ÍNDICE

ADJETIVOS COMPARATIVOS Y SUPERLATIVOS 3

ADVERBIOS 7
AFIJOS 9
ARTICULO 14
(TO BE) 16
CAN 19
THERE BE 21
CONDICIONAL 22
ESTILO DIRECTO Y ESTILO INDIRECTO 24
FUTURO 29
GENITIVO SAJÓN 30
(GOING TO) 31
HAVE/GET CAUSATIVO 33
HAD BETTER/WOULD RATHER 35
HAVE TO, MAY, MUST, SHOULD 36
HAVE Y HAVE GOT 38
IMPERATIVOS 40
ING COMO SUSTANTIVO 41
I WISH/IF ONLY 42
ONE SUSTANTIVADOR 43
ORACIÓN PASIVA 44
ORACIÓN DE RELATIVO 47
PLURAL Y ALGUNOS PLURALES IRREGULARES 51
POSESIVOS 53
PREPOSICIONES: COMPLEJIDAD IDIOMÁTICA 55
PREPOSICIONES: CLASIFICACIÓN 56
PRONOMBRES SUJETO/OBJETO 61
PRONOMBRES REFLEXIVOS 63

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QUESTION TAGS 64
RESPUESTAS CORTAS CON AUXILIARES BÁSICOS 66
SOME/ANY/NO Y COMPUESTOS 69
TAMBIÉN/TAMPOCO 71
THERE IS/THERE ARE 73
USED TO 75
VERBOS: 76
a. EL PRESENTE 84
b. EL PASADO 85
c. PRESENTE PERFECTO 87
d. USOS DE PRESENTE SIMPLE Y CONTINUO 88
e. USOS DE PASADO SIMPLE Y CONTINUO 90
f. USOS DE PARTICIPIO DE PRESENTE Y PASADO 92
g. VERBOS COMPUESTOS 93
OFRECIMIENTOS 94
PREGUNTAR/RESPONDER LOCALIZACIONES 95
ADVERBIOS DE FRECUENCIA 96
PALABRAS INTERROGATIVAS 97
NÚMEROS 100

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 ADJETIVOS COMPARATIVOS Y SUPERLATIVO

Comp. Inferioridad less ____ than (menos _____ que)

Comp. Igualdad as ____ as (tan _____ como)

Comp. Superioridad: Hay 2 maneras distintas de formarlo:

1. more ____ than, (más _____ que) para adjetivos de más de 1 sílaba.

2.Añadiendo al adjetivo el sufijo -er. Esto ocurre siempre que el adjetivo sea
monosílabo y también cuando es bisílabo y a la vez acaba en -y, -le, -ow, -er.
Happy, easy, lucky, noble, gentle, narrow, yellow, clever o tender hacen el comp.
superioridad en -er: happier, easier, luckier, nobler, gentler, narrower, yellower,
cleverer, tenderer.

Superlativo: También hay 2 maneras de formarlo:

1. the most ____, para adjetivos de más de 1 sílaba.

2. Añadiendo el sufijo -est siempre que el adjetivo tenga 1 sílaba o bien 2 y

a la vez acabe en -y, -le, -ow, -er. El superlativo ha de llevar siempre artículo.

Comparativos de superioridad y superlativos irregulares:

Good, better, the best. Little, less, least

Bad, worse, the worst. Much/many, more, most
Far, farther, farthest Old, older, oldest
Far, further, furthest Old, elder, eldest

Cambios ortográficos:

-Si el adjetivo termina en -e y hay que añadirle sufijo, no se pone doble "e"
(Ej: el comparativo de superioridad de gentle será gentler than)
-Si termina en -y, ésta pasa a -i cuando se le añade -er. (Ej: happy, happier)
-Si tiene 1 sola sílaba y acaba en vocal + consonante, ésta se duplica al
añadir el sufijo. (Ej: thin, thinner)

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 Después del than o el as del comparativo podemos utilizar un pronombre
objeto o sujeto. Si es sujeto habrá que añadir otro verbo. O sea, podemos decir He
is taller than her (él es más alto que ella) o he is taller than she is (él es más alto
de lo que ella es).

Ejercicios

1. Escribir los comparativos y el superlativo de estos adjetivos.

1. strong 14. old 28. good-looking

2. big 15. polite 29. handsome
3. healthy 16. common 30. stubborn
4. generous 17. lazy 31. fine
5. heavy 18. wet 32. humble
6. fat 19. dry 33. expensive
7. useful 20. shy 34. cheap
8. busy 21. tactful 35. gay
9. thin 22. clever 36. hot
10. violent 23. fertile 37. good
11. bad 24. late 38. easy
12. dirty 25. narrow 39. grey
13. strange 26. clean 40. loud

2. Usa estos adjetivos para hacer comparaciones en las oraciones.

fast cold old tall slow heavy young big

1. An elephant is ______ ______ a mouse.

2. A giraffe is ______ ______ a lion.
3. A baby is ______ ______ a boy.
4. A plane is ______ ______ a boat.
5. A bicycle is ______ ______ a car.
6. My grandmother is ______ ______ my mother.
7. An ice cream is ______ ______ a cake.
8. The sun is ______ ______ the moon.

3. Elige una de las palabras de cada grupo para hacer el superlativo relativo
del adjetivo entre paréntesis.

Ej: elephant/mouse/cat/sheep (heavy)

An elephant is the heaviest of them.

1. car/train/boat/plane (slow)
2. Earth/Moon/Sun/Mars (small)
3. skateboard/bicycle/motorbike/yatch (expensive)
4. Russia/England/Italy/Egypt (large)
5. dress/vase/flower/stamp (beautiful)
6. boy/toddler/baby/man (young)

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7. house/hut/tent/skyscraper (high)
8. chair/armchair/bench/stool (comfortable)

4. Decidir si las siguientes oraciones son correctas y, si no lo son,

corregirlas.

1. James is more big than Mark.

2. She is the most good at English in our class.
3. She runs fast.
4. He plays tennis good.
5. His car isn't so good as mine.
6. Jane is very lazy. She hardly works.
7. They play chess much more badly than us.

5. Completar las oraciones usando el adjetivo entre paréntesis.

1. Angela is (young) person in the class.

2. The bill isn't (expensive) as I thought it would be.
3. He bought (cheap) petrol he could find.
4. Don't kick the ball so (hard).
5. Her teacher speaks (slow) than you.
6. They live (far) from school than I do.
7. Your son's behaviour is (bad) in the whole school.
8. It was (boring) film I had ever seen.
9. She sings (beautiful) than anyone else in the choir.
10. He sounded (angry) than he did yesterday.
11. What's for supper? Something smells (good).
12. There isn't a room (comfortable) than this one.
13. She works (quick) than John, but not (fast) than Alison.

6. Escribe el comparativo de superioridad de los adjetivos:

1. old 7. difficult 13. heavy

2. strong 8. large 14. big
3. happy 9. far 15. slow
4. careful 10. serious 16. expensive
5. important 11. crowded 17. high
6. bad 12. pretty 18. dangerous

7. Escribe el antónimo de:

1. younger 3. cheaper 5. nearer

2. colder 4. better 6. easier

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8. Completa las oraciones usando un comparativo.

1. Sue's car isn't very big. She wants a ______ car.

2. This house isn't very modern. I prefer ______ houses.
3. You're not very tall. Your brother is ______.
4. Bill doesn't work very hard. I work ______.
5. My chair isn't very comfortable. Yours is ______.
6. Jill's idea wasn't very good. My idea was ______.
7. These flowers aren't very nice. The yellow ones are ______.
8. My case isn't very heavy. Your case is ______.
9. I'm not very interested in art. I'm ______ in history.
10. It isn't very warm today. It was ______ yesterday.
11. These tomatoes don't taste very good. The other ones tasted ______.
12. Britain isn't very big. France is ______.
13. London isn't very beautiful. Paris is ______.
14. This knife isn't very sharp. Have you got a ______ one?
15. People today aren't very polite. In the past they were ______.

