PACE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES: ONGOLE TE LAB

Ex.No: Date:

HEAT BALANCE TEST ON 4-STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL

ENGINE

AIM:

To do heat balance test on 4-stroke, single cylinder diesel engine

under various loads.

EQUIPMENT/APPARATUS:

1. 4-Stroke, single cylinder Diesel engine with a rope break dynamometer.

2. Stopwatch.
SPECIFICATIONS:

ENGINE : FOUR STROKE SINGLE YLINDER

MAKE : TOPLAND

BHP : 5 HP

RPM : 1500

FUEL : DIESEL

BORE : 80 mm

STROKE LENGTH : 110 mm

STARTING : CRANKING

WORKING CYCLE : FOUR STROKE

METHOD OF COOLING : WATER COOLED

METHOD OF IGNITION : COMPRESSION IGNITION

DESCRIPTION:

This is a water cooled single cylinder vertical diesel engine is coupled

to a rope pulley break arrangement to absorb the power produced.
Necessary weights and spring balances are included to apply load on the

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break drum. Suitable cooling water arrangement for the break drum is
provided. Separate cooling water lines are provided for the engine cooling.
Thermocouples are provided for measuring temperature. A fuel measuring
system consists of a fuel tank mounted on a stand, burette, and a 3-way
cock.
Air consumption is measured by using a M.S. tank, which is fitted
with a standard orifice and a U-tube water manometer that measures the
pressures inside the tank.
THEORY:

Single cylinder stationary, constant speed diesel engines are generally

quality governed. As such the air supplied to the engine is not throttled as
in the case of S.I. engines. To meet the power requirements of the shaft, the
quantity of fuel injected into the cylinder is varied by the rack in the fuel
pump. The rack is usually controlled by a governor or by a hand. The air
flow rate of single cylinder engine operating at constant speed does not vary
appreciably with the output of the engine. Since the fuel flow rate varies
more or less linearly with output, the fuel air ratio increaseswith output.
Performance tests can be conducted either at constant speed (or) at constant
throttle. The constant speed method yields the F.P. of the engine.

THERMOCOUPLE DETAILS:
T1 = Inlet water temperature to engine jacket
T2 = Outlet water temperature from engine jacket

T3 = Exhaust gas temperature.

STARTING THE ENGINE:

1. Engage de-compression lever before cranking.

2. Crank the engine and disengage the de-compression lever.
3. Adjust the governor to attain the rated speed.

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PROCEDURE:

1. Fill up the diesel into the fuel tank mounted on the panel frame.
2. Connect the instrumentation power input plug to a 230V, single phase
power source. Now the digital meters namely, RPM and Temperature
indicators display the respective readings.
3. Connect the water line to the engine jacket and brake drum.
4. Check the lubricating oil in the oil sump.

5. Open the fuel valve and ensure no air trapped in the fuel line.

6. Start the engine and allow it to stabilize rated speed (1500 rpm).

7. Now load the engine in steps of ¼,1/2,3/4, full load & 10% over load and
allow the engine to stabilize at each load.

8. Note the following readings

a. Speed of the engine from digital RPM indicator

b. Load from the spring balance.
c. Fuel consumption from burette.
d. Quantity of airflow from manometer.
e. Different temperatures from Temperature indicator.
f. Ambient temperature
g. Rotameter reading
9. Load the engine step by step.
10. Note down the corresponding parameters.
11. Turn off the fuel knob provided on the panel after the test.

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 PACE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES: ONGOLE TE LAB

OBSERVATIONS:

Load Manom Time

on eter Spring
for Efficiencies
Speed balance
Sl. the reading reading Rotame 10 cc B.P M.F.C S.F.C
(N ter T1 T2 T3 Va Vs
No brake of kW kg/kW.hr
kg/kW.hr
rpm) S reading
drum fuel
h1 h2 B th v m
In kg
(W kg) (sec)

1 4

2 6

3 8

4 12

5 16

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PACE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES: ONGOLE TE LAB

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:

A. Heat input = =(mfc×cv) 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑖𝑛

Where
𝑋 × 0.82 × 60
𝑚𝑓𝑐 = 𝑘𝑔/𝑚𝑖𝑛
1000 × 𝑇

𝐷+𝑑
2𝜋𝑁(𝑊−𝑆)( )×9.81
B. Heat equivalent to BP = 2
𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑖𝑛
1000

C. Heat carried away by engine cooling water = mw x cpw x (T2 – T1) kJ/min
Where mw = mass of cooling water
= Rotameter reading x 10-6 x 60 x density of water
D. Heat carried away by exhaust gases = mg x cpg x (T3 – T) kJ/min
Where mg = ma + mfc
ma = mass of air = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 × 𝑐𝑑 × 𝐴 × √2𝑔𝐻 × 60 𝑘𝑔/𝑚𝑖𝑛
T = Ambient temperature
E. Unaccounted heat = A – (B+C+D) kJ/min.

HEAT BALANCE SHEET ON MINUTE BASIS:

Heat kJ /
% kJ/ %
Supplied min Heat distributed
min
1.Heat in B.P

2.Heat carried by engine

Cooling water
Heat
supplied by 100 3.Heat Carried by exhaust 100
the fuel gases

4.Unaccounted losses

(radiation, friction, etc.,)

100 100

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PRECAUTIONS:

1. Before stating the engine check all the systems such as cooling ,
lubrication and fuel system

2. Ensure oil level is maintained in the engine up to recommended level

always. Never run the engine with insufficient oil.

3. Never run the engine with insufficient engine cooling water and exhaust
gas calorimeter cooling water.

4. For stopping the engine, load on the engine should be removed.

RESULT:

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