Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
MAJOR PROJECT
ON
CULVERT
Submitted in partial fulfilment of requirements for the award of the degree
of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
CIVIL ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED BY:
8516654,8516656,8516659,8516663,8516665
UNDER THE GUIDENCE OF
ER. SONU KHAN
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
SESSION 2015-2019
On the very outset of this report, we would like to extend our sincere
heartfelt obligations towards all the staff members who have helped our in
this Endeavour.
We wish to express our indebted gratitude and special thanks to our guide
Er Sonu Khan. His supervision and support helped our to complete this
project.
We would also like to thank Er Amit Raheja(H.O.D. Civil Engg. Deptt.) for
his support and incessant encouragement which was always a source of
inspiration for us.
ANKIT(8516654),DEEPAK(8516656),JASWINDER(8516659),
PAWAN(8516663),RAVI(8516665)
This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct
to the best of my/our knowledge
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS FOR CULVERT CONSTRUCTION
LOCATION OF CULVERTS
TYPES OF CULVERTS
DESIGN AND ENGINEERING
FAILURES IN CULVERT
COMPONENTS PART OF CULVERT
DESIGN OF CULVERT
ESTIMATION AND COSTING
REFERENCES
WHAT IS CULVERT?
FIG : CULVERT
1
MATERIALS FOR CULVERT CONSTRUCTION
Culverts are like pipes but very large in size. They are
made of many materials like
o Concrete
o Steel
o Plastic
o Aluminum
o high density polyethylene
In most cases concrete culverts are preferred. Concrete
culverts may be reinforced or non-reinforced. In some
cases culverts are constructed at site called cast in situ
culverts. Precast culverts are also available. By the
combination of above materials we can also get composite
culvert types.
2
LOCATION OF CULVERTS
3
ADVANTAGES OF CULVERT
Prevents Erosion.
Prevents Flooding.
Allow Water to Flow Unobstructed.
Divert Water for Farming/Engineering
Purposes.
Road Connectivity
It can be constructed of any desired strength
by proper mix design, thickness, and
reinforcement.
Aesthetic shape and appearance
Greater hydraulic efficiency
4
TYPES OF CULVERTS:
Arch Culvert
Bridge Culvert
5
PIPE CULVERT
Pipe culverts are widely used culverts and rounded in
shape. The culverts may be of single in number or
multiple. If single pipe culvert is used then larger
diameter culvert is installed.
If the width of channel is greater than we will go for
multiple pipe culverts. They are suitable for larger flows
very well. The diameter of pipe culverts ranges from 1
meter to 6m. These are made of concrete or steel etc..
6
PIPE ARCH CULVERT
Pipe arch culverts means nothing but they looks like half
circle shaped culverts. Pipe arch culverts are suitable for
larger water flows but the flow should be stable. Because
of arch shape fishes or sewage in the drainage easily
carried to the outlet without stocking at the inlet or bottom
of channel.
This type of culverts can also be provided in multiple
numbers based on the requirement. They also enhance
beautiful appearance.
7
BOX CULVERT
Box culverts are in rectangular shape and generally
constructed by concrete. Reinforcement is also provided
in the construction of box culvert. These are used to
dispose rain water. So, these are not useful in the dry
period.
They can also be used as passages to cross the rail or
roadway during dry periods for animals etc. Because of
sharp corners these are not suitable for larger velocity.
Box culverts can also be provided in multiple numbers.
8
BRIDGE CULVERT
Bridge culverts are provided on canals or rivers and also
used as road bridges for vehicles. For this culvert a
foundation is laid under the ground surface. A series of
culverts are laid and pavement surface is laid on top this
series of culverts. Generally these are rectangular shaped
culverts these can replace the box culverts if artificial
floor is not necessary.
9
ARCH CULVERT
Arch culvert is similar to pipe arch culvert but in this case
an artificial floor is provided below the arch. For narrow
passages it is widely used. The artificial floor is made of
concrete and arch also made of concrete. Steel arch
culverts are also available but very expensive.
