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Binary Fractionation
EDS-2004/BF-1
Binary Fractionation
EDS-2004/BF-2
BF-R00-01
EDS-2004/BF-3
Binary Distillation
Heat Balance hF F + QR = hD D + hB B + Qc
EDS-2004/BF-4
Binary Distillation
Mass Balance V n +1 = Ln + D
Yin +1V n +1 = X in Ln + X iD D
EDS-2004/BF-5
Binary Distillation
EDS-2004/BF-6
Binary Distillation
Mass Balance V n +1 + Lo = V 1 + Ln
EDS-2004/BF-7
Binary Distillation
ENVELOPE (4)
Rearranging the mass balance yields
V n +1 = V 1 + Ln − Lo
Inserting this into the heat balance
EDS-2004/BF-8
Binary Distillation
ASSUME
Sensible Heat Changes are Negligible
Heat Balance
hV V 1 + hV Ln − hV Lo + hL Lo = hV V 1 + hL Ln
Therefore Ln = Lo = Constant
EDS-2004/BF-10
Binary Distillation
Constant Molal Overflow
Ln = Constant
EDS-2004/BF-11
Binary Distillation
Constant Molal Overflow
VALIDITY?
EDS-2004/BF-12
Binary Distillation
Equimolal Overflow
L = Constant
V = Constant
yin +1 = ( L V )xin + ( D V )xiD
EDS-2004/BF-13
Binary Distillation
BINARY Separations
xi x1, x2
x2 = 1 - x1
EDS-2004/BF-14
Binary Distillation
Equimolal Overflow
L' = Constant ≠ L
V' = Constant ≠ V
EDS-2004/BF-15
Binary Distillation
L
V
FV
F V' L
FL
L'
V'
BF-R00-02
EDS-2004/BF-16
Binary Distillation
Feed Stage
V = L+D
V ' = L' − B
EDS-2004/BF-17
Binary Distillation
Since D + B = F
h − hF
Then L' = L + V F
h
V − hL
EDS-2004/BF-18
Binary Distillation
Define: hFV − hF
q= V
hF − hFL
Then: L' = L + q F
q n 1
Also: y n +1 = x − (q − 1) xF At Feed Tray
( q − 1)
EDS-2004/BF-19
Q Values
Condition Value of q
BP Liquid 1.0
DP Vapor 0
Sub Cooled Liquid >1.0
Superheated Vapor <0
Partly Vapor Mol Frac. Liquid
EDS-2004/BF-20
Equilibrium K Value Definition
y
K=
x
EDS-2004/BF-21
T-x Diagram
Dew Point Curve,
Saturated Vapor
T3
T1
y
K=
x
Temperature
x3 x2 x1 y3 y2 y1
Mole Fraction (x or y)
Vapor or Liquid Phase
EDS-2004/BF-22
Binary Distillation
EQUILIBRIUM
y = K1 x
(1 − y ) = K 2 (1 − x )
1− K2
x=
( K1 − K2 )
y = K1 x
x 2 = (1 − x1)
y 2 = (1 − y1)
EDS-2004/BF-23
Binary Distillation
EQUILIBRIUM
y = K1 x
(1 − y ) = K 2 (1 − x ) Define
K K1
y α=
( 1− y )
= 1x
K (1 − x )
K2
2
α x
y=
1 + (α − 1)x
y
x=
K1
EDS-2004/BF-24
Equilibrium Curve or x-y Diagram
α x
y= Equilibrium Curves
1 + (α − 1)x
α =5
0.9
α = 2.5
0.8 α = 1.5
0.7 α =1
0.6
y, composition in 0.5
the vapor phase 45o line
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
EDS-2004/BF-25
Binary System: Propane/Isobutane
Specified
– Feed = 200 mol/h C3 + 200 mol/h iC4 at bubble
point
– Distillate = 196 mol/h
– Reflux = 400 mol/h at 100ºF
– Column pressure = 250 psia
– Number of trays = 24, feed on 13
Problem
– Find xD and xB
464
– L = 1.16 R = 464 mol/h L F= = 1.16
400
EDS-2004/BF-26
Binary System: Propane/Isobutane
xD = 0.927 0.917
xB = 0.090 0.098
EDS-2004/BF-27
Internal vs. External Reflux
BF-R00-03
EDS-2004/BF-28
Internal vs. External Reflux
hV 2 V2 + hR R = hV 1 V1 + hL1 L1
V1 = R + D
V2 = L1 + D
EDS-2004/BF-29
Internal vs. External Reflux
ASSUME: hV 1 = hV 2
EDS-2004/BF-30
Binary System: Propane/Benzene
Specified
– Feed = 50 mol/h C3 + 50 mol/h Bz at bubble
point
– Distillate = 50 mol/h
– xD = 0.99
– Column pressure = 215 psia
– Number of trays = 10, Feed on 6
Problem
– Find reflux rate (temp = 100ºF)
EDS-2004/BF-31
Binary System: Propane/Benzene
R = 5 Mol/hr R = 14 Mol/h !!
