CE-402 Irrigation Engineering

01. Irrigation Engineering

B.Sc. Civil Engineering 8th Semester

Muhammad Ajmal (PhD)

Lecturer Agri. Engg. Deptt.

B.Sc. in Agricultural Engg. (Gold Medalist), UET Peshawar (2000-2004)

M.Sc. in Soil & Water Engineering, UET Peshawar (2004-2006)
PhD in Water Resources Engineering, Hanyang University, South Korea (2012-2015)

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 Course Contents
CE-402: Irrigation Engineering, CH (3)
 Water Resources: Planning and development of water resources projects. Water resources
in Pakistan.
 Diversion Head works: Elementary concept about anal head works, selection of their site
and layout, weirs and barrages, various components and functions. Measures adopted to
control silt entry into canals, silt ejectors and excluders.
 Canals: Design of irrigation Canals, Kennedy’s and Lacey’s Theories. Rational methods
for design of irrigation Canal.
1. Canal Lining: Advantages and types
2. Design of lined canals,
3. Maintenance of Irrigation canal.
4. Computer Aided design of irrigation canals.
 Irrigation Works: Canal head regulators, falls flumes, canal outlets. Cross drainage
works: types and functions. Monitoring of flows- telemetry system.
 Water logging and salinity: Causes and effects of water logging, reclamation of water
logged soils. Drains and tube wells, Causes and effects of salinity and alkalinity of lands in
Pakistan. Reclamation methods. Drainage network in irrigated areas.
 Dams: Brief description of various types of Dams, Environmental impact of Dams.

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 Course Contents
CE-402: Irrigation Engineering, CH (3)

 Recommended Books
1. Ali, I. Irrigation and Hydraulic Structure?
2. Sharma, R.K. and T.R. Sharma, Irrigation and Drainage, Vol-I to V. Oxford and IBH Pub.
Co.
3. Linslay, R.K. and Joseph, B.F Water Resources Engineering, McGraw Hill.
4. Siddiqui, Iqtidar H. Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Oxford University Press.
5. Irrigation and water power engineering Do. B.C. Punmia.
6. Design of small Dams- US Bureau of reclamation.

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What is Irrigation?
 It is the artificial application of controlled amount of water supplied to plants at
regular intervals to the land according to the crop requirements through out the
crop period for full growth of crop. It is used to assist in the growing of
agricultural crops, maintenance of landscapes, and revegetation of disturbed soils
in dry areas and during periods of inadequate rainfall.

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Irrigation Engineering

 The science of planning and designing a water supply system to the plants,
crops, for their normal growth during the period of no rainfall with the help
of dam, weir, barrage, reservoir and canal system (head works, cross
drainage works), and miscellaneous works of canal like canal fall is called
Irrigation Engineering.

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 When Irrigation is required?

Necessity of Irrigation
o Less rainfall
o Non Uniform rainfall
o commercial crops with additional water
o Growing of perennial crops
o Controlled water supply
o Washing of salts from root zone
o Soften the tillage pans
o protect crops from freezing
o reduce temperature of soil and crops

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 Pakistan climatic condition and Irrigation
 Pakistan is a tropical country with a vast diversity of climate, topography and
vegetation.

 Rainfall in Pakistan, varies considerably in its place of occurrence, as well as in

its amount.

 Even at a particular place, the rainfall is highly erratic and irregular, as it

occurs only during a few particular months of the year.

 Crops cannot be raised successfully, over the entire land, without providing
artificial water to the fields.

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 Pakistan climatic condition and Irrigation
 Climate in terms of precipitation is the basic factor for determining the need
for irrigation.

 For arid zones (mean annual rainfall < 40 cm of) full irrigation system is a
necessity.

 For semi-arid zones (mean annual rainfall 40-80 cm) irrigation is desirable.

 For humid zones (mean annual rainfall > 80 cm) irrigation is beneficial.

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 Advantages and disadvantages of irrigation
Advantages
 Increase in food production
 Protection from famine
 Cultivation of cash crops
 Addition to the revenue of country; General development of country
 Increase in prosperity of people
 Generation of hydro-Electric power
 Domestic and industrial water supply
 Canal plantation
 Improvement in the ground water storage

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 Advantages and disadvantages of irrigation
Dis-advantages
 Breading places for mosquitoes
 Water logging
 Damp climate

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 Scope of Irrigation
 The World Population is increasing with the passage of time and the demand for
additional food increases with the same rate; therefore, irrigation is likely to become
the science of survival for human beings.
 Vast areas of the earth are situated in arid zones (less rainfall regions) and even those in
humid areas (More rainfall areas) may not have evenly uniformity in distribution of
rainfall.
 The scope of irrigation is not limited only to the application of water to the soil but it
deals with all aspects and problems extending from the watershed to the agricultural
farms like control of water logging and reclamation of saline / alkaline soils.
 It also deals with the design and construction of all works required for storage,
diversion, conveyance, application and removal of excess water from farm land.

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 Scope of Irrigation can be divided into two heads
(a) Engineering Aspect
 Storage, diversion or lifting of water
 Conveyance of water to the agricultural fields
 Application of water to agricultural fields
 Drainage and water logging control
 Development of water power generation

(b) Agricultural Aspect

 Distribution of water uniformly and periodically for crop growth according to its
requirements.
 Reclamation of saline and alkaline lands.
 Capacities of different soils for irrigation water, and the flow of water in soils.

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Questions?