165 MF Chapter 6 Notes

Chapter 6: Ionic Bonds and Some Main-Group Chemistry
John E. McMurry • Robert C. Fay
Atoms Ions
C H E M I S T R Y N: 1s2 2s2 2p3 + 3 e- N3-: 1s2 2s2 2p6
O: 1s2 2s2 2p4 + 2 e- O2-: 1s2 2s2 2p6

Fifth Edition
F: 1s2 2s2 2p5 +1 e- F1-: 1s2 2s2 2p6
Chapter 6 Ne: 1s2 2s2 2p6
Ionic Bonds and Some Na: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 - 1 e- Na1+: 1s2 2s2 2p6
Main-Group Chemistry Mg: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 -2 e- Mg2+: 1s2 2s2 2p6
Al: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1 -3 e- Al3+: 1s2 2s2 2p6
Chapter
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 6/2
Atoms Ions
Fe: [Ar] 4s2 3d6 - 2 e- Fe2+: [Ar] 3d6
Fe: [Ar] 4s2 3d6 - 3 e- Fe3+: [Ar] 3d5
Transition metals lose their valence shell s-level

electrons first.
Chapter Chapter
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 6/3 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 6/4
a. Ra2+
b. La3+
c. N3-
d. Sn2+
e. Ag+ (Hint: consider exceptions to normal e- configurations)
Chapter Chapter
1
A. Li+
B. Cl-
C. Cl
D. F
E. F-
Chapter Chapter
Ionization Energy (Ei): The amount of energy

Isoelectronic species have the same number of necessary to remove the highest-energy electron
from an isolated neutral atom in the gaseous state.
electrons.
Ex. Al3+,Mg2+, Na+, Ne, F-, O2-, N3- all have 10
electrons (2 in 1st level and 8 in 2nd level)
Sizes within an isoelectronic series vary based
on nuclear charge – as nuclear charge
increases, the radius decreases.
List the following from largest to smallest:
Al3+, Na+, F-, O2-
Chapter Chapter
Periodic T able
Increasing IE
Exception #1 – 1st p electron is easier to remove than 2nd s

Periodic T able
electron because having a filled s sub-level leads to extra stability
Increasing IE
(compare Be to B).
2
Periodic T able
Increasing IE
Exception # 2 – 4th p electron is easier to remove than 3rd p

electron because having a half-filled p sub-level leads to extra
stability (compare N to O)
M + energy M1+ + e-
M1+ + energy M2+ + e-
M2+ + energy M3+ + e-
Chapter
6/16
IE1 - 1012
A. Si
IE2 - 1903 B. B
1 2 IE3 - 2912 C. N
IE4 - 3956 D. P
3 4 5 E. S
IE5 - 6273
IE6 - 22233
IE7 - 27106
Chapter Chapter
3
Electron Affinity (Eea): The energy released when

a neutral atom gains an electron to form an anion.
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5
Na + Cl Na+ Cl-
1s2 2s2 2p6 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
Chapter Chapter
Born-Haber Cycle
Chapter
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 6/21 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Born-Haber Cycle
A. MgCl Step 1: Na(s) Na(g) +107.3 kJ/mol
B. LiO2 1
C. Be2F Step 2: Cl2(g) Cl(g) +122 kJ/mol
2
D. Na2S Step 3: Na(g) Na1+(g) + e- +495.8 kJ/mol
E. NeF2
Step 4: Cl(g) + e- Cl1-(g) -348.6 kJ/mol
Step 5: Na1+(g) + Cl1-(g) NaCl(s) -787 kJ/mol

1
Na(s) + Cl2(g) NaCl(s) -411 kJ/mol
Chapter
2 Chapter
4
Lattice Energy (U): The amount of energy that Coulomb’s law: force of attraction is directly proportional to the charges on
must be supplied to break up an ionic solid into the ions and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between
them F ∝ (q+)(q-)/d2
individual gaseous ions.
Coulomb’s law implies that ionic compounds consisting of ions with high
charges or having smaller ionic radii will have higher lattice energies
Chapter Chapter
A) NaF
B) NaCl
C) NaBr
D) NaI
Chapter
6/28
A. KBr A) Na2O
B. NaBr
C. NaCl B) MgO
D. LiF
E. LiCl C) Al2O3
D) CO2
Chapter Chapter
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 6/29 6/30
5
Octet Rule: Main-group elements tend to undergo

reactions that leave them with eight outer-shell A) C4-
electrons.
B) P3-
C) O2-
D) Mg+
Chapter
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 6/31
Octet Rule: Main-group elements tend to undergo

reactions that leave them with eight outer-shell
electrons.
Metals tend to have low Ei and low Eea.

They tend to lose one or more electrons.
Nonmetals tend to have high Ei and high Eea.

