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SP 16.13330.2011
Steel Frame
Design Manual
SP 16.13330.2011
For SAP2000®
The CSI Logo® and SAP2000® are registered trademarks of Computers and Structures,
Inc. Watch & LearnTM is a trademark of Computers and Structures, Inc.
The computer program SAP2000® and all associated documentation are proprietary
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Structures, Inc. Unlicensed use of these programs or reproduction of documentation
in any form, without prior written authorization from Computers and Structures,
Inc., is explicitly prohibited.
1 Introduction
Contents - i
Steel Frame Design SP 16.13330.2011
3 Design
ii - Contents
Contents
Contents - iii
Steel Frame Design SP 16.13330.2011
5 Design Output
Bibliography
iv - Contents
Chapter 1
Introduction
Steel frame design/check consists of calculating the flexural, axial, and shear
forces or stresses at several locations along the length of a member, and then
comparing those calculated values with acceptable limits. That comparison
produces a demand/capacity ratio, which typically should not exceed a val-
ue of one if code requirements are to be satisfied. The program follows the
same review procedures when it is checking a user-specified shape or when
checking a shape selected by the program from a predefined list.
1-1
Steel Frame Design SP 16.13330.2011
The program supports a wide range of steel frame design codes, including
many national building codes. This manual is dedicated to the use of the
menu option “SP 16.13330.2011.” This option covers the “Code of Rules SP
16.13330.2011 – Steel Structures Revised Edition SNiP II-23-81* Official
Edition; Russian Federation, Ministry of Regional Development, Moscow”
(SP16 2011). The implementation covers loading and load combinations
from “Code of Practice SP 20.13330.2011 – Loads and Actions, Updated
Version SNiP 2.01.07-85* Official Edition; Russian Federation, Ministry of
Regional Development, Moscow” (SP20 2011).
The design codes supported under “SP 16.13330.2011” are written in New-
ton-millimeter units. All the associated equations and requirements have
been implemented in the program in Newton-millimeter units. The pro-
gram has been enabled with unit conversion capability. This allows the us-
ers to enjoy the flexibility of choosing any set of consistent units during cre-
ating and editing models, exporting and importing the model components,
and reviewing the design results.
1.1 Organization
This manual is designed to help you quickly become productive using the
SP 16.13330.2011 steel frame design option. Chapter 2 addresses prerequi-
sites related to modeling and analysis for a successful design in accordance
with SP 16.13330.2011. Chapter 3 provides detailed descriptions of the spe-
cific requirements as implemented in SP 16.13330.2011.
1-2 Organization
Chapter 1 - Introduction
2-1
Steel Frame Design SP 16.13330.2011
requirements on a pass or fail basis. If the capacity ratio remains less than or
equal to the D/C ratio limit, which is a number close to 1.0, and if the sec-
tion passes all of the special requirements, the section is considered to be
adequate, else the section is considered to be failed. The D/C ratio limit is
taken as 0.95 by default. However, this value can be overwritten in the
Preferences (Chapter 3).
To choose (design) the optional section from a predefined list, the program
first orders the list of sections in increasing order of weight per unit length.
Then it starts checking each section from the ordered list, starting with the
one with least weight. The procedure for checking each section in this list
for adequacy is exactly the same as described in the preceding paragraph.
The program will evaluate each section in the list until it finds the least
weight section that passes the code checks. If no section in the list is ac-
ceptable, the program will use the heaviest section but flag it as being over-
stressed.
To check adequacy of an individual section, the user must assign the section
using the Assign menu. In that case, both the analysis and design section
will be changed.
To choose the optimal section, the user must first define a list of steel sec-
tions, the Auto Select sections list. The user must next assign this list, in the
same manner as any other section assignment, to the frame members to be
optimized. The program will use the median section by weight when doing
the initial analysis. Refer to the program Help for more information about
Auto Select section lists.
process is complete, verify that the last used analysis section and the current
design section are the same. Refer to the program Help for more infor-
mation about completing this task.
The program keeps track of the analysis section and the design section sepa-
rately. Note the following about analysis and design sections:
Assigning a frame section property assigns the section as both the analy-
sis section and the design section.
Assigning an Auto Select section list to a frame object initially sets the
analysis and design section to be the section in the list with the median
weight.
Unlocking a model deletes the design results, but it does not delete or
change the design section.
Altering the Design Combinations in any way deletes the design results,
but does not delete or change the design section.
Altering any of the steel frame design preferences deletes the design re-
sults, but does not delete or change the design section.
The factored forces are calculated for axial, flexural, and shear at each
defined station for each design combination. The bending moments are
calculated about the principal axes. For I-Shape, Box, Channel, T-Shape,
Double-Angle, Pipe, Circular, and Rectangular sections, the principal
axes coincide with the geometric axes. For Single-Angle sections, the
design considers the principal properties. For General sections, it is as-
sumed that all section properties are given in terms of the principal di-
rections.
For Single-Angle sections, the shear forces are calculated for directions
along the geometric axes. For all other sections, the program calculates
the shear forces along the geometric and principal axes.
The design strength for shear is calculated along the geometric axes for
all sections. For I-Shape, Box, Channel, T-Shape, Double-Angle, Pipe,
Circular, and Rectangular sections, the principal axes coincide with
their geometric axes. For Single-Angle sections, principal axes do not
coincide with the geometric axes.
For normal loading conditions involving static dead load (DL), live load
(LL), wind load (WL), earthquake load (EL), notional load (NL), and dynam-
ic response spectrum load (EL), the program has built-in default design
combinations for the design code. These are based on the code recommen-
dations.
The default design combinations assume all static load response cases de-
clared as dead or live to be additive. However, each static load case declared
as wind, earthquake, or response spectrum cases, is assumed to be non-
additive with other loads of its class and produces multiple lateral combina-
tions. Also static wind, earthquake and notional load responses produce
separate design combinations with the sense (positive or negative) reversed.
The notional load cases are added to load combinations involving gravity
loads only.
For other loading conditions involving moving load, time history, pattern
live load, separate consideration of roof live load, snow load, and the like,
the user must define the design load combinations in lieu of or in addition
to the default design load combinations. If notional loads are to be com-
bined with other load combinations involving wind or earthquake loads,
the design load combinations should be defined in lieu of or in addition to
the default design load combinations.
The program allows live load reduction factors to be applied to the member
forces of the reducible live load case on a member-by-member basis to re-
duce the contribution of the live load to the factored responses.
The P-Delta effects come from two sources: global lateral translation of the
frame and the local deformation of members within the frame.
Consider the frame object shown in Figure 2-1, which is extracted from a
story level of a larger structure. The overall global translation of this frame
object is indicated by ∆. The local deformation of the member is shown as δ.
The total second order P-Delta effects on this frame object are those caused
by both ∆ and δ.
