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This document reflects the views, at the time of publication, of:
Offshore & Industrial Services Ltd. and other 01 S Service Companies.
They are based on the experience acquired during their involvement with the design, construction, operation and
maintenance of processing units and facilities, and they are supplemented with the experience of Group Operating
companies. Where appropriate they are based on, or reference is made to, international, regional, national and industry
standards.
The objective is to set the recommended standard for good design and engineering practice applied by companies
operating an oil refinery, gas handling installation, chemical plant, oil and gas production facility, or any other such
facility, and thereby to achieve maximum technical and economic benefit from standardization.
The information set forth in these publications is provided to users for their consideration and decision to implement. This
is of particular importance where documents may not cover every requirement or diversity of condition at each locality.
The document is expected to be sufficiently flexible to allow individual operating companies to adapt the information set
forth in this document to their own environment and requirements.
When Contractors or Manufacturers/Suppliers use this document they shall be solely responsible for the quality of worl<
and the attainment of the required design and engineering standards. In particular, for those requirements not specifically
covered, the Principal will expect them to follow those design and engineering practices which will achieve the same
level of integrity as reflected in this document. If in doubt, the Contractor or Manufacturer/Supplier shall, without
detracting from his own responsibility, consult the Principal or its technical advisor.
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Without prejudice to any specific terms in respect of confidentiality under relevant contractual arrangements, documents
shall not, without the prior written consent of OIS, be disclosed by users to any company or person whomsoever and the
documents shall be used exclusively for the purpose for which they have been provided to the user.
APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1 FIGURES ...................................................................................................... 41
1.1 SCOPE
This document specifies requirements and gives recommendations for the design of
offshore pipeline riser systems, which include the piping, riser clamp supports and any
expansion spool or anchoring system at the base of the platform. This document identifies a
broad approach t> the design including:
• definition of riser system and interfaces;
• potential riser concepts;
• riser routing;
• analysis requirements;
• support design;
• J-tube design;
• fittings and materials.
This document does not present a methodology, but is intended to act as a checklist of
design activities for consideration by an experienced engineer.
The scope of this document includes only rigid metallic risers; flexible risers and non-
metallic risers are excluded fi"om the scope.
1.3 DEFINITION
1.4 ABBREVIATIONS
1.5 CROSS-REFERENCES
Where cross-references to other parts of this document are made, the referenced section
number is shown in brackets. Other documents referenced in this document are listed in
(15).
2.1 GENERAL
The riser system shall be designed as a part of the total offshore pipeline system. For
design purposes, it is necessary to define the extent of the riser assembly and to establish
the interfaces between the riser system and adjacent systems. The interfaces provide a
point where loading and/or displacement, and the requirements of the various systems can
be defined and recondled.
The riser interface points can be summarised as t>llows:
• topside and supports;
• jacket and supports;
• pipeline/tie-in spool.
The riser analysis model shall take into account the effects of the interface points as further
detailed below.
3.2.1 General
Risers are usually pre-installed with the jacket structure. Otherwise they can: be retrofitted
onto existing platforms. This may be by the conventional method of lift, set and subsea tie-
in. Alternatively, one of the following methods may be used without the need for subsea tie-
ins:
• stalk-on method;
• bending shoe riser method;
• barefoot riser;
• J-tube installation (8).
3.3.1 General
In most cases, tie-in of the pipeline to the offshore facility is achieved by inserting an
expansion spool piece. The purpose of the spool piece is to absorb expansion loadings, and
accommodate the installation blerance on the pipeline.
The spool piece connections may be made up using one or a combination of the following
methods:
• mechanical oonnectors;
• flanged tie-in using RTJ swivel ring flanges, miss alignment flanges; or
• hyperbaric weldng.
These tie-in methods are further described below.
4.3 SAFETY
The design shall include a safety assessment which shall quantify the effect of the risers on
platform safety and may include the use of risk analysis to determine the need for additional
protective measures. Consideration should be given to the use of cost-benefit analysis to
assess the relative merits of different protective measures.
The requirement for and location of ESD valves should be addressed as part of the
development of the platform specific safety case.
Any risk analysis performed shall take into account analysis of the risk from both natural and
man-made hazards. Natural hazards shall include but not be limited to corrosion attack,
marine life attack, extremes of temperature and environmental conditions. Man-made
hazards shall include but not be limited to platform loading and off-loading operations,
vessel activities, dragged anchors, trawl gear, abrasion by cables and chains, impact by
vessels and dropped objects.
5.3.1 Seawater
• water density;
• water kinematic viscosity;
• marine growth elevations, thickness and density.