10
DESIGN AND ENGINEERING
Construction or installation at a culvert site generally
results in disturbance of the site soil, stream banks,
or streambed, and can result in the occurrence of
unwanted problems such as scour holes or slumping
of banks adjacent to the culvert structure.
Culverts must be properly sized and installed, and
protected from erosion and scour. Many U.S.
agencies such as the Federal Highway
Administration, Bureau of Land
Management and Environmental Protection Agency
as well as state or local authorities require that
culverts be designed and engineered to meet
specific federal, state, or local regulations and
guidelines to ensure proper function and to protect
against culvert failures.
Culverts are classified by standards for their load
capacities, water flow capacities, life spans, and
installation requirements for bedding and backfill.
Most agencies adhere to these standards when
designing, engineering, and specifying culverts.
11
FAILURES IN CULVERT
Culvert failures can occur for a wide variety of reasons
including maintenance, environmental, and installation
related failures, functional or process failures related to
capacity and volume causing the erosion of the soil
around or under them, and structural or material failures
that cause culverts to fail due to collapse or corrosion of
the materials from which they are made.
If the failure is sudden and catastrophic, it can result in
injury or loss of life. Sudden road collapses are often the
result of poorly designed and engineered culvert crossing
sites or unexpected changes in the surrounding
environment cause design parameters to be exceeded.
Water passing through undersized ulverts will scour away
the surrounding soil over time. This can cause a sudden
failure during medium-sized rain events. Accidents from
culvert failure can also occur if a culvert has not been
adequately sized and a flood event overwhelms the
culvert, or disrupts the road or railway above it.
Ongoing culvert function without failure depends on proper
design and engineering considerations being given to
load, hydraulic flow, surrounding soil analysis, backfill and
bedding compaction, and erosion protection. Improperly
designed backfill support around culverts can result in
material collapse or failure from inadequate load support.
For existing culverts which have experienced degradation,
loss of structural integrity or need to meet new codes or
standards, rehabilitation using a reline pipe maybe
preferred versus replacement. Sizing of a reline culvert
12
uses the same hydraulic flow design criteria as that of a
new culvert however as the reline culvert is meant to be
inserted into an existing culvert or host pipe, reline
installation requires the grouting of the annular space
between the host pipe and the surface of reline pipe
(typically using a low psi grout) so as to prevent or reduce
seepage and soil migration. Grouting also serves as a
means in establishing a structural connection between the
liner, host pipe and soil. Depending on the size and
annular space to be filled as well as the pipe elevation
between the inlet and outlet, grouting maybe required to
be performed in multiple stages or "lifts". If multiple lifts are
required, then a grouting plan is required which defines
the placement of grout feed tubes, air tubes, type of grout
to be used and if injecting or pumping grout then the
required developed pressure for injection. As the diameter
of the reline pipe will be smaller than the host pipe, the
cross-sectional flow area will be smaller. By selecting a
reline pipe with a very smooth internal surface, with an
approximate Hazen-Williams Friction Factor, C, value of
between 140-150, the decreased flow area can be offset
and hydraulic flow rates potentially increased by way of
reduced surface flow resistance. Examples of pipe
materials with high C-factors are HDPE; 150 and PVC;
140.
13
COMPONENTS OF CULVERT
14
COMPONENT PARTS OF ARCH CULVERT
ABUTMENTS
DECK SLAB
FOUNDATION
RAILING
KERB
FOOTPATH
WING WALLS
15
An abutment may be used for the following:
To transfer loads from a superstructure to
its foundation elements
To resist and/or transfer self weight, lateral loads (such as the
earth pressure) and wind loads
To support one end of an approach slab
To maintain a balance in between the vertical and horizontal
force components of an arch bridge.