The program has an option to consider P-Delta effects in the analysis. When
you consider P-Delta effects in the analysis, the program does a good job of
capturing the effect due to the ∆ deformation (P-∆ effect) shown in Figure
2-1, but it does not typically capture the effect of the δ deformation (P-δ
effect), unless, in the model, the frame object is broken into multiple ele-
ments over its length.
M CAP U1 ( M nt + U 2 M lt )
=
where,
To properly capture the P-δ effect in a finite element analysis, each element,
especially column elements, must be broken into multiple finite elements,
which is not really desired for other reasons. Although a single element per
member can capture the P-δ effect to some extent, the program considers
that inadequate.
specified as a fraction of the frame object length. Those ratios times the
frame object lengths give the unbraced lengths for the member. Those rati-
os also can be overwritten by the user on a member-by-member basis, if de-
sired, using the design overwrite option. The unsupported length for minor
direction bending or for lateral-torsional buckling also can be defined more
precisely by using precise bracing points in the Lateral Bracing option; refer
to the program Help for more information about lateral bracing. If the un-
supported length is defined using the precise bracing point definition and if
it is also overwritten in the overwrites, the value used in the design over-
writes prevails.
Two unsupported lengths, L33 and L22, as shown in Figure 2-2 are to be con-
sidered for flexural buckling. These are the lengths between support points
of the member in the corresponding directions. The length L33 corresponds
to instability about the 3-3 axis (major axis), and L22 corresponds to instabil-
ity about the 2-2 axis (minor axis). The length LLTB (also termed Lz), not
shown in the figure, is also used for lateral-torsional buckling caused by ma-
jor direction bending (i.e., about the 3-3 axis).
In determining the values for L22 and L33 of the members, the program rec-
ognizes various aspects of the structure that have an effect on these lengths,
such as member connectivity, diaphragm constraints, and support points.
The program automatically locates the member support points and evaluates
the corresponding unsupported length.
ken) into segments, maintaining the integrity of the design algorithm be-
comes difficult.
Manually breaking a column member into several elements can affect many
things during design in the program.
2. µ -factor: Even if the user breaks the member into pieces, the program
typically can pick up the µ -factors correctly. However, sometimes it
can not. The user should note the µ -factors. All segments of the mem-
ber should have the same µ -factor and that factor should be calculated
based on the entire member. If the calculated µ -factor is not reasona-
ble, the user can overwrite the µ -factors for all the segments.
If the user models a column with a single element and makes sure that the
L-factors and µ -factors are correct, the effect of U1 and U2 will be picked up
correctly. The factors φb and φe will be picked up correctly if there is no in-
termediate bracing point. The calculated φb and φe factors will be slightly
conservative if there are intermediate bracing points.
If the user models a column with multiple elements and makes sure that
L-factors and µ -factor are correct, the effect of φb and φe will be picked up
correctly. The factors φb and φe will be picked up correctly if the member is
broken at the bracing points. The calculated φb and φe factors will be con-
servative if the member is not broken at the bracing points.
The µ -factor is used for calculating the Euler axial capacity assuming that
all the beam-column joints are free to sway, i.e., lateral translation is al-
lowed. The resulting axial capacity is used in calculating φ factor. The µ -
factor is always greater than 1 if the frame is a sway frame. The program
calculates the µ -factor automatically based on sway condition. The pro-
gram also allows the user to overwrite µ -factors on a member-by-member
basis. The same µ -factor is supposed to be used in calculation of φb and
φe factors. If the frame is not really a sway frame, the user should overwrite
the µ -factors.
µ has two values: one for major direction, µmajor , and the other for minor
direction, µminor .
The beams and braces are assigned µ -factors of unity. In the calculation of
the µ -factors for a column object, the program first makes the following
four stiffness summations for each joint in the structural model:
Scx = ∑ c c Sbx = ∑ b b
EI EI
Lc x Lb x
Scy = ∑ c c Sb y = ∑ b b
EI EI
Lc y Lb y
S I c 22 S J c 22
G I 22 = G J 22 =
S I b 22 S J b 22
S I c 33 S J c 33
G I 33 = G J 33 =
S I b 33 S J b 33
α 2 G I G J − 36 α
=
6(G + G )
I J
tan α
π
from which µ = . This relationship is the mathematical formulation for
α
the evaluation of µ -factors for moment-resisting frames assuming sidesway
to be uninhibited. For other structures, such as braced frame structures, the
µ -factors for all members are usually unity and should be set so by the us-
er. The following are some important aspects associated with the column
µ -factor algorithm:
An object that has a pin at the joint under consideration will not enter
the stiffness summations calculated previously. An object that has a pin
at the far end from the joint under consideration will contribute only
50% of the calculated EI value. Also, beam members that have no col-
umn member at the far end from the joint under consideration, such as
cantilevers, will not enter the stiffness summation.
The program allows the user to turn the design of specific members off and
on by selecting No Design or Default from material. Refer to the program
Help form more information about overwriting the design procedure.
ETABS supports both regular steel frame design and composite beam design.
The determination of design procedure is different. If the material is con-
crete, the design procedure is concrete. If the material is steel, the default
design procedure can be steel frame design or composite beam design. If the
section is of steel material, and the member satisfies a host of other criteria,
such as the member is horizontal (beam), it supports a filled deck or slab, it
is an I-shaped member, it is hinged at both ends and so on, then the default
design procedure is taken as composite beam design; otherwise, the default
design procedure is taken as steel frame design. ETABS allows the user to
overwrite a steel member frame design procedure to steel frame design,
composite beam design, default, or no design. Refer to the program Help for
more information about changing the design procedure. A change in design
will be successful only if the design procedure is valid for that member, i.e.,
the program will not allow the user to change the design procedure for a
steel frame object to concrete frame design.
2 - 16 Interactive Design
Chapter 2 - Modeling, Analysis and Design Prerequisites
automatically. Next, run the analysis. Then, begin the design, making sure
that no objects are selected.
The program will then start the cycle of (1) performing the design, (2) com-
paring the last-used Analysis Sections with the Design Sections, (3) setting
the Analysis Sections equal to the Design Sections, and (4) rerunning the
analysis. This cycle will continue until one of the following conditions has
been met:
The Design Sections and the last-used Analysis Sections are the same.
3-1
Steel Frame Design SP 16.13330.2011
3.1 Notations
The various notations used in this manual are described herein.
Please note that the code uses the x and y axes as the major and minor prin-
cipal axes, respectively. Whereas the program uses the 3 and 2 axes as the
major and minor principal axes (local axes), respectively. This documentation
tried to write the equations in the same manner as done in the code itself.
However in certain situations, the indices x and 3 are used synonymously.
Similarly, the indices y and 2 are used synonymously. This is displayed in
Table 3.1.
