Muhammad Fadhil Aiman Bin Abdul Rahman

2018693962
RESULTS

FERROUS ALLOYS

1. SPECIMEN 1 (X17)

Pearlite Ferrite

Containing 0.8% carbon steel, rolled bar was heated for 1 hour at 800' C,furnace cooled
(annealed) to room temperature.

2. SPECIMEN 2 (X18)

Pearlite

Containing 0.8% carbon steel, rolled bar was heated for 1 hour at 800'C cooled in still air
(normalized)
Muhammad Fadhil Aiman Bin Abdul Rahman
2018693962
3. SPECIMEN 3 (X19)

Cementite Ferrite

Bainite

Containing 0.35% carbon steel bar, furnace cooled from 870'C

4. SPECIMEN 4 (X20)

Austenite

Cementite

Containing 1.3% carbon steel bar, furnace cooled from 870'C

Muhammad Fadhil Aiman Bin Abdul Rahman
2018693962
NON FERROUS ALLOYS

1. SPECIMEN 5 (X12)

Ferrite

Proeutectoid Euctectoid

Containing 58% Copper (Cu) or 42% Zinc (Zn) reheated to 800'C for 1 hour, furnace cooled
to 600' C and the water quenched.

2. SPECIMEN 6 (X13)

Ferrite

Eutectoid

Containing 58% Copper (Cu) or 42% Zinc (Zn) reheated to 800'C for 1 hour, furnace cooled
to room temperature
Muhammad Fadhil Aiman Bin Abdul Rahman
2018693962
3. SPECIMEN 7 (X14)

Aluminium

Silicon and eutectoid

Containing Aluminium (Al) and 4% of Copper (Cu) alloy, sand cast, heat at 525' C for 16
hours and then water quenched.

4. SPECIMEN 8 (X15)

Aluminium

Silicon and eutectoid

Containing Aluminium (Al) and 4% of Copper (Cu) alloy, sand cast, heat at 525' C for 16
hours and then water quenched.
Muhammad Fadhil Aiman Bin Abdul Rahman
2018693962
Muhammad Fadhil Aiman Bin Abdul Rahman
2018693962
Muhammad Fadhil Aiman Bin Abdul Rahman
2018693962

DISCUSSION
From the experiment, there were two category of specimens that need to be observed which
were ferrous alloy and non-ferrous alloy.

FERROUS ALLOY

Specimen 1(X17)
Specimen 1 (X17) which is containing 0.8% carbon steel, rolled bar was heated for 1 hour at
800'C. It then undergoes annealed process which is furnace cooled to room temperature.
Annealing is a heat treatment process used mostly to increase the ductility and reduce the
hardness of a material. True annealing includes heating the steel to austenite and holding for
quite a while to make stable structure. The structure is then cooled all around gradually to room
temperature. This will delivers an extremely delicate structure, yet in addition makes
exceptionally expansive grains, which are rarely alluring a result of poor strength.

Ferrite and pearlite will produced when this specimen undergoes the annealing process. White
regions in the microstructure are a strong arrangement known as ferrite while dim regions are
really a composite called pearlite.

Specimen 2 (X18)
Specimen 2 (X18) which is containing 0.8% carbon steel, rolled bar was heated for 1 hour at
800'C. It then undergoes normalized process which is cooled in still air. heat treatment process
that is used to make a metal more ductile and tough after it has been subjected to thermal or
mechanical hardening processes. Normalizing involves heating a material to an elevated
temperature and then allowing it to cool back to room temperature by exposing it to room
temperature air after it is heated. This moderately rapid transformation creates relatively fine
grains with uniform pearlite.

At the point when this specimen experiences normalizing, it will delivered fine pearlite with
abundance of ferrite or cementite. The subsequent material is delicate and the level of
delicateness relies upon the real surrounding states of cooling. Normalizing is more usually
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2018693962
utilized than tempering, as it is extensively less expensive that full strengthening since there
isn't the additional expense of controlled heater cooling.

Specimen 3 (X19)
Specimen 3 (X19) which is containing 0.35% carbon steel bar. It then undergoes spheroidizing
which is furnace cooled from 870'C. According to the percentage of carbon steel, specimen 3
can be classified as medium-carbon steel. Spheroidite structure will formed when this type of
carbon steel undergoes spheroidizing. Characteristics of a sphereoidited steels are have a
maximum softness and ductility and easily machined or deformed. The carbon steels will
produced ferrite, cementite and also bainite microstructure.

Specimen 4 (X20)
Specimen 4 (X20) which is containing 1.3% carbon steel bar. It undergoes spheroidizing which
is furnace cooled from 970%. According to the percentage of carbon steel, specimen 3 can be
classified as high-carbon steel. During cooling process of this steel, from the austenite field,
the first phase to form is cementite on the austenite grain boundaries. This partitions iron and
at the eutectic composition pearlite is formed from the remaining enriched austenite.

NON-FERROUS ALLOY

Specimen5(X12)
Specimen (X12) which is containing 58% Copper (Cu) or 42% Zinc (Zn). It then reheated to
800oC for 1 hour. The specimen is then was furnace cooled to 600oC and then undergoes water
quenched. Hardenability is a measure of the capacity of a steel to be hardened in depth when
quenched from its austenitizing temperature and it means the influenced for alloy composition
on the ability of steel alloy to transform to martensite for particular quenching treatment.
Microstructure of martensite will form after quenching.

