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AF
2
f
1 +
fH
Non-Inverting Configuration
▪ Steps of Designing
1. Choose value of fH, cut off frequency.
2. Select the value of C less than or equal to 1 μF
3. Calculate value of R from
1
R1 =
2f H C1
R2
4. Select value of R2 and R3 using AF = 1 +
R3
Example
▪ Design a low pass filter with cut-off frequency
1kHz and Pass band gain 2.
1. fH, cut off frequency= 1kHz
2. Select the value of C =0.01 μF
3. Calculate value of R from
1 1 1
R1 = = = = 15.9k
2f H C1 2x10 x0.01x10
3 −6
0.02x10 −3
V0 n 2
= 2
Vin s + 2 n s + n2
AF=1+(RF/R1)
Design Steps
▪ Choose value of High Cut-off frequency
▪ Consider R2=R3=R and C2=C3=C
▪ Choose value of C less than or equal to 1μF
▪ Calculate value
1 of R from
1 1
f = fH = = == R =
2 R3 R2c3c2 2RC 2f H C
Design Steps
▪ For guaranteed Butterworth response, A F=1.586
▪ AF=1+(RF/R1)=1.586➔ RF/R1=0.586➔RF=0.586R1
▪ Choose value of R1 ≤ 100 KΩ
Example:
▪ Design a second order low pass filter having cutoff
frequency 1 KHz.
Solution
▪ Assume that C1=C2=0.01μF
1
fH =
2RC
1 1 1000000
1000 = == R = =
2R(0.01 ) 2 1000(0.01 ) 2 (1000)(0.01)
R = 15.924 K
Solution (cont..)
▪ Now Gain AF=1.586
RF R
1 + = 1.586 == F = 0.586 == RF = 0.586 R1
R1 R1
R1 = 10 K
RF = 0.586 R1 = 58.6 K
Solution (cont..)
Solution (cont..)
▪ Now Gain AF=1.586
RF R
1 + = 1.586 == F = 0.586 == RF = 0.586 R1
R1 R1
R1 = 10 K
RF = 0.586 R1 = 58.6 K
Solution (cont..)
▪ Now Gain AF=1.586
RF R
1 + = 1.586 == F = 0.586 == RF = 0.586 R1
R1 R1
R1 = 10 K
RF = 0.586 R1 = 58.6 K
Configuration
RF
10k
U1
4
1
5
R1 10k 2
6
C 3
0.01UF
7
V1 R 741 RL
VSINE 15.9K 10k
Analysis AF j f
fL
Vout = Vin
RF
R 1+ j f
v1 = Vin f L Vout = 1 + R v1
R1 − jX c 1
j = −1 RF j 2fRC
Vout = 1 + Vin
jX c X c 1 R1 1 + j 2fRC
− jX c = = =
j2 j j 2fC
R j 2fRC
v1 = Vin = Vin
R+
1 1 + j 2fRC RF 1
j 2fC AF = 1 + fL =
R1 2RC
Analysis
▪ At very Low frequencies, Gain <A F
▪ At f=fL Gain = 0.707 AF
▪ f>fL, Gain= AF
f
AF
fL
2
f
1 +
fL
Analysis
▪ Steps of Designing
1. Choose value of fL, cut off frequency.
2. Select the value of C less than or equal to 1 μF
3. Calculate value of R from
1
R=
2f L C
RF
4. Select value of RF and RL using AF = 1 +
R1
Example
▪ Design a low pass filter with cut-off frequency
1kHz . Passband Gain of 2.