3-2 Notations
Chapter 3 - Design
Notations 3-3
Steel Frame Design SP 16.13330.2011
3-4 Notations
Chapter 3 - Design
Notations 3-5
Steel Frame Design SP 16.13330.2011
r Radius, mm
t Thickness, mm
tf Flange (belt) thickness, mm
tw Wall thickness, mm
αf Ratio of flange (belt) cross-section and wall α f = A f /A w
βf; βz Factors of fillet weld across weld metal and metal line, mm
γb Service factor of bolt joint
γc Service factor
γf Partial safety factor for loads
γm Partial safety factor for material
γn Importance safety factor
γu Safety factor for breaking strength
γs Safety factor for system stability
η Factor of cross-section form impact
λ Elasticity λ = l ef /i, N-mm2
λ Conventional elasticity 𝜆𝜆̅ = 𝜆𝜆�𝑅𝑅𝑦𝑦 ⁄𝐸𝐸, N-mm2
λ ef Equated slenderness of end-to-end cross-section
λ ef Conventional equated slenderness of end-to-end cross-section, 𝜆𝜆̅𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 =
𝜆𝜆�𝑅𝑅𝑦𝑦 ⁄𝐸𝐸
3-6 Notations
Chapter 3 - Design
Design Code Design codes AISC360-10/ The selected design code. Subsequent design is
available in the IBC 2006 based on this selected code.
current version
Multi-Response Case Envelopes, Envelopes Select to indicate how results for multivalued cases
Design Step-by-Step, Last (Time history, Nonlinear static or Multi-step static)
Step, Envelopes, are considered in the design. - Envelope - consid-
All, Step-by-Step - ers enveloping values for Time History and Multi-
All step static and last step values for Nonlinear static.
Step-by-Step - considers step by step values for
Time History and Multi-step static and last step
values for Nonlinear static. Last Step - considers
last values for Time History, Multi-step static and
Nonlinear static. Envelope - All - considers envel-
oping values for Time History, Multi-step static
and Nonlinear static. Step-by-Step - All - considers
step by step values for Time History, Multi-step
static and Nonlinear static. Step-by-Step and Step-
by-Step - All default to the corresponding Enve-
lope if more than one multivalued case is present
in the combo.
Framing Type Moment Frame, Moment Frame This item is used for ductility and stability consid-
Braced Frame erations in the design.
Section Class Class 1, Class 2, Class 1 The section class requested. This is either “Class
Class 3, Class 4 1", "Class 2", "Class 3", or "Class 4". It determines
the interaction equations to be used. If not over-
written, it is taken from the preference of the code
of the code, "SP 16.13330.2011."
DL Limit, L/ ≥0 120 Deflection limit for dead load. Inputting 120 means
that the limit is L/120. Inputting zero means no
check will be made of this item.
Super DL+LL Limit, L/ ≥0 120 Deflection limit for superimposed dead plus live
load. Inputting 120 means that the limit is L/120.
Inputting zero means no check will be made of this
item.
Live Load Limit, L/ ≥0 360 Deflection limit for superimposed live load. Input-
ting 360 means that the limit is L/360. Inputting
zero means no check will be made of this item.
Total Limit, L/ ≥0 240 Deflection limit for total load. Inputting 240 means
that the limit is L/240. Inputting zero means no
check will be made of this item.
Total-Camber Limit, L/ ≥0 240 Limit for net deflection. Camber is subtracted from
the total load deflection to get net deflection. In-
putting 240 means that the limit is L/240. Inputting
zero means no check will be made of this item.
Pattern Live Load ≤1.0 0.75 The live load factor for automatic generation of
Factor load combinations involving pattern live loads and
dead loads.
Demand/Capacity Ra- ≤1.0 0.95 The demand/capacity ratio limit to be used for ac-
tio Limit ceptability. D/C ratios that are less than or equal to
this value are considered acceptable.
3.3 Overwrites
The steel frame design Overwrites are basic assignments that apply only to
those elements to which they are assigned. Table 3-2 lists steel frame design
overwrites for “SP 16.13330.2011.” Default values are provided for all Over-
write items. Thus, it is not necessary to specify or change any of the Over-
writes. However, at least review the default values to ensure they are accepta-
ble. When changes are made to Overwrite items, the program applies the
changes only to the elements to which they are specifically assigned. Over-
written values take precedence over the Preferences. Refer to the program
Help for information about changing Overwrites.
Overwrites 3-9
Steel Frame Design SP 16.13330.2011
Current Design Sec- Any defined steel Analysis The design section for the selected frame object.
tion section section When this Overwrite is applied, any previous auto
select section assigned to the frame object is
removed.
Fame Type Moment Frame, From This item is used for ductility and stability consid-
Braced Frame Preferences erations in the design.
Section Class Class 1, Class 2, Program Section class to be used. This is either "Class 1",
Class 3, Class 4 determined "Class 2", "Class 3", or "Class 4". It determines the
interaction equations to be used.
Program The service factor for structural members and con-
GammaC ≥0
determined nections (SP 16.13330.2011 4.3.2, Table 1).
The safety factor for breaking strength of structural
Program members designed in terms of their behavior with
GammaU ≥0
determined the use of design strength Ru (SP 16.13330.2011
4.3.2).
Program The service factor for structural single angle mem-
GammaC1 ≥0
determined bers in tension (SP 16.13330.2011 7.1.2).
Column Buckling a, b, or c Program Column buckling curve to be used. This is either
Curve (x-x) determined "a", "b", or "c". It determines the imperfection fac-
tors for buckling curve. It is used to find the alpha
and beta factors, and to eventually delta and phi
factors, for compression capacity per SP
16.13330.2011 7.1.3, Table 7. If not overwritten, it
is taken from the Table 7 of the code, "SP
16.13330.2011."
Is Rolled Section? Yes./No Program It might affect the column buckling curve determi-
determined nation.
Consider Deflec- Yes/No No Toggle to consider (Yes) or not consider (No) de-
tion? flection.
Deflection Check Ratio, Absolute, Program Choose to consider deflection limitations as abso-
Type Both Determined lute, as a divisor of the beam length (relative), as
both.
3 - 10 Overwrites
Chapter 3 - Design
DL Limit, L/ ≥0 Program Deflection limit for dead load. Inputting 120 means
Determined that the limit is L/120. Inputting zero means no
check will be made of this item.
Super DL+LL Limit, ≥0 Program Deflection limit for superimposed dead plus live
L/ Determined load. Inputting 120 means that the limit is L/120.
Inputting zero means no check will be made of this
item.
Live Load Limit, L/ ≥0 Program Deflection limit for superimposed live load. Input-
Determined ting 360 means that the limit is L/360. Inputting
zero means no check will be made of this item.
Total Limit, L/ ≥0 Program Deflection limit for total load. Inputting 240 means
Determined that the limit is L/240. Inputting zero means no
check will be made of this item.