9. Poner as o than.

1. Athens is older ______ Rome.

2. I don't watch TV as much ______ you.
3. You eat more ______ me.
4. I feel better ______ I felt yesterday.
5. Jim isn't as clever ______ he thinks.
6. Belgium is smaller ______ Switzerland.
7. Brazil isn't as big ______ Canada.
8. I can't wait longer ______ an hour.

10. Completar usando el superlativo del adjetivo de cada oración.

1. This building is very old. It's __________ in the town.

2. It was a very happy day. It was __________ of my life.
3. It's a very good film. It's __________ I've ever seen.
4. She's a very popular singer. She's __________ in our country.
5. It was a very bad mistake. It was __________ I've ever made.
6. It's a very pretty village. It's __________ I've ever seen.
7. It was a very cold day. It was __________ of the year.
8. He's a very interesting person. He's __________ I've ever met.

11. Escribir una oración con los comparativos y el superlativo de estos

adjetivos:

old bad easy frightening happy boring cold good difficult

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 ADVERBIOS

Mediante el sufijo -ly se pueden derivar muchos adverbios, principalmente de

modo, a partir de adjetivos. Estos adverbios equivalen a los que en español se
forman con el sufijo -mente. Por ej.,

adjetivo quick bad sudden careful heavy

adverbio quickly badly suddenly carefully heavily

La única regla ortográfica a tener en cuenta es la transformación de -y en -i al

añadirle -ly.

Los adjetivos fast, hard, late y early son también adverbios, sin necesidad de
añadirles morfema alguno.

El adverbio del adjetivo good (bueno) es well (bien) y el de bad (malo) es badly
(mal).

Los adverbios admiten comparación, al igual que los adjetivos.

Los adverbios de frecuencia y, además, both, all, already, still, also, se colocan
justo delante del verbo, si éste no es to be, ni modal, casos en los que irá justo
detrás. Estos adverbios se colocarán entre las dos palabras de un verbo si este
está en forma compuesta o en forma perifrástica.

Ejercicios

1. Elige la forma correcta

1. I opened the door slow/slowly.

2. Why are you angry/angrily?
3. Bill is a careful/carefully driver. He drives careful/carefully.
4. Can you please repeat that slow/slowly?
5. Come on, George! Why are you always so slow/slowly?
6. The party was very good/well.
7. Tom didn't do very good/well in his examination.
8. Jane is studying hard/hardly for her examinations.
9. 'Where's Diane?' 'She left sudden/suddenly.'
10. I met them a long time ago, so I don't remember them very good/well.
11. My brother isn't very good/well at the moment.
12. Don't eat your dinner so quick/quickly. It's no good for you.

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13. Those oranges look nice/nicely. Can I have one?
14. I don't want to work for that company. They pay their workers very bad/badly.
15. Please, be quiet/quietly.

2. Colocar el adverbio en su sitio correcto.

1. My brother speaks to me. (never)

2. Susan is polite. (always)
3. I finish work at half past eight. (usually)
4. Jill has started a new job. (just)
5. I go to bed before midnight. (rarely)
6. The bus isn't late. (usually)
7. I don't eat meat. (often)
8. I will forget what you said. (never)
9. Have you broken your leg? (ever)
10. Do you work in the same place? (still)
11. They stay in the same hotel. (always)
12. Diane doesn't work on Saturdays. (usually)
13. I can remember his name. (never)
14. What do you have for breakfast? (usually)
15. When I arrived, Jan was there. (already)

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 AFIJOS

El sufijo -y acompaña a nombres para formar adjetivos y significa lo que el

español -oso/a. Rainy, sunny, cloudy... (lluvioso, soleado, nuboso) son adjetivos
formados de los nombres rain, sun, cloud. No siempre que en español tengamos
-oso/a se puede decir para la misma palabra en inglés -y. Ni siempre que en inglés
tengamos -y, podremos traducir por el español -oso/a (como ocurría en sunny, que
hemos de traducir por soleado). En general, el significado de un afijo puede
coincidir con uno en español, pero no tienen porqué coincidir en las palabras en
concreto a que se aplican, o sea, en los usos.

-ly es un sufijo para formar adverbios a partir de adjetivos y es equivalente al

español -mente. Por ej., del adjetivo easy, se forma el adverbio easily (fácilmente).

El sufijo -less significa "sin" y se añade a nombres. Por ej., a un matrimonio sin
hijos se le puede llamar childless, palabra compuesta por el nombre child y el
sufijo -lees.

-Able (equivalente al español -ble) es un sufijo para formar adjetivos a partir de

verbos y que significa "que se puede...". Por ej., del verbo break (romper) se
puede formar el adjetivo breakable (rompible).

Un- es un prefijo para adjetivos y adverbios que significa lo contrario del término
a que se aplique. Es, por lo tanto, equivalente a los españoles i-, in-, a-, anti-. Por
ej., del adjetivo clear (claro) y del adverbio clearly (claramente) pueden formarse
unclear y unclearly (no claro y no claramente)

El sufijo -proof forma adjetivos a partir de nombres y significa "a prueba de". A
veces equivale al prefijo español anti- (cuando éste tienen el sentido de "a prueba
de") y a veces habrá que recurrir para la traducción a la expresión "a prueba de".
Por ej., podemos aplicarlo al nombre water para formar el adjetivo waterproof "a
prueba de agua" (que podría ir con el nombre watch, por ej.).

-ness es un sufijo que convierte adjetivos en nombres. Por ej., el adjetvo happy
(feliz) pasa a sustantivo mediante la adición del sufijo -ness: happiness (felicidad),
que hace que la -y del adjetivo pase a latina, pues ésta ya no finaliza la palabra.

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 -th es el otro sufijo inglés que significa lo mismo y es aplicable a la misma clase
de palabras. Se diferencia en los adjetivos en concreto a que es aplicable, lo cual
es una cuestión de uso. Por ejemplo, para el adjetivo happy se puede formar
happiness, pero no *happith; y para el adjetivo deep se puede formar depth, pero
no *deepness.

El sufijo -en forma verbos a partir de adjetivos. De, por ej., wide (amplio) se
forma el verbo widen (ampliar).

Ejercicios

1. Cuadro de morfemas para formar nombres, verbos y adverbios a partir de

adjetivos.

ADJETIVO SUSTANTIVO VERBO ADVERBIO

... -TH -EN -LY

-NESS

wide width widen widely

strong strength strengthen strongly
deep depth deepen deeply
weak weakness weaken weakly
short shortness shorten shortly
high height heighten highly

1. Completar las oraciones usando palabras del cuadro.

1. They wanted to ______ the harbour to allow oil tankers in.

2. These country roads are dangerously narrow. They need ______.
3. Greenpeace has ______ our understanding of the environment.
4. Industry is laughing at the ______ of the new regulations.
5. Only people over a certain ______ can join the army.

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2. Con la ayuda del diccionario si es necesario, completa el siguiente
cuadro.

ADJETIVO ANTONIMO ADVERBIO SUSTANTIVO

happy unhappy happily happiness

sympathy
unreliable
kindly
loyal
honestly
patient
responsibility
insensitive

3. Completar con una palabra de la familia sleep.

1. Do you know the story of ______ Beauty?

2. I feel ______. It's bedtime.
3. The driver fell ______ as he was driving along.
4. The doctor gave her some ______ pills to help her sleep.
5. She is a light ______. The slightest noise wakes her up.
6. Take a ______ bag if you go camping.
7. Since the baby was born, they have had a lot of ______ nights.

4. Completar con una palabra a partir de la dada en mayúsculas.

1. He claimed that his ______ had caused him to become a criminal. BRING UP.
2. He was given a light sentence because of his ______. YOUNG
3. I am tired of your ______ behaviour. When are you going to grow up?
4. ______ is a time that is supposed to be free of worries.
5. It was a difficult ______ and she almost lost the baby. PREGNANT
6. ______ is traditionally a time when parents and children don't get on very well
with each other. ADOLESCENT
7. She was shocked to find out she had been ______. ADOPT
8. They were sent to an ______ run by nuns. ORPHANS
9. He is thinking of taking early ______ next year. RETIRE.
10. You would hardly think she has two ______ girls. She just looks young!

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5. Completar con una palabra a partir de la dada en mayúsculas.