5.3.4 Currents
• maximum current velocity for a range of current directions (usually 8), heights above
seabed (usually every 10m) and return period (usually 1 and 100 years);
• relationship between he occurrence of wave-induced currents and the steady currents;
• the number of hours of occurrence per year for the ranges of steady current from zero to
the maximum steady current. These data are used for riser span fatigue calculations.
5.3.5 Waves
• maximum wave height for a range of directions (usually 8) and a range of return periods
(usually 1 and 100 years);
• the most probable wave period associated with each maximum wave height;
• the number of waves per year for ranges of wave height from zero to the maximum wave
height.
5.4.1 Wind
• maximum wind velocity for return periods of 1 and 100 years;
• maximum and minimum ambient air temperatures.
5.5 EARTHQUAKE
In regions of the world prone to earthquakes, the response of the platform under the
100-year seismic event is required.
5.7 DIRECTIONALITY
Given sufficient hydrographic data, it is acceptable to account for the incident angle of wave
and current attack on the pipeline/riser system. Tidal currents are strongly directional. If the
wave and current data can be represented as a rosette, giving variation of wave height (or
current value) with direction for a given return period, then the resulting flow velocities may
be resolved perpendicular to the pipeline axis to give the (most critical) design loading
condition.
6.2.4 Residualloads
Residual loads are loads left in the pipeline system after installation, and include:
• residual axial loads (such as lay tension);
• loads due to curvature at direction changes in the pipeline rolte; and
• loads induced by vertical curvature due to the seabed undulations along the pipeline
route.
Any permanent curvature or elongation produced during installation that results in residual
loads shoud be taken into account.
6.5.1 General
The design of the pipeline and riser system shall consider the pipeline expansion due to the
effects of temperature and pressure. If pipeline expansion results in loads and stresses that
exceed acceptable limits, an expansion loop or other method of reducing the expansion
effects shall be provided.
6.10 OVALISATION
The riser design stBII ensure that pipe ovalisation, F, does not exceed 2.5%.
where:
F= (Dmax -D m1n
· )X
100
(Dmax + Dmin)
and:
F = Ovalisation
Dmax = maximum OD
Dmin = minimum OD
The design shall consider ovalisation that results from pipe manufacture, external pressure
and pipe bending.
6.11 COLLAPSE
The riser design shall ensure the pipe is not subject to collapse/local buckling under any of
the load cases. Collapse results from excessive external pressure and/or pipe bending.
Appropriate safety factors against collapse are given in DnV Rules for Submarine Pipelines.
Note: Specialist advice should be sought when using cold-expanded linepipe as the DnV Rules underestimate
the effect of residual stresses.
6.13 FATIGUE
The fatigue analysis shall consider fatigue damage from cyclic loadings due to pressure,
temperature, waves and vortex-induced vi !ration.
NOTE: Reducing the number of bends and bend angle and increasing the bend radii will reduce the friction
forces between riser and J-tube during pull-in and will lead to minimum pull-i n and J-tl.tle design loads.
Coefficient of friction
8.6 APPURTENANCES
9.1 FLANGES
Flanges shall comply with the relevant specifications, codes and standards.
If bending moments, additional axial forces or shear forces occur at the location of the
flange connection, a behaviour (including the gasket with regard to leaking), stress and
bolting force analysis according to ASME VIII shall be carried out, taking into account all
relevant loading situations for the flanged connection.
For maintenance purposes, the operating manual for the pipeline system shall detail the
flange installation procedures used including the equipment required, the bolt pre-tension
forces to be applied and measurements to be made.
Consideration shall be made for the provision of profiled flange protectors to prevent
snagging by cables.
9.2 GASKETS
The gasket shall be a ring type gasket in accordance with ASME 816.20 and shall be made
of a material softer than the flange ring groove. The gasket material shall be chosen for
compatibility with the flange material and for the service conditions. Consideration should be
given to the use of ring joint inlays and corrosion-resistant materials for the gaskets.
Consideration should also be given to the use of coatings on the gaskets to improve
corrosion resistance.
9.3 BOLTING
Bolting shall comply with the required codes and standards.
Note: The preferred materials for standard applications are ASTM A 193-87 and ASTM A 194-2H for non-sour
service conditions, and ASTM A 193-B7M and ASTM A194-2HM for sour service conditions. For special
applications, e.g. low temperature, other materials may be required.
9.4 VALVES
Valves for offshore pipelines shall corrply with API6D.
Submarine valves should not be included in offshore pipeline systems b:cause of the
difficulty of inspection and maintenance. To facilitate maintenance, valves hall be either
flanged both ends or be of the top-entry type and be suitably mounted for eas . a access.
Piggability requirements shall betaken into accourt in the selection ofvalves. 1
9.5 BENDS
All long-radius riser bends shall comply with the required specificatim$, codes and
standards.