DL Limit, abs ≥0 Program Deflection limit for dead load. Inputting zero
Determined means no check will be made of this item.
Super DL+LL Limit, ≥0 Program Deflection limit for superimposed dead plus live
abs Determined load. Inputting zero means no check will be made
of this item.
Live Load Limit, abs ≥0 Program Deflection limit for superimposed live load. Input-
Determined ting zero means no check will be made of this
item.
Total Limit, abs ≥0 Program Deflection limit for total load. Inputting zero
Determined means no check will be made of this item.
Net Area to Total ≥0 Program The ratio of the net area at the design section to
Area Ratio Determined gross cross-sectional area of the section. This ratio
affects the design of axial tension members. Speci-
fying 0 means the value is program default which
is 1.
Overwrites 3 - 11
Steel Frame Design SP 16.13330.2011
Live Load Reduc- ≥0 Program The reducible live load is multiplied by this factor
tion Factor Determined to obtain the reduced live load for the frame ob-
ject. Specifying zero means the value is program
determined.
Unbraced Length ≥0 Program Unbraced length factor for buckling about the
Ratio (Major) Determined frame object major axis; specified as a fraction of
the frame object length. This factor times the
frame object length gives the unbraced length for
the object. Specifying zero means the value is pro-
gram determined.
Unbraced Length ≥0 Program Unbraced length factor for buckling about the
Ratio (Minor) Determined frame object minor axis; specified as a fraction of
the frame object length. This factor times the
frame object length gives the unbraced length for
the object. Specifying zero means the value is pro-
gram determined.
Effective Length ≥0 Program Effective length factor for buckling about the
Factor Braced ( Determined frame object major axis; specified as a fraction of
µbraced Major) the frame object length. This factor times the
frame object length gives the effective length for
the object. Specifying zero means the value is pro-
gram determined. For beam design, this factor is
always taken as 1, regardless of any other value
specified in the Overwrites. This factor is used for
the B 1 factor.
Effective Length ≥0 Program Effective length factor for buckling about the
Factor Braced ( Determined frame object minor axis; specified as a fraction of
µbraced Minor) the frame object length. This factor times the
frame object length gives the effective length for
the object. Specifying zero means the value is pro-
gram determined. For beam design, this factor is
always taken as 1, regardless of any other value
specified in the Overwrites. This factor is used for
the U 1 factor.
3 - 12 Overwrites
Chapter 3 - Design
Effective Length ≥0 Program Effective length factor for buckling about the
Factor Unbraced ( Determined frame object minor axis; specified as a fraction of
µunbraced Minor) the frame object length. This factor times the
frame object length gives the effective length for
the object. Specifying zero means the value is pro-
gram determined. For beam design, this factor is
always taken as 1, regardless of any other value
specified in the Overwrites. This factor is used for
the U 1 factor.
Overwrites 3 - 13
Steel Frame Design SP 16.13330.2011
For the SP 16.13330.2011 code, the following default design combinations are
generated by the program (SP20 6.2, 6.4, 7.3, Table 7.1, 7.4, 8.2.2, Table 8.2,
10.12, 11.1.12):
The table uses the variables kc, FL, h, hp, hc, bf, tf, tw, b, t, D, d, and so on. The
variables b, d, D and t are explained in the respective figures inside the table.
The variables bf, tf, h, hp, hc, and tw are explained in Figure 3-1. For Doubly
Symmetric I-Shapes, h, hp, and hc are all equal to each other.
For unstiffened elements supported along only one edge parallel to the direc-
tion of compression force, the width shall be taken as follows:
(a) For flanges of I-shaped members and tees, the width b is one-half the full-
flange width, bf.
(b) For legs of angles and flanges of channels and zees, the width b is the full
nominal dimension.
(c) For plates, the width b is the distance from the free edge to the first row
of fasteners or line of welds.
(d) For stems of tees, d is taken as the full nominal depth of the section.
Refer to Table 3-1 (SP16 7.1.3, 7.3.3, 7.3.11, Table 9, Table 10) for the graphic
representation of unstiffened element dimensions.
For stiffness elements supported along two edges parallel to the direction of
the compression force, the width shall be taken as follows:
(a) For webs of rolled or formed sections, h is the clear distance between
flanges less the fillet or corner radius at each flange; hc is twice the dis-
tance from the centroid to the inside face of the compression flange less
the fillet or corner radius.
(b) For webs of built-up sections, h is the distance between adjacent lines of
fasteners or the clear distance between flanges when welds are used, and
hc is twice the distance from the centroid to the nearest line of fasteners
at the compression flange or the inside face of the compression flange
when welds are used; hp is twice the distance from the plastic neutral axis
to the nearest line of fasteners at the compression flange or the inside face
of the compression flange when welds are used.
(c) For flange or diaphragm plates in built-up sections, the width b is the
distance between adjacent lines of fasteners or lines of welds.
(d) For flanges of rectangular hollow structural sections (HSS), the width b
is the clear distance between webs less the inside corner radius on each
side. For webs of rectangular HSS, h is the clear distance between the
flanges less the inside corner radius on each side. If the corner radius is
not known, b and h shall be taken as the corresponding outside dimen-
sion minus three times the thickness.
Refer to Table 3-1 (SP16 7.1.3, 7.3.3, 7.3.11, Table 9, Table 10) for the graphic
representation of stiffened element dimensions.
I-Shapes (
0.36 + 0.10 ( 4.0 ) , if ) λ > 4.
Doubly Symmetric I-Shape
I-Shapes
(
0.36 + 0.10 ( 4.0 ) , if ) λ > 4.
2
Web in axial only 23, 1.30 + 0.15 λ , if λ ≤ 2,
h tw λ uw =
compression 34 1.20 + 0.35 λ ≤ 2.3, if λ > 2.
( )
Singly Symmet-
sion in flanges of
rolled
37 b f 2t f =
(
λ uf 0.36 + 0.10 λ , ) if 0.8 ≤ λ ≤ 4,
I-Shapes
(
0.36 + 0.10 ( 4.0 ) , if ) λ > 4.
I-Shapes
(
0.36 + 0.10 ( 4.0 ) , if ) λ > 4.
(
0.43 + 0.08 ( 0.8 ) , if
) λ ≤ 0.8,
Axial only compres-
sion in flanges
38 bf t f =
(
λ uf 0.43 + 0.08 λ , ) if 0.8 ≤ λ ≤ 4,
(
0.43 + 0.08 ( 4.0 ) , if )
Channel
λ > 4.
(
0.43 + 0.08 ( 0.8 ) , if
) λ ≤ 0.8,
Axial only compres-
( )
Double Channel
38 bf t f =
λ uf 0.43 + 0.08 λ , if 0.8 ≤ λ ≤ 4,
sion in flanges
(
0.43 + 0.08 ( 4.0 ) , if
) λ > 4.