1. The judge told him it was ______ to drink and drive, and banned him for a year.
RESPONSIBLE
2. This poem shows the wonderful ______ of the poet. SENSITIVE
3. She divorced him because of his ______ to the children. KIND
4. The evening was ______ spent playing cards and talking. ENJOY
5. The keys were locked inside the car. ______, a side window was open. LUCK
6. Due to the clerk's ______, we missed the train. STUBBORN
7. Thousands of people are living in ______ after the earthquake. MISERABLE
8. The thing I hate about John is his ______. RELIABLE
9. Her boss accused her of being over-______. AMBITION
10. She upset him with a ______ remark about his big nose. TACT.

6. Completar con una palabra a partir de la dada en mayúsculas.

1. The inspector heard the man's ______. CONFESS

2. It was a _____ episode in the country's history. SHAME
3. They celebrate their ______ on 4th July. DEPEND
4. The refugees fond ______ over the border. SAFE
5. The king's ______ organized a revolution. OPPOSE
6. My aunt is an ______ officer. MIGRATE
7. He missed the ______ of his train by a minute. DEPART
8. The ______ was won in the last minute of the game. CHAMPION
9. It was a complete ______ due to poor planning. FAIL
10. Their ______ has lasted a lifetime. FRIEND

7. Completar con una palabra a partir de la dada en mayúsculas.

1. He was turned down for the job because he wasn't ______. QUALIFY
2. In parts of the country the ______ situation is terrible. EMPLOY
3. The world of computers is extremely ______. COMPETE
4. She left school with good ______. QUALIFY
5. The factory was ______ so the management tried to cut costs by making some
workers redundant. COMPETE
6. He is completely ______. Not only is he lazy but he is dishonest too. EMPLOY
7. Their best designer went to work for a ______. COMPETE
8. More than a thousand workers are ______ here. EMPLOY
9. Three firms are in ______ for the same contract. COMPETE

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10. In many countries the ______ get the dole. EMPLOY

8. Completar eligiendo la palabra correcta.

1. It was a beautiful day; the sun shone warmly in a/an ______ sky. (cloudless /
starless / coluorless / endless)
2. They shook hands, but there was no sign of a welcome in her ______ face.
(friendless/meaningless/homeless/expresionless)
3. The oranges were nice, but I'm afraid the apples were ______. (tasteless/
shapeless/ senseless/faultless)
4. All was still in the factory. The cars stood in ______ rows waiting for the workers
to arrive. (sleepless / useless / soundless / smokeless)

9. Si a algo en que se puede creer puede ser llamado believable, cómo se

llamará a algo que se puede:

move :
enjoy :
exchange :
wash :
understand :
replace :

10. Si algo que no puedes romper es unbreakable, qué sería algo que no
puedes:

-recognize :
-forgive :
-pronuonce :
-avoid :
-beat :

11. Construye una palabra a partir de la dada más uno de estos sufijos, con o
sin un-:

-y -less -proof -able

1. The crowd was ______ and gave the police a rogh time. (control)
2. The young people have to play their instruments in a ______ room in the
basement of the house. (sound)
3. Baby clothes should always be ______. (wash)
4. It's important to give young people a ______ diet. (health)
5. The guard saw the ______ body sink below the surface and disappear forever

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into the depths of the sea. (life)

EL ARTICULO

Cuándo se usa el artículo THE

1. Con superlativo: It was the best film I have ever seen.

2. Con nombres de los que sólo existe un ejemplar en la realidad:

The moon and the world both go around the sun.

3. Cuando el objeto o persona es mencionado por segunda vez.

There was a man outside. The man was tall.

4. Cuando mencionamos algo con información adicional (generalmente con una

oración adjetiva o de relativo).
I can't find the pen that I bought yesterday.

5. Con instrumentos musicales. She plays the piano well.

6. Con adjetivos que describen una clase o grupo de personas.

The rich, the poor, the unemployed...

7. Con títulos y nombres de lugares que tienen of.

The United States of America.

8. Cuando el objeto es conocido por los hablantes.

Where's the cat? (the cat that lives in a particular house).

Cuándo no se usa el artículo

1. Con la mayoría de los nombres de ciudades y países.

2. Con nombres incontables.

3. Con nombres contables mencionados en plural de manera general.

Cats are beautiful.

4. Con nombres abstractos.

5. Con lugares públicos como home, work, hospital...

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Ejercicios

1. Completar con a, the o nada.

1. ______ life is getting easier for ____ rich.

2. ______ accidents are generally caused by people driving too fast. This is
certainly true of ____ accident that I had last year.

3. Caroline plays ____ piano very well.

4. They gave Anna ____ guitar for Christmas.

5. ____ park has many examples of ______ wildlife: ____ birds, _____ deer and
_____ foxes.

6. Who's ___ person who borrowed my umbrella?

7. _____ pollution is destroying ____ environment.

8. She is going to visit _____ India and ___ USSR.

9. We have nothing to fear but ____ itself.

10. ____ price of ___ petrol is going up again. ____ petrol that I bought yesterday
was ___ cheapest in the area.

11. _____ wood is much dearer that it used to be. In fact, ____ wood I used to
make ____ shelves in the living-room was 3 pounds ___ metre.

12. She's _____ fascinating woman. Did you know she's ____ leader of ____
opposition party?

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 TO BE

Presente Pasado Participio

I am = yo soy/estoy was been

you are = tú eres/estás were “
he/she/it is = él/ella/esto es/está was “
we are = nosotros somos/estamos were “
you are = vosotros sois/estáis were “
they are = ellos son/están. were “

Este verbo irregular no lleva auxiliar. Para la negativa se añade not tras el verbo
y para la interrogativa se intercambia el orden sujeto-verbo:

Ejemplo:

He is bored (El está aburrido)

He is not bored (El no está aburrido)
Is he bored? (¿Esta él aburrido?)

I am se contrae en I'm. You are, we are, they are lo hacen en you're, we're,
they're.

Is not y are not pueden contraerse en isn't y aren't.

Construcciones especiales:

To be hungry : tener hambre.

To be thirsty: tener sed.
To be late : llegar tarde.
To be 13 : tener 13 años.
To be afraid : tener miedo.
To be hot : tener calor.
It's cold : hace frío.

Ejercicios

1. Poner am, is o are.

1. The weather _____ very nice today.

2. I _____ not tired.

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3. This case _____ very heavy.
4. These cases _____ very heavy.
5. The dog _____ asleep.
6. Look! There _____ Carol.
7. I _____ hot.
8. This castle _____ one thousand years old.
9. My brother and I _____ good tennis players.
10. Ann _____ at home but her children _____ at school.
11. I _____ a student. My sister _____ an architect.

2. Poner en negativa.

1. Paris is the capital of France.

2. I am interested in football.
3. I am hungry.
4. It is warm today.
5. Rome is in Italy.
6. I am afraid of dogs.
7. My hands are cold.
8. Canada is a very big country.
9. My grandmother is 70.
10. He is late everyday.

3. Pasar a interrogativa.

1. Your mother is at home.

2. Your parents are at home.
3. This hotel is expensive.
4. You are interested in art.
5. The shops are open today.
6. The park is open today.
7. It is dark outside.

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4. Rellenar con el pasado de to be: was / were / wasn't / weren't.

1. We didn't like our room. It _____ very small and it _____ very clean.
2. I phoned you yesterday but you _____ at home. Where _____ you?
3. George _____ at work last week because he _____ ill.
4. The shops _____ open yesterday because it _____ a public holiday.
5. _____ the weather good when you _____ on holiday?

5. Rellenar con formas afirmativas de to be. Según su contexto se pondrán

en presente o en pasado.

1. Last year she _____ 22, but now she _____ 23.
2. Today the weather _____ nice, but yesterday it _____ cold.
3. I _____ hungry. Can I have something to eat?
4. I _____ hungry last night, so I had something to eat.
5. Where _____ you at 11 o'clock last Friday morning?
6. Don't buy those clothes. They _____ too expensive.
7. Why _____ you so hungry yesterday?
8. We must go now. It _____ very late.
9. This time last year I _____ in Madrid.
10. 'Did you enjoy the match?'
'Yes, it _____ very good.'