Consideration should be given to the use of long tangents to provide cut material for fit-up
offshore.
10.1 GENERAL
The service conditions throughout the design life of the pipeline shall be established to
permit the selection of suitable materials based on a technical and econanical evaluation.
The requirements for pipeline materials shal comply with API 5L.
10.2 LINEPIPE
Carbon steel linepipe shall comply with API 5L and the relevant design specifications.
Duplex stainless steel linepipe and other high-alloy materials (including clad pipe) shall be
specified on a project-specific basis and specifications shall be developed in full consultation
with the Principal.
Coal tar enamel or coal tar epoxy coating systems shall not be used.
Corrosion coating systems shall be in accordance with the documents listed in the above
table or project-specific spa:ifications.
Cathode protection design and sacrificial anodes shall comply with the project-specific
specifications
Zinc anodes shall be specified and the system shall be designed such that operational
temperatures of the anodes do not exceed 50 ·c.
Impressed current systems should not be
used.
To allow effective monitoring of the cathodic protection of risers and to minimise the risk of
current drain from pipeline cathodic protection systems, submarine pipelines and risers shall
be electrically isolated from platforms and onshore installations. For offshore pipelines
isolating flanges are not acceptable and use shall be made of an appropriate type of
prefabricated isolating joint. Electrical isolation shall be ensured at all points of potential
electrical con1act, between the riser and the structure, below the isolating joint.
The riser system should be designed with regard to future inspection, maintenance and
repair.
If intelligent pigs are to be used for internal inspection, bend radii shall meet the following
requirements:
Nominal pipe diameter, D, Minimum bend radius
(mm}
~ 100 100
150 to 250 50
~300 30
Additionally, if intelligent pigs are to be used, the pipeline internal diameter should ideally be
constant throughout, including valves, flanges, tees and other fittings.
Variations in internal diameter (Di} cannot always be avoided in local areas of limited length,
e.g. pipeline equipment such as valves. If changes in Di occur at the location of equipment,
pup pieces shall be used with a Di of the equipment. These pup pieces shall have tapers to
the pipeline Di with at least a 14 degree transition angle, measured from the axis of the pipe
(i.e. a taper of 1:4}.
Consideration should be given to the requirement for possible riser replacement, in the
event this becomes necessary at some time during the life of the structure. If replacement is
not possible, as for example with a gravity based structure, consideration should be given to
the provision of a spare riser.
As far as practicalje, the risers should be located to enable easy access for inspedion,
maintenance and repair purposes. Consideration should be given to diver and remote
operated vehicle access throughout the length of the riser. Riser supports should be avoided
in the splash zone since they hinder inspection and may result in additional corrosion.
14.1 GENERAL
Documentation is produced at all stages during the life of a pipeline, from design to
abandonment. All essential documentation should be retained, be accessible and be
regularly updated, as required, throughout the life of the riser system.
AMERICAN STANDARDS
Pipeline valves API6D
Issued by:
American Petroleum Institute
Publications and Distribution Section
1220 L Street Northwest
Washington DC. 20005
USA
ASME Boiler And Pressure Vessel Code:
Section VIII: Rules for construction of pressure ASMEVIII
vessels
Metallic gaskets for pipe flanges ASMEB16.20
Issued by:
American Society of Mechanical Engineers
345 East 47th Street
New York NY 10017
USA
Alloy-steel and stainless steel bolting materials for ASTMA 193.
high-temperature service
Carbon md alloy-steel nuts for bolts for ASTMA 194
high-pressure md high-temperature service
Issued by:
American Society for Testing and Materials
1916 Race street
Philadelphia
PA 19103
USA
NORWEGIAN STANDARDS
DnV rules for submarine pipeline systems
Issued by:
Det Norske Veritas
P.O. Box300
N-1322 Hevik
Norway
Riser clamp
Jacket sleeve
t----- SleewV\elded
to riser
Neq:Jene
linillJ
Ja::Ket sleew
Circumferential
fillet weld
top and bottom
Doubler plate
Jacket sleeve
~ I
!..
''
'
~
1-----
A:
8: --- -------------------------- -
Bellmouth
PRESSURE OF SEAL
Ps =(Pi+PigHi)-(PsgHs)
WHERE:
Ps =Differential pressure at seal
Pi = Gauge pressure at top of J-tube fluid
Pi = Density of fluid in J-tube
Ps =Density of sea water
Hi =Height of top of J-tube fluid above seal
-4-
1 Lifting lug, to be connected
to a shackle
Reducer
Riser/pipeline
Pull-head
To pull-head
---&----~----~
Spelter socket