17
PARAPET OR RAILINGS: A parapet is a barrier
which is an extension of the wall at the edge of
a roof, terrace, balcony, walkway or other structure. The
word comes ultimately from
the Italian parapetto (parare "to cover/defend"
and petto "breast"). The German equivalent Brüstung has
the same meaning. Where extending above a roof, a
parapet may simply be the portion of an exterior wall that
continues above the edge line of the roof surface, or may
be a continuation of a vertical feature beneath the roof
such as a fire wall or party wall. Parapets were originally
used to defend buildings from military attack, but today
they are primarily used as guard rails and to prevent the
spread of fires.
18
KERB: Kerbs may fulfill any or several of a number of
functions. By delineating the edge of the pavement, they
separate the road from the roadside and discourage
drivers from parking or driving on sidewalks and lawns.
They also provide structural support to the pavement
edge. Curbs can be used to channel runoff water from rain
or melted snow and ice into storm drains
Fig: Kerb
19
DESIGN OF REINFORCED SLAB CULVERT FOR A
NATIONAL HIGHWAY
1. GIVEN DATA:
Carriage Way- Two lane= 7.5m
Foot paths on either side= 1m
Clear span = 6m
Wearing Coat =80mm
Width of bearing =400mm
Using M25 grade concrete and Fe415 grade HYSD bars
Loading IRC Class AA tracked vehicle
2. PERMISSIBLE STRESSES
𝜎cbc = 8.33N/mm2
𝜎st = 200N/mm2
m = 10
Q = 1.1
J = 0.9
3. DEPTH OF SLAB AND EFFECTIVE SPAN
Assume thickness of slab at 80mm /m of span for highway
bridge decks
Therefore overall thickness of slab = (80×6) = 480mm
Adopt overall depth of slab = 500mm
20
Using 20mm HYSD steel bars with clear cover of 30mm
Effective depth =500-(30+10)= 460mm
Width of bearing = 400mm
Effective span is the least of:
a) clear span + effective depth = (6+0.46) =6.46m
b) c/c of bearings = (6+0.40) =6.40m
Hence effective span (L) =6.4m
22
Net eff. Width of dispersion = 7.455m
Total load of two tracks with impact = 700×1.197 =838KN
Average intensity of load=[838/(4.76×7.455)]= 23.61KN/m2
Max BM due to live load is given by,
Mmax =[0.5(23.61×4.76)×3.2]- [0.5(23.61×4.76)×4.76×0.25)]
=113kNm
Therefore total design BM = 113+72 =185kNm
23
Effective width of dispersion is given by
be =K x [1-x/L]+ bw
where x = 2.38m
B =9.5m
L =6.4m
K = 2.84
B/L = 1.48
Therefore be= {(2.84×2.38)[1-(2.38/6.4)]+1.01} = 5.256m
Width of dispersion= [2625+2050+(0.5×5256)]=7303mm
Avg intensity of load= [838/(4.76×7.303)] =24.1Kn/m2
Therefore SF = VA = [(24.1×4.76×4.02)/6.4] =72KN
Dead load shear= [0.5(14×6.4)] = 45KN
Therefore total design shear force =72+45 =117KN
25
DETAILED ESTIMATE OF ARCH CULVERT AND APPROACH ROAD
4 First class
brickwork in
superstructure in
CM(1:3)
Abutments 3 7.5 0.4 3.0 27m3
10 Paint 40,8m2
WPCP in 3×2 6.8
Abutments
Deduction (-)28m2
=12.8m2
26
11 Approach road and
ramp
Sand filling 2 20 6.8 0.2 54.4m3
Coarse
aggregate 2 20 6.8 0.2 54.4m3
filling
L/S Quantity 200m3
12 Reinforced earth
wall 70m3(l/s)
Steel 70quintals
Steel 75quintals
27
ABSTRACT OF COST
S.NO. PARTICULARS OF UNT QUANTITY RATE/unit AMOUNT
ITEM
1. E/W in excavation m3 33.75 135/= 4557.00
28
REFERENCES:
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