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 CAN

Formas: presente: can

pasado: could/was able to
futuro: will be able to
gerundio: being able

Can y could van seguidos de infinitivo sin to.

No lleva -s en la 3ª persona del sn. del presente.
No lleva auxiliar en negativa/interrogativa.
El condicional de can tiene la misma forma que el pasado: could. No existe
*would can.
No tiene forma propia de futuro ni de gerundio, no existen *will can ni *caning,
sino que se recorre a be able to (ser capaz de). Para presente o pasado es
opcional -según el sentido que pretendamos- usar be able to.

Este verbo se usa muy frecuentemente en las llamadas "fórmulas de petición o

ruego..." del tipo: ¿Puede usted abrir la ventana? (Can you open the window,
please?) o, más formal, ¿Podría usted abrir la ventana? (Could you open the
window, please?)

Can se usa cuando en español se usa saber en el sentido de "habilidad" y no

"conocimiento". Por ej., la oración Yo sé nadar no estaría correctamente
expresada como I know swimming, porque aquí saber implica habilidad. Y, a la
inversa, I can swim no estaría bien traducido como Yo puedo nadar, sino como Yo
sé nadar.

Ejercicios

1. Completar las oraciones con can o can't + uno de los verbos dados.

come find hear see speak

1. I'm sorry, but we __________ to your party next Saturday.

2. She got the job because she __________ five languages.
3. You are speaking very quietly. I __________ you.
4. Have you seen my bag? I __________ it.
5. I like this hotel room. You __________ the mountains from the window.

19
2. Completar con can't o couldn't + uno de los verbos dados.

eat go go see sleep understand

1. I was tired but I __________

2. She spoke very quickly. I __________ her.
3. His eyes are not very good. He __________ very well.
4. I wasn't hungry yesterday. I __________ my dinner.
5. He __________ to the concert next Saturday. He's working.
6. He __________ to the meeting last week. He was ill.

3. ¿Qué dirías en estas situaciones? Usa Can you...?/Could you...?/Can I...?

1. You want me to open the door for you.

2. We are having dinner. You want me to pass the salt.

3. You want me to turn off the radio.

4. You want to borrow my pen.

5. You want to use my phone.

6. You want me to give you my address.

20
 THERE BE

La diferencia entre there is y there are está en el número gramatical del

complemento: there is se usa para el singular y there are para el plural. P.ej.:

There is a big car = hay un coche grande

There are big cars = hay coches grandes

Formas: presente: there is, there are (hay)

pasado : there was, there were (hubo, había)
presente perfecto: there have been (ha habido)
futuro : there will be (habrá)

Ejercicios

1. Pasar a los 2 modos en que no esté cada oración:

1. There are some boys.

2. I can't open the window.
3. She is at home now.
4. Are there any cheese in the fridge?
5. She can play the piano.
6. I and Peter are in the school.
7. There isn't any butter.
8. Could you open the window?
9. You weren't ready.
10. There were many people.

2. Pasar las oraciones de pasado a presente y las de presente a pasado.

1. There are many houses

2. We can't play the guitar
3. She was at home
4. Were you at home?
5. She could arrive on time
6. Are there many children?
7. I am German
8. Is she English?
9. There were many people
10. The children were afraid of the dog

21
 CONDICIONAL Y ORACIONES CONDICIONALES

Hay que saber diferenciar el tiempo condicional y las oraciones

condicionales. El tiempo condicional se expresa por medio del auxiliar would
antepuesto a la forma infinitiva del verbo y equivale al morfema español de
condicional -ría (correría, comería, amaría...). Las oraciones condicionales son
oraciones subordinadas cuya conjunción subordinante es if (equivalente al español
si), pero en las que no ha de aparecer necesariamente el tiempo condicional
(aparece sólo en el tipo 2, según el esquema).

Esquema tiempos: Tipo Or. de if Or. principal

1 present present/future/imperative
2 past conditional
3 past perfect perfect conditional

La traducción de los verbos en las oraciones condicionales es siempre

literal, siendo la del pasado simple y perfecto en subjuntivo. Might, could o should
pueden ponerse en la oración principal en lugar de would.

Equivalentes a if son: provided that, so/as long as, in case, supposing...

Unless es lo contrario de if: if not.
El pasado de to be sólo tiene una forma para las oraciones de if: were.
Los tipos 1 y 2 hacen referencia al presente o al futuro (probables para el
tipo 1 e improbables para el 2), mientras que el tercer tipo sólo se refiere al pasado
y significa una acción ya imposible de realizar.

Ejercicios:

1. Poner los tiempos de las oraciones condicionales:

1. What you (do) if you (be) in my situation?

2. Behave yourself, Lucy. If you (do) that again, you (have) to go to bed.
3. Their marriage only lasted three months. If he (be) less mean, she (not leave)
him.
4. If we (leave) now, we (miss) the rush hour traffic.
5. If we (lock) the car window, we (not give) them the opportunity to break in.
6. When Alice (get) here, you (show) her to her room?
7. What you (say) if I (give) you a present?
8. If you (press) that button, a recepcionist (come) to help you.
9. The film was marvellous. If you (come) with us, you (enjoy) it too.
10. What you (do) if your husband (have) an accident?

22
11. If I (be) the prime minister, I (bring back) capital punishment.

2. Poner los tiempos de las oraciones condicionales:

1. If I (be) you, I (not go) to work tomorrow.

2. As long as nothing (go) wrong, he (fly) home tonight.
3. What (happen) if they (win) the next election?
4. Supposing you (see) a ghost, what you (do)?
5. If you (wait) a moment, I (call) the manager
6. They (not hear) us unless we (shout) louder.
7. He (buy) a map of the city in case he (get) lost.
8. If we (have) wings, we (not need) aeroplanes.
9. If you eat that meat, you (be) ill.
10. If the coat hadn't been so expensive, she (buy) it.

3. Poner en un tiempo correcto los verbos de estas oraciones condicionales.

1. If the lights (not fuse), I (not mind) being alone that night.
2. I (never keep) a large pet unless I (have) time to exercise it properly.
3. Supposing we (never meet) all those years ago, who do you think you (might
marry)?
4. He (not have) any difficulty in finding the cottage provided that he (arrive) before
dusk.
5. If I (not watch) television, I (certainly hear) the burglar alarm go off.
6. We (not be refused) credit if we (always pay) our bills on time in the past.
7. Where you (be) know if you (not have) financial backing from your family from
the start?
8. What you (do) about the blackmail attempt last year if you (be) me?
9. Medical evidence suggests that most people (enjoy) better health if they (eat)
less refined sugar.
10. If it (not be) for the quick thinking of a neighbour, the fire (might spread) to other
floors.

4. Poner los verbos entre paréntesis en un tiempo correcto en las siguientes

oraciones condicionales.

1. I will have spinach if there (be) nothing else to eat.

2. If the post office (be) open, could you buy some stamps?
3. You won't get fresh fish unless you (go) very early to the market.
4. I would have gone to the university if I (pass) my last exams.
5. If you (tell) me earlier, I (do) anything for you.
6. If you went to England, you (learn) a lot of English.
7. If she loses her job, she (be) furious.
8. Paula (miss) the train if she'd come a minute later.
9. John won't pass the exam unless he (work) harder.

23
10. I (see) a doctor if I (be) you.

ESTILO DIRECTO Y ESTILO INDIRECTO

Para saber convertir citas en estilo indirecto hay que tener en cuenta
cambios de pronombres, adverbios, locuciones de tiempo y lugar y tiempos
verbales. Los tiempos en estilo directo se corresponden con otros en indirecto. No
siempre es necesario cambiar el tiempo de la oración en estilo directo. Si
queremos decir en estilo indirecto un enunciado apenas emitido o cuya validez no
ha sido modificada por el tiempo real, los tiempos pueden permanecer invariables
(el verbo introductorio estará en presente). Por ejemplo, si alguien dice "Me voy
ahora" y otra persona transmite inmediatamente ese mensaje a una tercera
persona, dirá "él dice/ha dicho que se va ahora", donde el verbo ir ha permanecido
en presente. Si, por el contrario, el verbo introductorio se pone en pasado, el verbo
de la oración del estilo directo ha de cambiar como muestra el cuadro.