1.2, if λ ≤ 1,
λ uf =
bt
1.0 + 0.20 λ ≤ 1.6, if λ > 1.
Axial 25,
Box
compression 26
h tw 1.2, if λ ≤ 1,
λ uw =
1.0 + 0.20 λ ≤ 1.6, if λ > 1.
Axial
(
0.36 + 0.10 ( 0.8 ) , if ) λ ≤ 0.8,
T-Shape
compression in 37 b f 2t f =
(
λ uf 0.36 + 0.10 λ , ) if 0.8 ≤ λ ≤ 4,
flanges
(
0.36 + 0.10 ( 4.0 ) , if
) λ > 4.
(
0.40 + 0.19 ( 0.8 ) , if
) λ ≤ 0.8,
Any type of com-
pression in leg
39 b t =
(
λ uf 0.40 + 0.19 λ , )
if 0.8 ≤ λ ≤ 4,
Double Angle
(
0.40 + 0.19 ( 4.0 ) , if
) λ > 4.
(
0.40 + 0.19 ( 4.0 ) , if
) λ > 4.
39 b t =
λ uf 0.40 + 0.19 λ , if 0.8 ≤ λ ≤ 4,
sion in any leg
(
0.40 + 0.19 ( 4.0 ) , if
) λ > 4.
A
Axial only compres- I
Pipe
D t 0.11 E Ry
sion S
C
For the determination of the nominal strengths for axial compression and
flexure, the sections are classified as Class 1 (Plastic), Class 2 (Compact), Class
3 (Noncompact), or Class 4 (Slender). The program classifies the individual
sections in accordance with Table 3-3 (SP16 7.1.3, 7.3.3, 7.3.11, Table 9, Table
10). As specified in that table, a section is classified as Class 1, Class 2, Class 3
or Class 4 as applicable.
For elements supported along only one edge parallel to the direction of com-
pression force, the width shall be taken as follows:
(a) For flanges of I-shaped members and tees, the width bel is one-half the
full nominal dimension, bf .
(b) For legs of angles and flanges of channels and zees, the width bel is the
full nominal dimension.
(c) For plates, the width bel is the distance from the free edge to the first row
of fasteners or line of welds.
(d) For webs of hot rolled sections, h is the clear distance between flanges.
Refer to Table 3-3 (SP16 7.1.3, 7.3.3, 7.3.11, Table 9, Table 10) for the graphic
representation of element dimensions.
For elements supported along two edges parallel to the direction of the com-
pression force, the width shall be taken as follows:
(a) For webs of rolled or formed sections, h is the clear distance between
flanges less the fillet or corner radius at each flange; hc is twice the dis-
tance from the centroid to the inside face of the compression flange less
the fillet or corner radius.
(b) For webs of built-up sections, h is the distance between adjacent lines of
fasteners or the clear distance between flanges when welds are used.
(c) For flange or diaphragm plates in built-up sections, the width b is the
distance between adjacent lines of fasteners or lines of welds.
(d) For flanges of rectangular hollow structural sections (HSS), the width b is
the nominal outside dimension less four times the wall thickness. For
webs of rectangular HSS, h is the nominal outside dimension less four
times the wall thickness. The thickness, t, shall be taken as the design
wall thickness.
bf bf b ft
k
hp 2
hc 2
PNA
tw h= h= hp d tw h= h= hp h
c
c NA
tw
tf tf
b b b fc
s bf bf
k k
b
tw b =
b b f − 3tw
h= h=
c hp h= h= hp hc d hc= d − 3t f
tw c tw
tw
tf tf
tf
bf bf
bf
b
bf bf
s
tf
t tf
d h
tw b d
b
tw
Axes Conventions
2, y
2-2 is the cross section axis
parallel to the webs, the
t longer dimension of tubes,
D d 3, x 3, x
the longer leg of single
angles, or the side by side
legs of double anges. This is
the same as the y-y axis.
2, y
3-3 is orthogonal to 2-2. This is
the same as the x-x axis.
Ryn
Ry = (SP16 6.1, Table 2)
γm
Run
Ru = (SP16 6.1, Table 2)
γm
Ryn
Rs = 0.58 (SP16 6.1, Table 2)
γm
where,
Ryn is the characteristic yield strength (SP16 6.1, Table C.5, C.6),
Run is the characteristic fracture strength (SP16 6.1, Table C.5, C.6),
γ m is the partial safety factor for material strength (SP16 6.1, Table 3).
The partial safety factor for material strength, γ m , can be chosen for different
materials satisfying the state standards and specifications for the rolled struc-
tural shapes, sheets, and pipes from the SP16 Table 3 (SP16 6.1, Table 3).
However, the program allows the user to choose the value of γ m in the pref-
erences form. Its defaults value is 1.025 which is typical for rolled structural
shapes (SP16 Table C.5).
The characteristics yield and fracture strengths, Ryn and Run , respectively,
can be chosen for different materials and different thicknesses satisfying the
state standards and specifications for the rolled structural shapes, sheets, and
pipes from the SP16 Tables C.5 and C.6. However, the program allows the
user to choose the value of Ryn and Run directly and expects to be input in
the materials definition form.
The design yield and fracture strengths, Ry and Ru , respectively, are calcu-
lated by dividing characteristic strength values by reliability coefficients of
the material using the equation given above. Unlike in the SP16 Tables C5
and C6, these values are NOT rounded up to 5 N/mm2 in the program.
In the calculation of the demand/capacity (D/C) ratios, first, for each station
along the length of the member, the actual member force/moment compo-
nents are calculated for each design combination. Then, the corresponding
capacities are calculated. Then, the D/C ratios are calculated at each station
for each member under the influence of each of the design combinations. The
controlling D/C ratio is then obtained, along with the associated station and
design combination. A D/C ratio greater than the D/C ratio limit (whose de-
fault value is 1.0) indicates exceeding a limit state.
The design flexural resistance for all shapes of sections are calculated based
on their principal axes of bending. For the Rectangular, I-Shape, Box, Chan-
nel, Double Channel, Circular, Pipe, T-Shape, and Double Angle sections, the
principal axes coincide with their geometric axes. For the Single Angle sec-
tions, the principal axes are determined and all computations except shear are
based on that.
For all sections, the nominal shear strengths are calculated for directions
aligned with the geometric axes, which typically coincide with the principal
axes. Again, the exception is the Single Angle section.
During the design, the effect of the presence of bolts or welds is not considered.
