pipe Configuration

Presented by: Mohammad Jadidi 7

Multiphase Flows Classification of Multiphase Flows: Gas-Solid Flows

Gas–solid flow, identified as gas–solid or

gas–droplet flows, is concerned with the
motion of suspended solid or droplet in the
gas phase
The following regimes are gas-solid flows
 Particle-laden flow: This is flow of discrete particles in a
continuous gas.
 Pneumatic transport: This is a flow pattern that depends
on factors such as solid loading, Reynolds numbers, and
particle properties. Typical patterns are dune flow, slug
flow, and homogeneous flow.
 Fluidized bed: This consists of a vessel containing
particles, into which a gas is introduced through a
distributor. The gas rising through the bed suspends the
particles. Depending on the gas flow rate, bubbles appear
and rise through the bed, intensifying the mixing within
the bed.
Particle Laden Flow through Industrial Cyclone

Presented by: Mohammad Jadidi 8

Multiphase Flows Classification of Multiphase Flows: Gas-Solid Flows

4 ton/hour fluidized bed

incinerator for industrial wastes
Fluidization Regimes for Gas-Solid Suspension Flow
Presented by: Mohammad Jadidi 9
Multiphase Flows Classification of Multiphase Flows: Gas-Solid Flows

 Pneumatic transport: This is a

flow pattern that depends on
factors such as solid loading,
Reynolds numbers, and particle
properties. Typical patterns are
dune flow, slug flow, and
homogeneous flow.

Video: Low-Velocity, Dense-Phase Pneumatic Conveying System,

by Mactenn, mactenn.com

Presented by: Mohammad Jadidi 10

Multiphase Flows Classification of Multiphase Flows: Gas-Solid Flows

 Pneumatic transport: This is a

flow pattern that depends on
factors such as solid loading,
Reynolds numbers, and particle
properties. Typical patterns are
dune flow, slug flow, and
homogeneous flow.

VIDEO: semi dense phase pneumatic conveying of bulk material ((AZO Ltd.)

VIDEO: a simulation of a bulk material dilute phase pneumatic conveying (AZO Ltd.)

Presented by: Mohammad Jadidi 11

Multiphase Flows Classification of Multiphase Flows: Gas-Solid Flows

 Pneumatic transport:

Dense Phase - Full Pipeline Dense Phase - Bed Flow

• Pressure is higher Pressure is middling, lower than full dense phase.
• Material velocity is lowest Material velocity is mixed. Bed material moves slow.
• Material nearly fully fills pipe line Material above the moving bed is flowing above saltation velocity.

Dense Phase - Slug Flow Lean Phase (Dilute Phase)

dense phase dune flow Low pressure conveying
Pressure is higher Material moving at high velocity.
Material velocity remains quite low. All material is above saltation velocity, and is entrained in gas flow in pipe.
Material forms moving dunes as it is conveyed. Highest wearing conveying regime, also has high air consumption.

Presented by: Mohammad Jadidi 12

Multiphase Flows Classification of Multiphase Flows: Gas-Solid Flows

Depending on the particle number density, Gas-Solid Flows can be characterized as

either being dilute or dense

 A dilute flow, is one in which the particle

motion is
controlled by the fluid forces (drag and lift)
 A dense flow, on the other hand, is one in
which the particle motion is controlled by
collisions

Presented by: Mohammad Jadidi 13

Multiphase Flows Classification of Multiphase Flows: Liquid-Solid Flows
Liquid–solid flow is the transport of solid particles in liquid

The following regimes are liquid-solid flows

Slurry flow: This flow is the transport of particles in liquids.

Hydrotransport: This describes densely-distributed solid

particles in a continuous liquid.