Cambios de tiempo

Presente Pasado
Pasado Pasado perfecto
Presente perfecto Pasado perfecto
Pasado perfecto Pasado perfecto
Presente continuo Pasado continuo
Futuro Condicional

Condicional, pasado perfecto y pasado continuo no cambian en estilo indirecto.

Directo
"I'm working here"
"I earn 100 pounds per week"
"I'm going to leave my job"
"I'll finish it soon"
"I didn't break it"
"We can run faster than them"
"It may be too late"
Indirecto
He said he was working there
He said he earned 100 pounds a week
He said he was going to leave his job
He said he would finish it soon
He said he hadn't broken it
They said they could run faster than them
She said it might be too late

Algunos cambios de tiempo y lugar

E. Directo E. Indirecto

here there
this that
now then

24
yesterday the day before
tomorrow the day after
last week the week before
next week the week after
ago before
the day before yesterday two days earlier
the day after tomorrow two days after

Interrogativas

Si la pregunta es total (se responde con sí/no) en estilo indirecto va introducida

por if. Si es parcial se repite la palabra interrogativa (what, how, when...). El verbo
principal es ask. Los cambios de tiempo se mantienen.

-"Are you tired?"

He asked me if I was tired

-"Where does she live?"

I asked him where she lived

Ordenes

El verbo principal suele ser ask -que aquí habra que traducir por "pedir" y no
por "preguntar"-. También pueden usarse order o tell. Después del verbo principal
ha de ir, obligatoriamente, to + infinitivo:

-"Please, help me!" -"Don't shout"

She asked me to help her -I told him not to shout

Consejos

Los consejos se ponen con el verbo advice como verbo introductorio. A este
también le sigue infinitivo con to.

Ejercicios

1. Pasar a estilo indirecto las siguientes oraciones.

1. I don't know what to do

2. Who has done it?
3. Come as soon as possible
4. Don't get lost
5. She has been writing for hours
6. They didn't understand what she meant
7. Have you ever been to Ireland?
8. Which one do you prefer?
9. Be careful!

25
10. She won't believe you

2. Pasar a estilo indirecto las siguientes oraciones.

1. John said: "I've been working hard all day"

2. "It hurts to much to face the truth", he told me.
3. Someone said: "I'll do it the day after tomorrow".
4. "I would never find myself feeling bored", he assured.
5. "Where did this accident happen?", he asked.
6. "Don't tell me what I should do", he ordered.
7. "Do you know where King's Cross station is, please?
8. "I wish it stopped raining soon", he exclaimed.
9. "How long am I going to live?", he asked.
10. Don't forget to bring an arm.

3. Cambiar a estilo indirecto las oraciones en estilo directo y viceversa. A

veces se da el comienzo de la oración a escribir.

1. He said that he didn't like television.

2. You are improving at English.
She says...
3. I returned the book that I borrowed.
Someone says...
4. Her father said that they would get married the following month.
5. I have complained about it several days ago.
He said...
6. Where will she go next year?
7. Ask the question!
8. If I were you, I wouldn't marry her.
9. Let's stay at home tonight.
10. Did I pass my exam yesterday?

4. Cambiar a estilo indirecto las oraciones en estilo directo y viceversa. A

veces se da el comienzo de la oración a escribir.

1. I don't know what to do.

He said that...
2. I won't come to the party on time.
3. She has lived in this house for five years.
Someone said that...
4. Do you know where the nearest bank is, please?
5. How can you expect to pass without studying?
6. He said that they had got lost two days earlier.
7. He said that that day he felt blue.
8. He broke his leg last week.
9. Let's clean the car.

26
10. If I were you, I'll call a doctor.

Formas verbales que no cambian en estilo indirecto

-Los tiempos de pasado que siguen a wish, would rather, it's time.
-Condicionales 2 y 3
-Might, ought to, should, must (cuando todos estos expresan consejo pueden
pasarse a estilo indirecto con el verbo introductorio advice).
-Used to.
-Could.
-Mustn't y needn't.

Otros verbos introductorios

-Para ENUNCIATIVAS lo normal es usar say o tell (tell cuando sigue un CI

pronominal). Otras alternativas se dividen en 2 grupos según exijan to + infinitivo
(a) o -ing (b):

A) agree, refuse, offer, promise, threaten.

B) accuse (obj) of, admit, apologize for, deny, insist on.

-Para INTERROGATIVAS, además de ask (que es el único verbo que admite CI

pronominal), podemos usar inquire y wonder.

-Para ORDENES, PETICIONES podemos usar todos estos verbos, a los que les
ha de seguir CI pronominal + to + infinitivo:

Advise, ask, beg, command, encourage, entreat, forbid, implore, invite, order,
recommend, mind, request, tell, urge, warn.

-Para CONSEJOS Y SUGERENCIAS podemos usar offer (+to+ infinitivo) o

suggest (+ ing).

27
Ejercicios

1. 'I never got used to be there', he said to her.

2. 'If she hadn't lost the key, we would have gone to her house', she said.
3. 'Lend me your pen for a moment', I said to Mary.
4. 'Don't watch late-night horror movies', I warned him.
5. 'I wish I had a million pounds' he said.
6. 'Please, fill up this form', the secretary said.
7. 'It's time we went to bed', I said.
8. 'Don't touch that switch, Mary', I said.
9. 'I'd rather you came as soon as possible', he begged me.
10. 'Send for the Fire Brigade', the manager said to the porter.
11. 'You needn't come to work tomorrow if you still fell bad'.
12. 'Shall we ever meet again?', he wondered.
13. 'Will you have a drink?', he said.

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 FUTURO

El tiempo futuro se forma con el auxiliar will, al que sigue la forma infinitiva del
verbo conjugado. Su negativa suele darse casi siempre contraída en la forma
won't. El esquema de formación será por tanto:

+: S WILL V C
-: S WON'T V C
?: WILL S V C

Para referirse al futuro, hay otras maneras en inglés además del futuro
gramatical. Podemos recurrir al presente continuo y al presente simple para dar la
idea de futuro, de modo parecido a como sucede en español. Comparar:

1-She will phone tomorrow: ella llamará mañana.

2-She is phoning tomorrow / She is going to phone tomorrow: ella va a llamar
mañana.
3-She always phones at three: ella llama siempre a las tres.

1. es el tiempo futuro; 2. es un presente continuo que alude a un futuro cercano

(para dentro de pocos días); 3. es un presente simple que tiene validez
designativa para presente, pasado y futuro, puesto que le acompaña el adverbio
siempre.

El presente continuo referido al futuro no puede ser traducido como tal al

español, o sea, la oración 2 no puede traducirse literalmente ella está llamando
mañana, porque en español el uso del presente continuo queda limitado al uso
referido a presente. Pero esta construcción inglesa tienen su equivalente en la
perifrástica española ir a + infinitivo, válida sólo referida a un futuro cercano, como
es fácilmente comprensible por sentido común.

Ejercicios

1. Poner en futuro.

1. I am late.
2. You don't know why.
3. He is phoning her.
4. She does not consider it.
5. Is it raining hard?
6. Are you going to the party?
7. Aren't they reading the paper?
8. Mum never goes to the town.
9. Dad went home early.
10. We all are glad for that.

29
 GENITIVO SAJON

El genitivo sajón expresa posesión.

Se forma invirtiendo el orden de los sustantivos en español e intercalando entre
ellos 's. No lleva artículo. P.ej.:

El coche de Ana = Ann's car

La bicicleta de mi hermano = My brother's bicycle

Cuando la palabra referida al propietario acaba ya en -s, sólo le añadimos el

apóstrofe:

My friends' house = la casa de mis amigos

El genitivo sajón no ha de usarse cuando el propietario es una cosa. En este

caso se dice igual que en español:

the roof of the building = el techo del edificio (mal: the

building's roof)
the beginning of the film: el comienzo de la película
the time of the next train: la hora del próximo tren.