N
≤ 1.0 (SP16 7.1.1)
An Ry γ c
If the axial load is compressive, the D/C ratio for sections with higher char-
acteristic strength ( Ryn > 440 N/mm2) is given by:
N
≤ 1.0 (SP16 7.1.1)
An ( Ru γ u ) γ c
If the axial load is compressive, the D/C ratio for all sections is given by:
N
≤ 1.0 (SP16 7.1.3)
φARy γ c
where,
Ryn is the characteristic yield strength (SP16 6.1, Table C.5, C.6, C.7),
2
0.5 δ − δ − 39.48λ
2
≤ 7.6 , if λ > 0.4,
φ = λ
2 λ2 , (SP16 7.1.3)
1, if λ ≤ 0.4.
where,
= (
δ 9.87 1 − α + βλ + λ , ) 2
(SP16 7.1.3)
Ry
λ =λ , (SP16 7.1.3)
E
Klef
λ= , (SP16 7.1.3)
r
0.03, for Pipe and box shapes,
α =0.04, for I-Shape, Double Channel, welded-box,
for Angle, Channel, Tee, Double-Angle,
0.04,
and all other sections, and
0.06, for Pipe and box shapes,
β =0.09, for I-Shape, Double Channel, welded-box,
for Angle, Channel, Tee, Double-Angle,
0.14,
and all other sections.
Mx
≤ 1.0 , for Class 1 (SP16 8.2.1)
Wxn ,min Ry γ c
My
≤ 1.0 , for Class 1 (SP16 8.2.1)
Wyn ,min Ry γ c
For Class 1 members, if the member is loaded with bi-axial moment about
both the principal planes, the D/C ratio is given by:
Mxy Myx Bω
± ± ≤ 1.0 , for Class 1 (SP16 8.2.1)
I xn Ry γ c I yn Ry γ c I ω Ry γ c
For Class 2 and Class 3 members, if the member is loaded with moment in
one of the principal plane only, the D/C ratio is given by:
Mx
≤ 1.0 , for Class 2 and Class 3 (SP16 8.2.3)
cxβWxn ,min Ry γ c
My
≤ 1.0 , for Class 2 and Class 3 (SP16 8.2.3)
c yWyn ,min Ry γ c
For Class 2 and Class 3 members, if the member is loaded with bi-axial mo-
ment about both the principal planes, the D/C ratio is given by:
Mx My
+ ≤ 1.0 , for Class 2 and 3 (SP16 8.2.3)
cxβWxn ,min Ry γ c c yWyn ,min Ry γ c
For Class 1 members, if the member is loaded with moment in the major
principal plane only, the D/C ratio is given by:
Mx
≤ 1.0 , for Class 1 (SP16 8.4.1)
φbWcx Ry γ c
For Class 1 members, if the member is loaded with bi-axial moment about
both the principal planes, the D/C ratio is given by:
Mx My B
+ + ≤ 1.0 , for Class 1 (SP16 8.4.1)
φbWcx Ry γ c Wcy Ry γ c Wω Ry γ c
where,
Wcx is the section modulus of cross section about the principal axis, x,
computed for the compression flange,
Wcy is the section modulus of cross section about the principal axis, y,
computed for the compression side,
Wxn ,min is the minimum section modulus of cross section about the prin-
cipal axis, x,
Wyn ,min is the minimum section modulus of cross section about the prin-
cipal axis, y,
β is the coefficient that takes the effect of average shear stress on the
moment capacity for Class 2 and Class 3 sections,
For Circular and Pipe sections, an SRSS combination is first made of the two
bending components before adding the axial load component instead of the
simple algebraic addition implied by the preceding interaction formulas.
The coefficient, β , that takes the effect of average shear stress on the moment
capacity for Class 2 and Class 3 sections is calculated as follows:
τ
1, if 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5,
Rs
β = , (SP16 8.5.18)
1 − 0.2 τ x , if 0.5 ≤ τ x ≤ 0.9,
4
α + 0.25 R
f s Rs
where,
Q
τx = x , (SP16 8.2.3)
Aw
Af
αf = , (SP16 8.2.3)
Aw
Aw is the area of area of the webs. For box sections it is the area of the
two webs together (SP16 8.2.3).
φ1 , if φ1 ≤ 0.85,
φb = , (SP16 8.4.1,
0.68 + 0.21φ1 , if φ1 > 0.85,
G.1)
where,
2
Iy h E
φ1 =ψ , (SP16 G.1)
I x lef Ry
ψ is the coefficient determined using the section SP16 G.3 (SP16 G.1).
The value of coefficient ψ in the above formula is calculated by for-
mulas of SP16 Tables G.1 and G.2 depending on the number of
bracing points of the compressed zone, type of load space, and its
applications, as well as on the coefficient α , which is given below,
2
I lef
α =1.54 t , (SP16 G.4)
Iy h
n
N Mx My B
+ + + ≤ 1.0 , (SP16
An Ry γ c cxWxn ,min Ry γ c c yWyn ,min Ry γ c Wωn ,min Ry γ c
9.1.1)
If the axial load is compressive but the above conditions are not met, the D/C
ratio is given by:
N Mxy Myx Bω
± ± ± ≤ 1.0 , (SP16 9.1.1)
An Ry γ c I xn Ry γ c I yn Ry γ c I ωn Ry γ c
N Mx
− ≤ 1.0 , (SP16 9.1.3)
An ( Ru γ u ) γ c δWtx ( Ru γ u ) γ c
where,
Wcx is the section modulus of cross section about the principal axis, x,
computed for the compression flange,
Wcy is the section modulus of cross section about the principal axis, y,
computed for the compression side,
Wtx is the section modulus of cross section about the principal axis, x,
computed for the tension flange,
Wty is the section modulus of cross section about the principal axis, y,
computed for the tension side,
Wxn ,min is the minimum section modulus of cross section about the prin-
cipal axis, x,
Wyn ,min is the minimum section modulus of cross section about the prin-
cipal axis, y,
N
δ = 1− 0.1 , (SP16 9.1.3)
AR λ 2
y
Ry
λ =λ , (SP16 7.1.3)
E
Klef
λ= , (SP16 7.1.3)
r
For Circular and Pipe sections, an SRSS combination is first made of the two
bending components before adding the axial load component instead of the
simple algebraic addition implied by the preceding interaction formulas.