If 5 Mol/h, xD = 0.967
EDS-2004/BF-32
Equilibrium
Pressure Constant
T y
T1 y1
x1 x1
x, y x
Ideal Vapor/Liquid Equilibria:
Systems that conform to Raoult's Law
(i.e. p* = P vx, ∴ α = Pv1 = constant)
Pv2
BF-R00-06
EDS-2004/BF-33
Equilibrium
Pressure Constant
T y
x, y x
Large Deviation from Ideality:
e.g. Minimum boiling azeotrope
BF-R00-07
EDS-2004/BF-34
Water K Values
Y
K=
X
P o (1 − X HW )
Y=
π
and X = X wh
(1 − X hw )P o
Kw =
X whπ
EDS-2004/BF-35
Water Equilibrium Curve
αX
Y=
1 + (α − 1) X
As X goes to 0
Y=αX
and, therefore: ln (Y ) = ln (α ) + ln ( X )
EDS-2004/BF-36
Summary of Equations
Equilibrium curve
xn =
(1 − K 2 ) ,
y n = K1 x n
( K1 − K 2 )
or
n α xn
y = α = K1 K 2
1 + (α − 1)x n
EDS-2004/BF-37
Summary of Equations
y n + 1 = ( L V )x n + ( D V )x D V = L+D
EDS-2004/BF-38
McCabe-Thiele
BF-R00-04
EDS-2004/BF-39
Problem
EDS-2004/BF-40
Problem
xF = 50 100 = 0.50
xF F = xD D + xB B
B= F −D
EDS-2004/BF-41
Propane - Normal Butane
π = 200 psia
ºF K1 K2 α x1 y1
EDS-2004/BF-42
Rectifying Section
y n + 1 = ( L V )x n + ( D V )x D , V = L+D
Note: When xn = xD
L D
y n +1 = + xD = xD
L + D L + D
EDS-2004/BF-43
Rectifying Section
L = 100 Mol/h
D = 50 Mol/h
L L
Slope = =
V L+D
100
Slope = = 0.67
100 + 50
EDS-2004/BF-44
Feed Q Line
n +1 q 1 hVF − hF
y = xn − x q= V
(q − 1) (q − 1) F hF − hFL
Note: When xn = xF
q 1
y n +1 = − xF = xF
q − 1 q − 1
can plot equation as a straight line with slope equal to
q/(q-1) that passes through the point (xF, xF)
EDS-2004/BF-45
Feed Q Line
Therefore,
q =1
1
q Line Slope = =∞
1−1
EDS-2004/BF-46
McCabe Thiele
BF-R00-05
EDS-2004/BF-47
McCabe Thiele
Effect of Feed Enthalpy
BF-R00-14
EDS-2004/BF-48
McCabe Thiele
BF-R00-08
EDS-2004/BF-49
McCabe Thiele
BF-R00-09
EDS-2004/BF-50
EDS-R01-0229
EDS-2004/BF-51
McCabe-Thiele
Limiting Conditions
EDS-2004/BF-52
McCabe Thiele
Minimum Trays
BF-R00-15
EDS-2004/BF-53
McCabe Thiele
BF-R00-11
EDS-2004/BF-54
McCabe Thiele
Minimum Reflux
EDS-2004/BF-55
More Reflux or More Trays
Reflux
EDS-2004/BF-56
McCabe Thiele
BF-R00-12
EDS-2004/BF-57
McCabe Thiele
BF-R00-13
EDS-2004/BF-58
Minimum Trays
Fenske Equation
Log (rD rB )
nm =
Log α
XD
rD =
1− X D
XB
rB =
1− X B
EDS-2004/BF-59
Feed Tray Location
R
nm =
LOG (rD rF )
LOG α { Fenske Equation
rectifying section
Then
LOG (rD rF )
{
R Assume ratio holds
nm
= for any reflux ratio
nm LOG (rD rB )
EDS-2004/BF-60
Minimum Reflux
Underwood Method
1 − xF α xF
1) + = 1 − q,1 < φ < α
1−φ α −φ
2) (L D )min = (1 − xD ) + α xD − 1
(1 − φ ) (α − φ )
Solve equation 1 for the proper root of the
quadratic for φ.