Cuando se omite el sustantivo (la de Ana, el de mi hermano, la de mis amigos...)

también se usa el genitivo sajón: Ann's, my brother's, my friends'...

Y también para responder a preguntas con whose:

-Whose umbrella is this? = ¿De quién es este paraguas?

-Peter's = de Pedro

Ejercicios

1. Empléese el caso posesivo donde sea posible.

1. The car of Peter. 1. The new shirt of my friend Frank.

2. The legs of the table.
3. The father of James.
4. The party of the women.
5. The shop of my brothers.
6. The clothes of the boy.
7. The roof of the house.
8. The rights of everybody else.
9. The wedding of William and Susan.
10. The name of my sister-in-law.
2. In the time of a week or two.
3. The parents of all the other girls.
4. The houses of Peter and John
5. The favourite of the boss.
6. One of the patients of Dr White.
7. The poetry of Keats.
8. A journey of ten days.
9. The shop of the butcher.
10. The house of my aunt.

30
 GOING TO

Going es el gerundio de go, o sea, yendo. To es la preposición que lleva su

complemento, el sitio al que se va.

Siendo un gerundio, going se usa muy frecuentemente con el presente continuo.

Una oración con el presente continuo de go es p.ej., I am going to France, que
palabra por palabra significa
yo estoy yendo a Francia.

Como el presente continuo se puede traducir también como voy a..., la oración I
am going to France puede también traducirse en presente: voy a Francia. Esta
segunda manera de traducir el presente continuo de go es más frecuente que la
primera, la literal. Otros ejemplos de go en presente continuo son:

I'm going to Paris = voy a Paris

You are going to her house = tú vas a su casa
He is going to watch TV this evening = él va a ver la tele esta noche
It is going to rain = va a llover

Ya que going to es siempre usado en un presente continuo, la negativa e

interrogativa se formará como lo hace el presente continuo:

Va a llover : It is going to rain.

No va a llover : It is not going to rain
¿Va a llover? : ¿Is it going to rain?

31
Ejercicios

1. Poner en negativa e interrogativa cada una de estas oraciones.

1. I'm going to buy a car.

2. You are going to get up before 8.30.
3. He is going to have breakfast.
4. She is going to watch TV.
5. We are going to cook a meal.
6. They are going to ride a bicycle.

2. Poner el verbo entre paréntesis con going to en cada una de estas

oraciones interrogativas (haz los cambios necesarios).

1. What you (wear) to the party?

2. When you (visit) me again?
3. What time Tom (phone) you tonight?
4. How long your friends (stay) here?
5. What time you (get up) tomorrow?

3. Completar con ...going to + uno de estos verbos.

eat give lie rain study walk wash

1. My hair is dirty. I __________ it.

2. I don't want to go home by bus. I ___________.
3. John's university course begins in October. He __________ engineering.
4. Take an umbrella with you. It __________.
5. I'm hungry. I __________ this sandwich.
6. It's her birthday next week. We __________ her a present.
7. I feel tired. I __________ down for an hour.

32
 HAVE/GET CAUSATIVO

Have o get, indistintamente, más formal si acaso have, se usan con CD y

participio pasado para significar acciones que alguien hace por nosotros.

Comparemos las 2 oraciones

1. She made her own clothes

2. She had her clothes made

La oración 1. la traducimos Ella hizo sus propias ropas. La traducción literal de la

2. es: Ella tuvo sus ropas hechas, cuya traducción más próxima a lo que se diría
normalmente en español sería Le hicieron sus ropas.

1. se diferencia de 2. en que en 1. el sujeto de la acción es She -el sujeto

gramatical-, mientras que en 2. el sujeto de la acción es desconocido -el sujeto
gramatical es también She.

Una manera de decir en español que alguien nos ha hecho algo, pero sin decir
quién, es usar una fórmulan impersonal, es decir, impersonal en cuanto al sujeto
lógico, de la acción, como es Le hicieron sus ropas. Esto en inglés se expresa con
el have/get causativo, cuyo orden sintáctico ha de ser:

suj + HAVE + CD + participio pasado.

33
Ejercicios

1. Rescribir las oraciones empezando como se indica, sin cambiar su

sentido:

1. A local firm redecorated our kitchen.

We...
2. It's time for me to have a haircut.
It's time I...
3. A tailor altered his suit for the wedding.
He ...
4. A doctor is taking the woman's temperature.
She...
5. A plumber came to fix our central heating.
We...
6. You look different. Has someone done your hair?
Have you...?
7. His sister chose his shoes for the party.
He...
8. My eldest brother painted the walls of our house.
We...

2. Completar usando la forma correcta de have y el participio pasado del

verbo en mayúsculas, y traducir.

1. I need to ... a passport photo ... TAKE

2. I ... just ... my hair ... CUT
3. Your hair looks lovely! When did you ... it ...? CUT
4. I ... my eyes ... 3 years ago. TEST
5. I don't think they ... the windows ... for years. CLEAN
6. I wish I ... the roof ... last year. REPAIR

34
 HAD BETTER / WOULD RATHER

Las oraciones con el verbo had better se traducen sería/será mejor que... o yo
de ti... El verbo que le siga, siempre en infinitivo sin to. Had suele ir contraído.

You'd better go with me = será mejor que vengas conmigo

You'd better hurry = yo de ti me daría prisa

No hay que olvidar que -para cuando traducimos de la primera manera- el sujeto
de la oración en inglés es el sujeto de la oración subordinada en español, de la
oración que empieza con el que:

HE'd better come on time = Será mejor que EL venga a tiempo

En el fondo la oración con had better es una expresión equivalente a las de

SHOULD:

You should take his advice = debes seguir su consejo =

yo de ti seguiría su consejo o será mejor que sigas su consejo

Ejercicios

1. Traducir.

1. Creo que será mejor que vengas conmigo.

2. Preferiría que fuésemos al cine.
3. Preferiría comer en casa.
4. Ellos preferirían hacerlo por su cuenta.
5. Será mejor no llegar tarde.
6. Preferiría no tener que ir.

35
 HAVE TO, MAY, SHOULD
MUST - NEEDN'T

May -poder-, must -deber- y should -deber- (y can, que se estudia más
adelante) son llamados verbos modales. Comparten las siguientes características:

-Les sigue infinitivo sin to

-No llevan auxiliar en interrogativa/negativa
-No llevan -s en la 3ª persona singular del presente

Have to -tener que- no cumple esas tres características, pero es equivalente en

significado a must. Must es más fuerte que should, se refiere a una obligación
mayor. Por eso hemos de traducir should por deber y must por tener que.
Equivalente a should es ought to.

May conlleva un sentido de posibilidad, de que algo puede ocurrir. No es, por lo
tanto, intercambiable por can, que significa poder en sentido de habilidad o
conocimiento. Might es el condicional de may y conlleva más sentido de
posibilidad.

Must y needn't (needn't lleva auxiliar en pasado) tienen que ver con obligación:
must la expresa, pero needn't -no ser necesario- no. Needn't expresa ausencia de
obligación, el no ser necesario hacer lo que se exprese en la oración. Por ejemplo,
I must study (debo estudiar) expresa la obligación de estudiar, y I needn't study
quiere decir yo no necesito estudiar, o sea, puedo hacerlo o no, pues no hay
obligación. Por eso, más que traducir literalmente

I needn't study = Yo no necesito estudiar

debemos empezar con no es necesario... (en este caso: no es necesario que yo

estudie).

36
Ejercicios

1. Escribir la forma adecuada de can o may, según convenga.

1. She ______ type very well, but she can't do shorthand.

2. I wonder if you ______ help me with the washing up.
3. ______ I borrow your vacuum cleaner?
4. Don't wait for me, I ______ be late for dinner.
5. It ______ have been worse.
6. ______ you please tell me the way to Trafalgar Square?

2. Completar este diálogo -un director hablando con un empleado- con la

forma negativa de must o need.

Manager: John, you don't look at all well.

John : I think I've got some kind of flu.
Manager: Well, you ______ came this morning, really. We aren't very busy. And
people _____ come to work if they don't feel well.
John : Yes, I know I _____ come to work. But I have an important report to write. I
felt that I _____ leave it any longer.
Manager: OK. See how you feel today. But you _____ come to work tomorrow if
you still feel bad. Just take the day off.