1. fL, cut off frequency= 1kHz
2. Select the value of C =0.01 μF
3. Calculate value of R from
1 1 1
R= = = = 15.9k
2f L C 2x10 x0.01x10
3 −6
0.02x10 −3
U1
4
1
5
R1 10k 2
6
C2 C3 3
0.01UF 0.01UF
741
7
V1 R2 R3 RL
VSINE 15.9K 15.9K 10k
Voltage Gain
▪ It is given by,
vo AF
=
vin 1+ ( fL / f )
4
▪ Cut-off frequency 1
fL =
2 R2 R3C2C3
▪ For Guaranteed Butterworth response, A F=1.586
Example
▪ Determine Cutoff frequency and draw frequency
response
RF
15.8K
U1
4
1
5
R127K 2
6
C2 C3 3
0.0047uF 0.0047UF
741
7
V1 R2 R3 RL
VSINE 33K 33K 10k
Example
▪ Cutoff frequency
1
fL =
2 R2 R3C2C3
1
fL =
2 33K 33K 0.0047 0.0047
f L = 1026 Hz 1KHz
Example
Frequency Gain Gain(dB)
100 1.586E-08 -155.994
1000 1.586E-06 -115.994
10000 0.0001586 -75.9939
100000 0.0158592 -35.9944
1000000 1.1214714 0.995764
2000000 1.538646 3.742774
5000000 1.5847327 3.999121
10000000 1.5859207 4.005629
100000000 1.586 4.006064
1000000000 1.586 4.006064
Example
Gain
20
0
-20
-40
-60
-80 Gain
-100
-120
-140
-160
-180
We have seen in past discussion that First
order filter has slope of 20 db/dec and second
order filter has slope of 40 db/dec.
It concludes that as we increase the order of
filter, slope also increases towards ideal stop
band characteristics.
Higher order filter can be third, fourth or even
higher order filters.
Third Order filter
Third Order filter
▪ Observe that first section has gain ‘1’ and second
section has gain ‘2’.
▪ Overall gain of filter is ‘2’.
Fourth Order filter
Fourth Order filter
▪ Observe that first section has gain of 1.152 and
second section has gain of 2.235.
▪ Overall gain is 2.57.
▪ This values of gain of individual sections are
important to achieve ideal Butterworth response.
Design Steps:
▪ For both sections or all sections, we assume value
of all resistance is same, as well as all capacitance
is also same.
▪ Assume cut off frequency or choose the cut off
frequency. 1
fH =
▪ Choose value of capacitance C 2RC
▪ Using equation of fH, calculate value of resistance
Design Steps:
▪ For third order filter, first section has gain ‘1’ and
second section has gain ‘2’.
▪ For fourth order filter, first section has gain of
1.152 and second section has gain of 2.235.
It has two cut-off frequencies, lower fL and
higher fH.
Required condition is fH >fL
There are two types of Band Pass Filter
1. Wide Band Pass Filter
2. Narrow Band Pass Filter
There is no clear cut distinguish between
them.
But we can distinguish between them by
Quality Factor.
If Quality Factor Q<10, it is called as Wide
Band Pass filter.
If Quality Factor Q>10, it is called as Narrow
Band Pass filter.
Higher value of Q, narrower the bandwidth.
Quality factor is defined as
fc
Q=
fH − fL
Center frequency is given by,
fc = fH fL
It can be formed by simply cascading high
pass and low pass sections and is generally
the choice for simplicity of design and
performance.
To obtain ±20 db/dec slope, we need to
cascade first order high pass filter and first
order low pass filter.
To realize band pass response fH must be
greater than fL.
Example
▪ Design a wide band pass filter with cutoff
frequency 200 Hz and 1KHz respectively.
Passband gain is 4.
▪ Also calculate value of Q factor.
Solution:
▪ fL=200 Hz
1
fL = = 200 Hz , C = 0.01F ( Assume)
2RC
1 1
R= = = 79.577 K
2f L C 2 * 200 * 0.01
Solution (cont..) :
▪ fH=1KHz
1
fH = = 1000 Hz , C = 0.01F ( Assume)
2RC
1 1
R= = = 15.9 K
2f H C 2 *1000 * 0.01
1 +
fH
f
AF
fL
▪ Gain of High Pass filter is 2
f
1 +
fL
f f
AF 4
▪ Overall Gain is AF
.
fL
= 200
2 2 2 2
f f f f
1 + 1 + 1+ 1+
fH fL 1000 200
Solution (cont..) :
Solution (cont..) :
Circuit
This filter has two feedback paths and
inverting input
It is designed in reference to fc and Q value or
fc and Bandwidth value
Asssuming C1=C2=C, we can write design
equations.