Solve equation 2 for (L/D)min using the φ from
equation 1.
EDS-2004/BF-61
Minimum Reflux
(1 − q )φ 2 + (q + αq + α xF − α − xF ) φ − qα = 0
Aφ 2 + B φ + C = 0
− B ± B 2 − 4 AC
φ=
2A
EDS-2004/BF-62
Minimum Reflux
Underwood Method
q =1
1 xD α (1 − xD )
(L D )m = −
α − 1 xF (1 − xF )
EDS-2004/BF-63
Minimum Reflux
1
Therefore (L F )m =
α −1
For perfect separation with bubble point feed.
EDS-2004/BF-64
Analytical Techniques
1.0
The Gillliland Relation
0.9 Trays and reflux as a function of their minimal
IEC, 1940, (p.1220)
0.8
N = Theoretical Plates (Design)
0.7 Nm = Min. Theor. Plates (L/D = ∞)
R = L/D (Design)
Rm = L/D Min. (N = ∞)
0.6
0.5
0.4
R - Rm
X= R+1
0.3 N - Nm
Y= N+1
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
X BF-R01-16
EDS-2004/BF-65
Analytical Techniques
R − Rm R +X
X= R= m
R+1 1− X
N − Nm Nm + Y
Y= N=
N +1 1−Y
X + Y are parameters, not compositions
Determine:
Rm from Underwood Equation
Nm from Fenske Equation
EDS-2004/BF-66
Example
XF = 0.5 rF = 1.0
XD = 0.927 rD = 12.7 D/F = 0.49
XB = 0.090 rB = 0.0989
α = 1.76 q = 1.0
UNDERWOOD
1 X D α (1 − X D )
(L D )m = −
α − 1 X F (1 − X F )
EDS-2004/BF-67
Example
FENSKE
LOG (rD rB )
nm = = 8.59
LOGα
R
nm LOG (rD rF )
= = 0.523
nm LOG (rD rB )
EDS-2004/BF-68
Example
GILLILAND
N − Nm
Y= = 0.616 → X = 0.055
N +1
(L D )m + X
L D= = 2.28 → R F = 1.12
1− X
EDS-2004/BF-69
Example
N = 24 L/D = 2.28
EDS-2004/BF-70
Smoker’s Equation
Simplified form
ln (S )
N=
R+q
ln α 1 −
( R + 1)( Rx F + q )
where S is a separation parameter
R = L/D
EDS-2004/BF-71
Equilibrium Stage
vin lin −1
V n hvn Ln −1 hln −1
vin +1 lin
V n +1 hvn +1 Ln hln
EDS-2004/BF-72
Conventional Tray
Vn? Vn?
Ln-1
Ln
Vn+1
EDS-2004/BF-73
Efficiency
EDS-2004/BF-74
Typical Observed Tray Efficiency
(Simplistic Overall)
1.2 90
2.0 70
3.0 50
5.0 20
15.0 10
EDS-2004/BF-76
Tray Efficiency
Define Feed
Define Product Specification
Set Column Pressure
Optimize Column Design
Set Composition Control
EDS-2004/BF-78
Define Feed
Composition
Flow Rate
Temperature
Pressure
Enthalpy
EDS-2004/BF-79
Define Product Specifications
Receiver Temperature
EDS-2004/BF-80
Set Column Pressure
EDS-2004/BF-81
Set Column Pressure
EDS-2004/BF-82
Optimize Column Design
Feed Preheat
EDS-2004/BF-83
Optimum Trays
Trays vs. Reboiler Duty
15
Reboiler Duty
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Number of Theoretical Stages
BF-R01-19
EDS-2004/BF-84
Best Feed Tray
38 Total Stages
15
10
0
0 10 20 30 40
Feed Stage BF-R01-19
EDS-2004/BF-85
Feed Preheat Efficiency
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Preheat Duty, MBtu/h BF-R00-20
EDS-2004/BF-86
Column Pressure Case Study
EDS-2004/BF-87
Column Pressure Case Study
EDS-2004/BF-88
Column Pressure Case Study
EDS-2004/BF-89