Specimen 6 (X13)
Specimen 6 (X13) which is containing 58% Copper and 42% Zinc. It then reheated to 800oC
for 1 hour. The specimen is then was cooled to room temperature. The specimen undergoes
hardenability just like specimen 5. Grains in the microstructure was expand.

Specimen 7 (X14)
Muhammad Fadhil Aiman Bin Abdul Rahman
2018693962
Specimen 7 (X14) which is containing Aluminium (Al) and 4% of Copper (Cu) alloy, sand
cast. It then heated at 525o for 16 hours. It is finally undergoes water quenched. This specimen
undergoes age-hardening process. Age hardening was used to designate this precipitation
hardening because the strength developed by time or as the alloy ages.

Specimen 8 (X15)
Specimen 8 (X15) which is containing Aluminium (Al) and 4% Copper (Cu) alloy, sand cast.
It then heated at 525oC for 16 hours. It then undergoes water quenched. Finally, the specimen
was reheated at 260oC for 70 hours. Specimen 8 is a lso like specimen 7 which is also undergoes
age-hardening process.

HEAT TREATMENT

Heat treatment have several process which includes:

Annealing
Heat treatment process in which the alloy is heated up to the prescribed annealing temperature
for a prescribed time followed by controlled cooling in order to softening the alloy. The
different types of annealing treatments with different objectives exist depending on the alloy
system and prior processing. The more important purposes for which steel is annealed are
remove stress, induce softness, change the crystalline structure, produce definite microstructure
and to alter ductility, toughness or electric, magnetic or other physical and mechanical
properties.

Normalizing
Normalizing is a heat treatment process for making material softer but does not produce the
uniform material properties of annealing. A material can be normalized by heating it to a
specific temperature and then letting the material cool to room temperature outside of the oven.
This treatment refines the grain size and improves the uniformity of microstructure and
properties of hot rolled steel. Normalizing is used in some plate mills, in the production of large
forgings such as railroad wheels and axles, some bar products. This process is less expensive
that annealing.
Muhammad Fadhil Aiman Bin Abdul Rahman
2018693962
Spheroidizing
Spheroidizing is a process of heating and cooling to produce a spherodial or globular form of
carbide in steel.

Hardening
Hardening involves heating steel to its normalizing temperature and cooling (quenching)
rapidly in a suitable fluid.

ALLOYS

Ferrous Alloys
Iron alloys containing chromium, manganese, molybdenum, silicon, titanium, tungsten,
vanadium and other elements in varying proportions. Ferrous alloys are added to steel during
the manufacturing process to achieve the desired degree of corrosion resistance, tensile
strength, yield strength and other qualities.

Nonferrous Alloys

Nonferrous alloys are alloys that are the byproducts of non ferrous metals such as aluminium,
cobalt, lead, magnesium, titanium and zinc. By definition, a non ferrous alloy is an alloy that
does not intentionally contain iron. In general, non ferrous alloys are invested with non metallic
properties, have higher melting point and better strength. These properties make them a
favoured choice for several commercial and non commercial uses, including automobile and
aircraft parts, communication equipment, water valves, musical instruments and the
manufacturing of flammables and explosive.
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2018693962

MICROSTRUCTURAL

Austenite
Austenite is a solid solution of ferritic carbide or carbon in iron. It cools to form pearlite or
martensite.

Ferrite
Ferrite is a solid solution of carbon in body-centered cubic iron. It is a constituent of carbon
steels.

Cementite
Cementite is iron carbide and an orthorhombic crystal structure. It is hard, brittle material,
essentially a ceramic in its pure form. It forms directly from the melt in the case of white cast
iron. In carbon steel, it either forms from austenite during cooling or from martensite during
tempering.

Pearlite
Pearlite is an iron alloy phase which is characterized by the formation of distinct bands of ferrite
and cementite. This iron alloy phase contains around 88% ferrite and 12% cementite. It only
forms under specialized conditions which must be controlled to create this alloy phase rather
than another one. Pearlite is known for being tough, thanks to the way in which it forms, and
may be used in a variety of applications.

Martensite
Martensite is a solid solution of carbon in alpha-iron that is formed when steel is cooled so
rapidly that the change from austenite to pearlite is suppressed; responsible for hardness of
quenched steel.
Muhammad Fadhil Aiman Bin Abdul Rahman
2018693962

CONCLUSION

In a conclusion, the experiment is a success because the main objectives which were to
understand the relation between hardness to the cooling rate of the specimen after been heated
(quenching) using the Jominy test method and understand the microstructure changes to the
cooling rate of the specimen after been heated (quenching) using the Jominy test method was
achieved. Microstructure of a materials always difference from how the process undergoes to
make the alloys. The phase diagram of iron-carbon and non-ferrous systems was learned and
this diagram importing for heat treating and procedures in heat treatment involved. Lastly, we
were able to describe the application of ferrous and non-ferrous alloys in industry field and
describe the principal engineering properties.