3. Completar con mustn't o needn't.

1. You ______ ring the bell. I have a key.

2. You ______ drink this: It is poison.
3. We ______ drive fast. We have plenty of time.
4. You ______ drive fast. There is a speed limit here.
5. We ______ make any noise or we'll wake the baby.
6. You ______ bring an umbrella. It isn't going to rain.
7. You ______ turn on the light. I can see quite well.
8. You ______ smoke in an non-smoking compartment.
9. You ______ carry that parcel home yourself. The shop will send it.
10. I ______ go to the shops today. There is plenty of food in the house.

37
 HAVE y HAVE GOT

El verbo "tener" se puede decir de 2 maneras en inglés: con el verbo have o con
el verbo have got, diferenciándose en su funcionamiento.

1. Con have : se usa auxiliar.

2. Con have got: no se usa auxiliar.

Compárense los siguientes pares de oraciones que significan lo mismo en

español:

+ I have a dog - I don't have a dog Do you have a dog?

+ I have got a dog - I haven't got a dog Have you got a dog?

Tengo un perro No tengo un perro ¿Tienes un perro?

También es posible usar to have sin got y sin auxiliar.

Este verbo es irregular:

Presente Pasado Participio

I have had had

you have
He/she/it has
we have
you have
they have

En pasado hay que usar have (no have got), o sea, hay que usar el auxiliar did.

Sus formas contraídas son 've (para have) y 's (para has):

She has got = She's got

They have got = They've got

Cuando el verbo have es auxiliar de tiempos compuestos, nunca lleva got.

38
Ejercicios

1. Escribe preguntas con el verbo have. Entre paréntesis se dan el sujeto y el

CD de cada pregunta.

1. (you/a camera) 5. (Ann/black hair)

2. (you/a passport) 6. (Ann/two brothers)

3. (your father/a car) 7. (Jim/a sister)

4. (Jim/a bicycle) 8. (They/brothers and sisters)

2. Rellenar con have got, has got, haven't got o hasn't got.

1. They like animals. They __________ three dogs and two cats.
2. Sarah __________ a car. She goes everywhere by bicycle.
3. Everybody likes Tom. He __________ a lot of friends.
4. Mr and Mrs Johnson __________ two children, a boy and a girl.
5. Ben doesn't read much. He __________ many books.
6. I can't open the door. I __________ a key.
7. Quick! Hurry! We __________ much time.
8. It's a nice town. It __________ a very nice shopping centre.
9. She is going to the dentist. She __________ toothache.
10. She wants to go on holiday but she __________ any money.

3. Distinguir en qué oraciones es have es auxiliar y cuáles no.

1. I've got an elder brother.

2. She has dinner at three.
3. You have to wait here.
4. Have they brought all?
5. She has been cooking for hours.
6. It has not rained so since my birthday.
7. Why haven't they come on time?
8. The house has already been cleaned.
9. This is not what I have told you.
10. You don't have to worry for him.

39
 IMPERATIVOS

La oración en modalidad imperativa es la única que no lleva sujeto en inglés.

Comienzan siempre por el verbo, que va en presente, por lo que son
inconfundibles.

Como no tienen sujeto y el verbo no tiene morfemas de número plural, es

imposible distinguir formalmente un imperativo de segunda persona de singular de
otro de segunda persona de plural: ambos se escriben igual.

En caso de un imperativo negativo se empieza con el auxiliar, seguido de la

negación y el verbo.

Ejemplos:

Give me that book : Dame ese libro

Don't do that : No hagas eso

Podemos ordenar CD y CI de dos maneras:

a) CI + CD : Give me that book

b) CD + CI con to : Give that book to me

Se prefiere la construcción b) cuando el CD es it o them.

Ejercicios

1. Rellenar con los verbos dados estas instrucciones para un reloj.

change drop open position protect take take out try turn wear wind

Care of your watch: ______ your watch to the makers for cleaning every two or
three years. ______ to clean it yourself. Always ______ your watch against dust
and heat. ______ it when you are washing or swimming, and ______ it onto any
hard surface.
______ the watch -it is automatic!

Changing batteries: if your watch stops, ______ the batteries. _____ the back of
the watch and ______ the old batteries. Always ______ the new batteries correctly
(+ to +, - to -).

Setting the watch: Always ______ the hands of the watch in the clockwise
direction.

40
 -ING COMO SUSTANTIVO

Además de ser gerundio y participio de presente, -ing se usa:

1. Cuando en español aparecen 2 verbos juntos y el 2º es un infinitivo. En este

caso pueden hacerse 2 cosas: poner el 2º verbo en to + infinitivo o ponerlo en
forma -ING. Hay algunos verbos que exigen que el verbo que les siga vaya en
-ING

avoid consider
deny like (a no ser en condicional)
dislike enjoy
finish forgive
hate imagine
keep look forward to
prevent regret
stop suggest

2. Un infinitivo en función de sustantivo (sujeto, CD, atributo...), suele poder

ponerse también de esas 2 maneras (aunque por ejemplo con like sólo se
podría usar -ing en cualquier otro tiempo que no sea condicional).
A él le gusta pescar = He likes fishing
CD

3. Normalmente si después de preposición -excepto to- va un infinitivo, éste ha de

ponerse en -ing en inglés.
He dreamt about going to the beach = El soñó con ir a la playa

4. Después de conjunciones de tiempo, si ha de traducirse un infinitivo: after,

before...
Después de jugar al tenis, se duchó = After playing tennis, she had a shower.

Ejercicios

1. Traducir:

-Me gusta escuchar la radio un rato antes de dormir.

-Pescar es más relajante que el tenis.
-Educar a nuestros hijos es un deber muy difícil.
-Pedro sigue viniendo a clase sin desayunar.
-Ella quiere evitar verte allí.
-No me importa abandonar mis estudios.
-Me gusta montar en moto.
-Me gustaría montar en moto.
-Juan parece tener problemas.
-Después de hacer el examen entraré en el bar más cercano.

41
 I WISH - IF ONLY

Ambos se pueden traducir por ojalá. Se pueden usar de 2 maneras idénticas en

inglés y en español: con pasado simple (para expresar un deseo futuro) o con
pasado perfecto (para expresar arrepentimientos). La traducción a español es
literal sólo que en subjuntivo:

I wish I was old enough to leave school = ojalá fuese lo suficiente mayor
para dejar la escuela.
I wish I had had the chance of going to Greece = ojalá hubiese tenido la
oportunidad de ir a Grecia.

Cuando nos quejamos de alguien se usa con tiempo condicional, aunque sigue
traduciéndose como pasado:

I wish you would be more careful = Ojalá fueses más cuidadoso

I wish he wouldn't drop his cigarette ash on the carpet = Ojalá no tirase la
ceniza a la alfombra.

Ejercicios

1. Poner el verbo en un tiempo correcto.

1. I wish I (have) a million pounds so I could have bought it to you.

2. If only I (be born) ten years before I could have a job now.
3. I'd like to buy this books. I wish I (have) enough money.
4. I can't join the police because of my height. If only I (be) five centimetres
taller!
5. I just (start) doing an English exam.
6. Before (cross), be careful with cars on your right.
7. After (have) breakfast, he went to work.
8. I (look) forward to (hear) from you.
9. He (like) (read) funny stories.
10. She'd like (forget) all about it.

42
 USO SUSTANTIVADOR DE LA PALABRA “ONE”

El adjetivo inglés no tiene plural. No se puede sustantivar de igual modo que en

español, p. ej.: los coches azules > los azules no se puede expresar en inglés the
blue cars > the blues, pues estamos poniendo un adjetivo en plural. Hace falta una
palabra de apoyo, que es one. La forma correcta del ejemplo sería the blue ones.

This / that (éste / ése) se usan con one para referirse a un nombre antecedente
expreso:
-Which car is yours? (¿Cuál es tu coche?)
-This one. (Este)

Sin embargo, con those / these (éstos / ésos) no suele usarse, sino que van
solos those y these:
-Which flowers do you want? These or those?
-These.