Sedimentation: This describes a tall column initially

containing a uniform dispersed mixture of particles. At the
bottom, the particles will slow down and form a sludge
layer. At the top, a clear interface will appear, and in the
middle a constant settling zone will exist.
Temporal evolution particle distribution
during gravity-dominated sedimentation.
Image Credit: (Center for Turbulence Research , Annual Research Briefs 2003)

Presented by: Mohammad Jadidi 14

Multiphase Flows Classification of Multiphase Flows: Liquid-Solid Flows
Slurry flow: This flow is the transport of particles in liquids.
In slurry flows, the Stokes number is normally less than 1.
VIDEO: Detailed large-eddy
simulation of a turbulent slurry
flow in a horizontal pipe with the
formation of a static bed at the
bottom.
Performed using NGA by Jesse
Capecelatro and Olivier
Desjardins.
Presented by: Mohammad Jadidi
The Stokes number gives a
measure of temporal correlation
between particle velocity and the
fluid velocity and is defined as
𝑺𝒕 = 𝝉𝒑 / 𝝉𝑭
 If St <<1, the particle response time is much
less than the characteristic time associated
with the flow field. In this case the particles will
have ample time to respond to changes in flow
velocity and, the particle and fluid velocities
will be nearly equal
 If St>>1, then the particle will have essentially
no time to respond to the fluid velocity changes
and the particle velocity will be little affected
by fluid velocity change
15
Multiphase Flows Classification of Multiphase Flows: Liquid-Solid Flows

Hydrotransport: This describes densely-distributed solid

particles in a continuous liquid.

Presented by: Mohammad Jadidi 16

Multiphase Flows Classification of Multiphase Flows: Three-phase flows

Three-phase flows are combinations of the other flow

regimes listed in the previous sections.

A trickle-bed reactor (TBR) is a chemical reactor that uses the downward

movement of a liquid and the downward (co-current) or upward (counter-current)
movement of gas over a packed bed of (catalyst) particles. It is considered to be
the simplest reactor type for performing catalytic reactions where a gas and
liquid (normally both reagents) are present in the reactor and accordingly it is
extensively used in processing plants. Typical examples are liquid-
phase hydrogenation, hydrodesulfurization, and hydrodenitrogenation in
refineries.

Presented by: Mohammad Jadidi 17

Multiphase Flows

Appendix

Presented by: Mohammad Jadidi 18

Multiphase Flows Examples of flow regime maps (Gas-Liquid Flows)

Flow regime map for the horizontal flow of an air/water mixture in a

Sketches of flow regimes for flow of air/water mixtures in a
5.1cm diameter pipe. Hatched regions are observed regime boundaries,
horizontal, 5.1cm diameter pipe. Adapted from Weisman (1983).
lines are theoretical predictions. Adapted from Weisman (1983).

Presented by: Mohammad Jadidi 19

Multiphase Flows Examples of flow regime maps (Vertical pipe flow)

A flow regime map for the flow of an air/water mixture

Sketches of flow regimes for two-phase flow in a vertical
in a vertical, 2.5cm diameter pipe showing the
experimentally observed transition regions hatched; pipe. Adapted from Weisman (1983).
adapted from Weisman (1983).

Presented by: Mohammad Jadidi 20

Multiphase Flows

It should be added that flow regime

information such as that presented in
previous slides appears to be valid both for
flows that are not evolving with axial
distance along the pipe and for flows, such
as those in boiler tubes, in which the
volume fraction is increasing with axial
position.

The evolution of the steam/water flow

in a vertical boiler tube.
Presented by: Mohammad Jadidi 21
Multiphase Flows Examples of flow regime maps (Slurry flow regimes)

When the particles are small so

that their settling velocity is much
less than the turbulent mixing
velocities in the fluid and when the
volume fraction of solids is low or
moderate, the flow will be well-
mixed. This is termed the
homogeneous flow regime

Flow regimes for slurry flow in a horizontal pipeline.

NOTE: Typically homogeneous flow regime only occurs in practical slurry pipelines when all the
particle sizes are of the order of tens of microns or less.

Presented by: Mohammad Jadidi 22

Multiphase Flows Examples of flow regime maps (Slurry flow regimes)

When particle sizes are larger than tens

of microns, vertical gradients will occur
in the concentration and the regime is
termed heterogeneous

When a packed bed develops, the

flow regime is known as a
saltation flow. In a saltation flow,
solid material may be transported
in two ways, either because the
bed moves or because material in
suspension above the bed is Flow regimes for slurry flow in a horizontal pipeline.
carried along by the suspending
fluid.

Presented by: Mohammad Jadidi 23

Multiphase Flows

End of part #1 Next part:

Thanks
Dr. Mohammad Jadidi
(Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering)
Jadidi.cfd@gmail.com

https://ir.linkedin.com/in/moammad-jadidi-03ab8399

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