Design Equations:
Q
R1 =
2f c CAF
Q
R2 =
(
2f c C 2Q 2 − AF )
Q
R3 =
f c C
R3
AF = , AF 2Q 2
2 R1
Advantage of multiple feedback filter is that
cutoff frequency can be changed by simply
modifying R2 resistor.
2
fc
R2 ' = R2
fc '
Example:
▪ Design the band pass filter with cut-off frequency
1KHz ,Q=3 and AF=10
▪ Change the cut-off frequency to 1.5 KHz, by
keeping Q and AF constant.
Solution:
▪ Assume C1=C2=0.01μF
Q 3
R1 = = = 4.77 K
2f c CAF 2 (1000)(0.01 )(10)
Q 3
R2 = = = 5.96 K
(
2f c C 2Q − AF
2
) 2 (1000)(0.01 )(18 − 10 )
Q 3
R3 = = = 95.5 K
f c C (1000)(0.01 )
Solution:
▪ For frequency 1.5KHz
2
1000
R2 ' = 5.97 K = 2.65 K
1500
It is also called Band Stop or Band Elimination
Filter.
In this filter only band of frequency is
attenuated while all other are passed.
It is classified as
▪ Wide Band Reject
▪ Narrow Band Reject
It is also called Band Stop or Band Elimination
Filter.
In this filter only band of frequency is
attenuated while all other are passed.
It is classified as
▪ Wide Band Reject
▪ Narrow Band Reject
Narrow Band Reject filter is also called as
Notch filter because of Q>10
It is created by summing responses of Low
Pass and High Pass filter.
To realize, cutoff frequency of Low Pass filter
must be less than High Pass filter.
Also pass band gain of both sections must be
same.
Circuit:
Response:
Example:
▪ Design band reject filter with cutoff frequency
200Hz and 1KHz.
▪ fH=200 Hz
1
fH = = 200 Hz , C = 0.01F ( Assume)
2RC
1 1
R= = = 79.577 K
2f H C 2 * 200 * 0.01
Example:
▪ fL=1000 Hz
1
fL = = 1000 Hz , C = 0.01F ( Assume)
2RC
1 1
R= = = 15.9 K
2f L C 2 *1000 * 0.01
▪ Assuming pass band gain of ‘2’, RF=R1=R1’=10KΩ
Example:
It is also called as Notch Filter.
Sometimes it is also called as Twin-T filter.
Because it uses two T-shaped networks.
One T-shaped network has Two Resistors and
one capacitor, while second network has two
capacitors and one resistor.
Notch frequency is given as
1
fN =
2RC
Twin-T network
Circuit
Response
Q factor of Notch filter is very less, but it can
be improved using Voltage Follower circuit in
series.
Most common use is in communication and
biomedical instruments.
To design notch filter, choose C≤1μS, then
find out value of Resistor R.
Example:
▪ Design 60Hz notch filter
Solution:
▪ fN=60Hz
▪ Assume C=0.01μS.
▪ So, 1 1
fN = == 60 =
2RC 2R(0.01 )
1
R= = 265.2 K
2 (60)(0.01 )
Example:
▪ Design 60Hz notch filter
Example:
▪ Design 60Hz notch filter
It passes all frequency components of input
signals without any attenuation.
It provides predictable phase shifts for
different frequencies of input signal.
When signals are transmitted over telephone
lines, they undergo phase shift.
To compensate that phase shift all pass filters
are required.
They are also called as Delay Equalizers or
Phase correctors.
Output voltage of phase correctors is given
by
Simplifying,
Response:
Gain is unity. Phase angle is given by
Example: For below circuit, calculate phase
shift, if frequency is 1 KHz
Example: For below circuit, calculate phase
shift, if frequency is 1 KHz