Normal shock waves

In the previous topic, continuous flows were considered i.e. the

flow systems in which state changes take place gradually /
continuously. These processes can easily be identified and
plotted.
In many flow situations, finite disturbances can be encountered.
Even though changes in fluid properties are large, the thickness
of these disturbances is extremely small.
Typical thicknesses are on the order of a few mean free molecular
paths and thus they appear as discontinuities in the flow and are
called shock waves.
A shock wave represents an abrupt change in fluid properties in
which finite variations occur in pressure, temperature and density
in an infinitesimal thickness region.
Shock wave is only of a compression type. It is instantaneous and
irreversible. Due to the irreversibility the kinetic energy after
compression is less than isentropic compression.
Shockwave occurs in supersonic flow since supersonic flow
adjusts to the presence of the body by means of shock process.
Subsonic flow can adjust by gradual changes in properties.
The simplest case is when the flow properties change in one
direction only. Such shocks are called normal shocks. If plane of
discontinuity is inclined to the flow direction then it is oblique
shock.
Shock waves can be moving / propagating such as in case of
explosions.
cross section. Thus both the density and the velocity can be
brought out from under the integral sign.
If the surface is chosen perpendicular to V, the integral is very
simple to evaluate.
For steady, one-dimensional flow, the continuity equation for a
control volume becomes
If there is only one section where fluid enters and one section
where fluid leaves the control volume, continuity equation
becomes
An alternative form of the continuity equation can be obtained by
differentiating equation. For steady one-dimensional flow this
means that
Dividing by ρAV yields
Momentum Equation
The time rate of change of momentum of a fluid mass equals the
net force exerted on it.
The integral form of equation is
If there is only one section where fluid enters and one section
where fluid leaves the control volume steady one-dimensional
flow, the momentum equation for a control volume becomes:
Energy Equation
The first law of thermodynamics is a statement of conservation of
energy. For a system composed of a given quantity of mass that
undergoes a process, we say that
The transformed equation that is applicable to a control volume is