They tend to gain one or more electrons.
In covalent compounds, these elements sometimes

accommodate more than eight valence electrons (using s, p,
Chapter
and d sub-levels). Chapter
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 6/33 6/34
Production
Electrolysis in KCl
2LiCl(l) 2Li(l) + Cl2(g)
450 °C
Electrolysis in CaCl2
2NaCl(l) 2Na(l) + Cl2(g)
580 °C
• Powerful reducing agents • Good conductors of electricity

• Metallic • Relatively soft
• Bright, silvery • Very reactive
• Malleable • Occur only in salts
Chapter Chapter
6
Reaction with Halogens Reaction with Water

2M(s) + X2 2MX(s) M = Li, Na, K, Rb, or Cs 2M(s) + 2H2O(l) 2M+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) + H2(g)
X = F, Cl, Br, or I M = Li, Na, K, Rb, or Cs
Reaction with Hydrogen and Nitrogen

Heat
2M(s) + H2(g) 2MH(s) M = Li, Na, K, Rb, or Cs
Heat
6Li(s) + N2(g) 2Li3N(s)
Chapter Chapter
Production
1300 °C
BeF2(l) + Mg(l) Be(l) + MgF2(l)
Electrolysis
MgCl2(l) Mg(l) + Cl2(g)
• Powerful reducing agents • Relatively soft (harder than 1a)
• Metallic • Not as reactive as 1a High Temp
3MO(l) + 2Al(l) 3M(l) + Al2O3(s)
• Bright, silvery • Occur only in salts
M = Ca, Sr, or Ba
Chapter Chapter
Reaction with Halogens Reaction with Water

M + X2 MX2 M = Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, or Ba M(s) + 2H2O(l) M2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) + H2(g)
X = F, Cl, Br, or I M = Mg, Ca, Sr, or Ba
Reaction with Oxygen

Order of reactivity (violence of reaction):
2M + O2 2MO M = Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, or Ba
Ba > Sr > Ca > Mg > Be
Chapter Chapter
7
Reaction with Oxygen

4Al + 3O2 2Al2O3
Reaction with Nitrogen

2Al + N2 2AlN
• Metallic • Reacts well with oxygen
• Bright, silvery (forms an oxide coating)
• Good conductor of • Does not react well with water
electricity due to the oxide coating
• Found in many minerals
Chapter Chapter
A) Li A) Be
B) Mg B) Ca
C) Al C) Ba
D) Si D) Sr
Chapter Chapter
A) Li
B) Na
C) K
• Powerful oxidizing agents • Very reactive
• Nonmetals • Occur only in salts and
D) all of the above • Exist as diatomics in minerals
elemental form
Chapter Chapter
8
Reaction with Metals More active halogens can displace less active halogens
M = Metal from compounds
2M + nX2 2MXn
Activity Series for Halogens
X = F, Cl, Br, or I I2 < Br2 < Cl2 < F2
Reaction with Hydrogen Net ionic equations:
H2(g) + X2 2HX(g) X = F, Cl, Br, or I 2Br-(aq) + Cl2(g) Br2(l) + 2Cl-(aq)
2I-(aq) + Cl2(g) I2(s) + 2Cl-(aq)
2F-(aq) + Cl2(g) no reaction

Chapter Copyright © 2008 Pearson
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Reactions
Xe(g) + F2(g) XeF2(s)
Xe(g) + 2F2(g) XeF4(s)
Xe(g) + 3F2(g) XeF6(s)
• Colorless and odorless • Very unreactive

• Nonmetals • Occur naturally as atomic
gases
Chapter Chapter
A) F A) No reaction
B) IBr3-(aq)
B) Cl
C) BrO3-(aq) & I2 (aq)
C) Br
D) Br-(aq) & I2(aq)
D) I
Chapter Chapter

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Chapter 6: Ionic Bonds and Some Main-Group Chemistry

John E. McMurry • Robert C. Fay

C H E M I S T R Y N: 1s2 2s2 2p3 + 3 e- N3-: 1s2 2s2 2p6

O: 1s2 2s2 2p4 + 2 e- O2-: 1s2 2s2 2p6

Chapter 6 Ne: 1s2 2s2 2p6

Fe: [Ar] 4s2 3d6 - 2 e- Fe2+: [Ar] 3d6

Fe: [Ar] 4s2 3d6 - 3 e- Fe3+: [Ar] 3d5

Transition metals lose their valence shell s-level

Ionization Energy (Ei): The amount of energy

Exception #1 – 1st p electron is easier to remove than 2nd s

Exception # 2 – 4th p electron is easier to remove than 3rd p

Electron Affinity (Eea): The energy released when

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5

1s2 2s2 2p6 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6

Step 5: Na1+(g) + Cl1-(g) NaCl(s) -787 kJ/mol

Octet Rule: Main-group elements tend to undergo

Octet Rule: Main-group elements tend to undergo

Metals tend to have low Ei and low Eea.

Nonmetals tend to have high Ei and high Eea.

In covalent compounds, these elements sometimes

• Powerful reducing agents • Good conductors of electricity

Reaction with Halogens Reaction with Water

Reaction with Hydrogen and Nitrogen

Reaction with Halogens Reaction with Water

X = F, Cl, Br, or I M = Mg, Ca, Sr, or Ba

Reaction with Oxygen

Reaction with Oxygen

Reaction with Nitrogen

Reaction with Hydrogen Net ionic equations:

H2(g) + X2 2HX(g) X = F, Cl, Br, or I 2Br-(aq) + Cl2(g) Br2(l) + 2Cl-(aq)

2I-(aq) + Cl2(g) I2(s) + 2Cl-(aq)

2F-(aq) + Cl2(g) no reaction

Xe(g) + F2(g) XeF2(s)

Xe(g) + 2F2(g) XeF4(s)

Xe(g) + 3F2(g) XeF6(s)

• Colorless and odorless • Very unreactive

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