If the axial load is compressive, the D/C ratio considering the integral beam-
column stability in moment plane coinciding with symmetry plane is given
by the following:
N
≤ 1.0 (SP16 9.2.2)
φex ARy γ c
N
≤ 1.0 (SP16 9.2.2)
φey ARy γ c
N
≤ 1.0 (SP16 9.2.8)
φ x ARy γ c
If the axial load is compressive, the D/C ratio considering the integral beam-
column stability in out of moment plane is given by the following:
N
≤ 1.0 (SP16 9.2.4)
cφ y ARy γ c
If the axial load is compressive and the member is bent under bi-axial mo-
ments in two principal planes, the D/C ratio considering the integral beam-
column stability is given by the following:
N
≤ 1.0 (SP16 9.2.9)
φexy ARy γ c
If the axial load is compressive and the member is bent under uniaxial mo-
ment or bi-axial moments in two principal planes, the D/C ratio considering
the beam-column stability is given by the following:
N Mx
+ ≤ 1.0 (SP16 9.2.10)
φey ARy γ c cx δ xWxn ,min Ry γ c
N My
+ ≤ 1.0 (SP16 9.2.10)
φex ARy γ c c y δ xWyn ,min Ry γ c
where,
φex is the stability coefficient for axial compression with uniaxial buck-
ling about the major principal axis, x , determined using SP16 9.2.1
and Table E.3,
φey is the stability coefficient for axial compression with uniaxial buck-
ling about the minor principal axis, y , determined using SP16 9.2.1
and Table E.3,
φexy is the stability coefficient for axial compression with biaxial bend-
ing determined using equations as given in SP16 7.1.3,
1, if λ x ≤ 1,
δ x = 2 N (SP16 9.2.5)
1 − 0.1 λ x AR , if λ x > 1,
y
1, if λ y ≤ 1,
δy = 2 N (SP16 9.2.5)
1 − 0.1 λ y AR , if λ y > 1,
y
The stability coefficients for axial compression with uniaxial buckling, φex and
φey , about the major and minor principal axis, x and y , respectively, are deter-
mined from the Table SP16 E.3 based on λ and mef for the appropriate direc-
tion (SP16 9.2.2, Table E.3).
Ry
λ =λ , (SP16 7.1.3)
E
Klef
λ= , (SP16 7.1.3)
r
=m
(=
M Wc ) eA
, (SP16 9.2.2,
( N A) Wc
9.2.3)
M
e= , (SP16 9.2.2)
N
where,
M 2 = M max − 0.25λ ( M max − M 1 ) > 0.5M max (SP16 9.2.3, Table 20), and
=mmax
(=
M max Wc ) emax A
(SP16 9.2.3, Table 20).
( N A) Wc
=m
(=
M Wc ) eA
, (SP16 9.2.2,
( N A) Wc
9.2.3)
Ry
λ =λ , and (SP16 7.1.3)
E
Klef
λ= . (SP16 7.1.3)
r
The Table SP16 E.3 provides the value of φe for the range of 0.1 ≤ mef ≤ 20 . If
mef ≤ 0.1 then the moment is insignificant. In this case this limit state is not
needed to be checked as other interaction equation involving predominantly
axial force will cover this case. If mef > 20 then the axial force is insignificant.
In this case this limit state is not needed to be checked as other interaction
equation involving predominantly bending moment will cover this case
(SP16 9.2.2). However the interaction equation is checked anyway with the
assumption that φe =φ where φe is calculated per SP16 7.1.3.
The stability coefficients for axial compression, φ y , for buckling about the
minor principal axis, y , is determined from the SP16 7.1.3 based on
λ = λ y = λ 22 (SP16 9.2.4, 7.1.3) as follows:
2
0.5 δ − δ − 39.48λ
2
≤ 7.6 , if λ > 0.4,
φ = λ
2 λ2 , (SP16 7.1.3)
1, if λ ≤ 0.4.
where,
= (
δ 9.87 1 − α + βλ + λ , ) 2
(SP16 7.1.3)
Ry
λ =λ , (SP16 7.1.3)
E
Klef
λ= , (SP16 7.1.3)
r
The stability coefficients for axial compression, φ x , for buckling about the
major principal axis, x , is determined from the SP16 7.1.3 based on
λ = λ x = λ 33 (SP16 9.2.8, 7.1.3) using the same procedure as stated above.
The stability coefficient for axial compression with biaxial bending, φexy , is
determined from the SP16 9.2.9 as follows:
φexy = (
φey 0.6 3 c + 0.4 4 c , ) (SP16 7.1.3)
where,
φey is the stability coefficient for axial compression with uniaxial buck-
ling about the minor principal axis, y , determined using SP16 9.2.1
and Table E.3 and its calculation procedure has been described ear-
lier in this section,
β
≤ 1, if mx ≤ 5,
1 + αmx
c= c5 (2 − 0.2mx ) + c10 (0.2mx − 1), if 5 < mx ≤ 10, (SP16 9.2.5)
1
, if mx > 10,
(
1 + φ y φb mx
)
c ≤ cmax (SP16 9.2.5)
where,
β
=c5 ≤1, (SP16 9.2.5)
1 + α(5.0)
1
c10 = , (SP16 9.2.5)
( )
1 + φ y φb ( 5.0 )
=m
(=
M x Wc ) eA
, (SP16 9.2.2,
( N A) Wc
9.2.5)
Mx
e= , (SP16 9.2.2)
N
SP16 7.1.3 and its calculation procedure has been described previ-
ously,
( )
max M max of middle 1/3 span , (1 2 ) M max of full span , if
both ends are fixed,
M , if only left end is fixed,
M = max of one third span near left support
M max of one third span near right support if only right end is fixed,
max M
( )
max of middle 1/3 span , (1 2 ) M max of full span , if both ends are hinged,
(SP16 9.2.6)
φey is the stability coefficient for axial compression with uniaxial buck-
ling about the minor principal axis, y , determined using SP16 9.2.1
and Table E.3 and its calculation procedure has been described ear-
lier in this section,
2
cmax = , (SP16 E)
2
16 e
1 + δΒ + (1 − δΒ ) 2
+ α − x
µ h
Ix α
1+ +
I y 9.87
cmax = , (SP16 E)
ix2 + i y2 e
1 + 4 2 + x
h h
where,
4ρ
δ= , (SP16 E)
µ
β e
B= 1+ 2 x , (SP16 E)
ρ h
It
µ = 8ω + 0.156 2
λ y2 , (SP16 E)
Ah
α , β , and ω are the parameters in the expression cmax . They are de-
termined using equations as given in Table SP16 E.6.
N
≤ 1.0 (SP16 7.1.1)
An Ry γ c
If the axial load is tensile, the D/C ratio for sections with higher characteristic
strength ( Ryn > 440 N/mm2) is given by:
N
≤ 1.0 (SP16 7.1.1)
An ( Ru γ u ) γ c
If the axial load is tensile, the D/C ratio for all sections is given by:
N
≤ 1.0 (SP16 7.1.3)
φARy γ c
where,
An is the net area of cross section, an overwrite controls the ratio of net
to gross area of the cross section, A An ,
Ryn is the characteristic yield strength (SP16 6.1, Table C.5, C.6, C.7),
2
0.5 δ − δ − 39.48λ
2
≤ 7.6 , if λ > 0.4,
φ = λ
2 λ2 , (SP16 7.1.3)
1, if λ ≤ 0.4.
where,
= (
δ 9.87 1 − α + βλ + λ , ) 2
(SP16 7.1.3)
Ry
λ =λ , (SP16 7.1.3)
E
Klef
λ= , (SP16 7.1.3)
r
0.03, for Pipe and box shapes,
α =0.04, for I-Shape, Double Channel, welded-box, (SP16
for Angle, Channel, Tee, Double-Angle,
0.04,
and all other sections, and
7.1.3, Table 7)
0.06, for Pipe and box shapes,
β =0.09, for I-Shape, Double Channel, welded-box, (SP16
for Angle, Channel, Tee, Double-Angle,
0.14,
and all other sections.
7.1.3, Table 7)
Mx
≤ 1.0 , for Class 1 (SP16 8.2.1)
Wxn ,min Ry γ c
My
≤ 1.0 , for Class 1 (SP16 8.2.1)
Wyn ,min Ry γ c
For Class 1 members, if the member is loaded with bi-axial moment about
both the principal planes, the D/C ratio is given by:
Mxy Myx Bω
± ± ≤ 1.0 , for Class 1 (SP16 8.2.1)
I xn Ry γ c I yn Ry γ c I ω Ry γ c
For Class 2 and Class 3 members, if the member is loaded with moment in
one of the principal plane only, the D/C ratio is given by:
Mx
≤ 1.0 , for Class 2 and Class 3 (SP16 8.2.3)
cxβWxn ,min Ry γ c
My
≤ 1.0 , for Class 2 and Class 3 (SP16 8.2.3)
c yWyn ,min Ry γ c
For Class 2 and Class 3 members, if the member is loaded with bi-axial mo-
ment about both the principal planes, the D/C ratio is given by:
Mx My
+ ≤ 1.0 , for Class 2 and 3 (SP16 8.2.3)
cxβWxn ,min Ry γ c c yWyn ,min Ry γ c
For Class 1 members, if the member is loaded with moment in the major
principal plane only, the D/C ratio is given by:
Mx
≤ 1.0 , for Class 1 (SP16 8.4.1)
φbWcx Ry γ c
For Class 1 members, if the member is loaded with bi-axial moment about
both the principal planes, the D/C ratio is given by:
Mx My B
+ + ≤ 1.0 , for Class 1 (SP16 8.4.1)
φbWcx Ry γ c Wcy Ry γ c Wω Ry γ c
where,
Wcx is the section modulus of cross section about the principal axis, x,
computed for the compression flange,
Wcy is the section modulus of cross section about the principal axis, y,
computed for the compression side,
Wxn ,min is the minimum section modulus of cross section about the prin-
cipal axis, x,
Wyn ,min is the minimum section modulus of cross section about the prin-
cipal axis, y,
β is the coefficient that takes the effect of average shear stress on the
moment capacity for Class 2 and Class 3 sections,
For Circular and Pipe sections, an SRSS combination is first made of the two
bending components before adding the axial load component instead of the
simple algebraic addition implied by the preceding interaction formulas.
The coefficient, β , that takes the effect of average shear stress on the moment
capacity for Class 2 and Class 3 sections is calculated as follows:
τ
1, if 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5,
Rs
β = , (SP16 8.5.18)
1 − 0.2 τ x , if 0.5 ≤ τ x ≤ 0.9,
4
α + 0.25 R
f s Rs
where,
Q
τx = x , (SP16 8.2.3)
Aw
Af
αf = , (SP16 8.2.3)
Aw
Aw is the area of area of the webs. For box sections it is the area of the
two webs together (SP16 8.2.3).
φ1 , if φ1 ≤ 0.85,
φb = , (SP16 8.4.1,
0.68 + 0.21φ1 , if φ1 > 0.85,
G.1)
where,
2
Iy h E
φ1 =ψ , (SP16 G.1)
I x lef Ry
ψ is the coefficient determined using the section SP16 G.3 (SP16 G.1).
The value of coefficient ψ in the above formula is calculated by for-
mulas of SP16 Tables G.1 and G.2 depending on the number of brac-
ing points of the compressed zone, type of load space, and its appli-
cations, as well as on the coefficient α , which is given below,
2
I t lef
α =1.54 , (SP16 G.4)
Iy h
n
N Mx My B
+ + + ≤ 1.0 , (SP16
An Ry γ c cxWxn ,min Ry γ c c yWyn ,min Ry γ c Wωn ,min Ry γ c
9.1.1)
If the axial load is tensile but the above conditions are not met, the D/C ratio
is given by:
N Mxy Myx Bω
± ± ± ≤ 1.0 , (SP16 9.1.1)
An Ry γ c I xn Ry γ c I yn Ry γ c I ωn Ry γ c
If the axial load is tensile, the section characteristic yield strength is more
than 440 N/mm2 ( Ryn > 440 N/mm2), the D/C ratio considering the tension
flange yielding for singly symmetric sections including singly-symmetric I-
shape, Channel, Tee, and Double Angle sections is given by the following:
N Mx
− ≤ 1.0 , (SP16 9.1.3)
An ( Ru γ u ) γ c δWtx ( Ru γ u ) γ c
where,
Wcx is the section modulus of cross section about the principal axis, x,
computed for the compression flange,
Wcy is the section modulus of cross section about the principal axis, y,
computed for the compression side,
Wtx is the section modulus of cross section about the principal axis, x,
computed for the tension flange,
Wty is the section modulus of cross section about the principal axis, y,
computed for the tension side,
Wxn ,min is the minimum section modulus of cross section about the prin-
cipal axis, x,
Wyn ,min is the minimum section modulus of cross section about the prin-
cipal axis, y,
2 N
δ = 1− 0.1 λ , (SP16 9.1.3)
ARy
Ry
λ =λ , (SP16 7.1.3)
E
Klef
λ= , (SP16 7.1.3)
r
Qx
≤ 1.0 , (SP16 8.2.3)
Aw Rs γ c
Qy
≤ 1.0 , (SP16 8.2.3)
A fl Rs γ c
where,
Qx is the factored shear force causing bending of the about the major
principal axis, x ,
Qy is the factored shear force causing bending of the about the minor
principal axis, y ,
Rs is the design strength of steel for shearing (SP16 6.1, Table 2),
The total area of all the webs, Aw , and of all the flanges, A fl , are taken as
follows:
For all other shapes Aw and A fl are based on elastic equivalent shear area.
The factored shear strengths are calculated for shears along the geometric
axes for all sections. For I-Shape, Box, Channel, Double Channel, T-Shape,
Double Angle, Pipe, Circular, and Rectangular sections, the principal axes
coincide with their geometric axes. For Angle sections, principal axes do not
coincide with their geometric axes.
In calculating D/C ratios for shear, it is assumed that there is no internal stiff-
eners used to enhance shear strength of a section (SP16 8.2.3).
CSI, 2014. CSI Lateral Load Manual. Computers and Structures, Inc., 2014
1646 N. California Blvd., Walnut Creek, CA 94596.
Bibliography - 1