Ejercicios

1. Completar con a/an + uno de estos adjetivos + one.

clean better big different new old

1. This cup is dirty. Can I have __________?

2. I'm going to sell my car and then I'm going to buy __________.
3. That's not a very good photograph, but this is __________.
4. This box is too small. I need __________.
5. I want today's newspaper. This is __________.
6. Why do we always go to the same restaurant? Let's go to __________.

2. Traducir.

1. Te gusta la camisa blanca, pero yo prefiero la negra.

2. ¿Quiere los pantalones azules o los blancos? Los blancos, por favor.
3. ¿Me vas a enseñar esas fotos o aquéllas? Aquellas, por supuesto.

43
 LA ORACION PASIVA

Se forma igual que en español: el sujeto de la oración activa pasa a

Complemento agente, el CD pasa a sujeto y el verbo se forma con la persona de
to be que exija el sujeto en el mismo tiempo más el participio del verbo de la
oración activa. El complemento agente siempre irá introducido por by y es normal
que no aparezca.

El sujeto de la oración pasiva también puede ser el CI de la activa:

They give you a present > A present is given to you
suj = CD de la activa

You are given a present

suj = CI de la activa

En inglés existen verbos que podríamos denominar "deponentes": tienen forma

pasiva pero han de ser traducidos en activa. El caso más sonado es el verbo to be
born (nacer, no ser nacido).

Ejercicios:

1. Pasar a pasiva:

1. Bad weather has delayed the trains.

2. Someone had informed the police about the planned robbery.
3. Poe wrote The black cat.
4. Someone has stolen my watch.
5. You can make some delicious meals with cheese and eggs.
6. He broke his leg in a skiing accident.
7. Jack is taking Sandra out for a ride in his new car.
8. While we are away, the neighbours will water our plants.
9. People play football in most countries in the world.
10. You have to see it to believe it.

44
2. Pasar a pasiva:

1. Farmers spray the trees each week.

2. The factory is producing more and more pollution.
3. Someone saw them dumping rubbish.
4. The owners had hidden all the evidence by the time the police arrived.
5. A scientist was redesigning the reactor.
6. A child can understand the problem.
7. The prime minister is going to open the enquiry.
8. Many people in Canada speak French.
9. The doctor ordered father to stay in bed.
10. The company will sell more petrol this year.

3. Pasar a pasiva.

1. The neighbours will water our plants.

2. You can rent a bicycle cheaply.
3. You musn't bring drinks into the football ground.
4. They are going to introduce new safety procedures.
5. I would not pay that money.
6. Ten years of peace followed the war.
7. The local radio station is reporting the event.
8. The police were questioning a man last night.
9. The owner had left a dog in the car.
10. The manager is going to offer Sue a job.

4. Poner los verbos en una forma pasiva correcta:

1. I can't lend you my jacket because it (clean)

2. You (not allow) to park here.
3. The lights must (turn off) by the last person to leave.
4. I wish I (teach) to swim when I was younger.
5. The safety pin (invent) by an American.
6. Many people think nurses ought (pay) more.
7. The house (not sell) yet.
8. He doesn't mind (interrupt) while he's working.
9. The letter seemed (write) by a child.
10. You (not allow) to smoke here.
11. You (not suppose) to study the day before the exam.
12. Hamlet (write) by Shakespeare.
13. Rome (say) to be a very beautiful city.

45
5. Poner los verbos en una forma pasiva correcta:

1. You won't be able to recognize Tommy. He (grow) so much since your last visit.
2. Some pedestrians (kill) in the capital last weekend in a car accident.
3. The person who finds the criminal (give) a 10000 pound reward.
4. As soon as the teacher arrives home, the exams (mark) and on Monday you
(give) your marks.
5. James (tell) that his cat (find) dead.
6. You (not allow) to smoke here.
7. You (suppose) to study before the exam.
8. Your computer (inspect) and no fault (find). It (send) back to your home in the
next week.

46
 LA ORACION DE RELATIVO

personas cosas

que who/that which/that

cuyo (posesivo) whose whose
pre. + que prep.+whom prep.+which

Los relativos en función de CD pueden omitirse (a menos que sean de oración

explicativa), que es lo normal.

De modo análogo a como sucede en español, when puede sustituir a at which si

tiene sentido temporal y where puede sustituir a in which si tiene sentido locativo.
(The house where I was born...; Do you know the time when the plane takes off?)

Relativos con preposición

La oración adjetiva que comience por prep. puede escribirse sin el relativo (a
menos que sea de oración explicativa) si ponemos la prep. al final de la oración
adjetiva. De tal modo, son equivalentes:

-That's the man to whom I was talking y

That's the man I was talking to

-The Cartagena about which he is talking is in Colombia y

The Cartagena he is talking about is in Colombia

Es más frecuente la segunda estructura en este tipo de oraciones.

Cuando el relativo se refiere a toda la oración anterior en su conjunto y no a un

solo elemento de ella, el único relativo admisible es which. También es obligatorio
el uso de la coma antes de la oración adjetiva. Se usa cuando en español lo que
equivale a lo cual:

-Someone stole her car, which naturally annoyed her = alguien robó su coche,
lo que naturalmente la sorprendió

Comparar con

-Someone stole her car, which was parked outside her garage=
alguien robó su coche, que estaba aparcado fuera de su garaje

47
donde se ve claramente que el mismo relativo -which- se refiere a un solo
elemento de la oración principal -car-, habiendo de ser traducido por que.

Se ha de recordar que un verbo acabado en -ing puede traducirse como una

oración adjetiva a falta de un adjetivo equivalente en español.

Otra nota marginal: el relativo which que se refiere a toda una oración anterior se
traduce por lo que. Pero no siempre que en español tengamos lo que hay que
decir which en inglés. El lo que de una oración adjetiva sustantivada en español,
que no irá detrás de un nombre, es what.

Ejercicios

1. Rellenar con who, that, which o where.

1. I met a woman _____ can speak six languages.

2. What's the name of the man _____ lives next door?
3. What's the name of the river _____ goes through the town?
4. That's the place _______ we were on holiday last year.
5. Everybody _____ went to the party enjoyed it very much.
6. Do you know anybody _____ wants to buy a car?
7. We will meet at the bar _______ we went last time.
8. Where is the picture _____ was on the wall?
9. she always asks me questions _____ are difficult to answer.
10. I have a friend _____ is very good at repairing cars.
11. A coffee-maker is a machine _____ makes coffee.
12. I don't like people _____ never stop talking.

2. Convertir los siguientes pares de oraciones en una sola oración

compuesta:

1. My uncle is ill.
His car is parked outside.

2. I'm sure he'll blame her.

He saw it clearly.

3. My cat doesn't sleep in the night.

I love my cat.

4. We were born in M.
The Prime Minister is visiting M. tomorrow.

5. John lost his job.

I was talking to John yesterday.

48
3. Unir las dos oraciones con un relativo.

1. We stopped at a grassy motel.

Peter had slept there the night before.

2. A girl wants to talk to you.

Her father is the president of the corporation.

3. I've bought a present for you.

It is in the garage.

4. Yes officer, that's the guy.

He stole my car in front of me.

5. I look after some children.

The children are hungry.

6. I can' stand that guy.

His name is Andrew.

7. I was brought up in Leeds.

Leeds is not far away from here.

8. I was in Rome in 1989.

I was 11 in 1989.

4. Unir las siguientes oraciones usando pronombres relativos.

1. Toledo is a very fine city to visit.

It gets extremely hot in summer.

2. You lent me a tent.

It was damaged in the storm.
You heard about the storm in the news.

3. The woman lives next door.

She bought an Old English Sheepdog.
It barks all night.

4. The price of petrol is going up again.

It rose only last month.

5. We rented a cottage from man.

He has written a novel.
The novel has become a bestseller.

49
6. I asked you to type some letters fro me.
The letters are full of careless errors.

7. I told you about a record.

The record will be released next week.
It has been produced by a completely new method.

5. Traducir:

-El dijo una palabra en francés que no entendí.

-El dijo una palabra en francés, lo que no entendí.
-El bar en el que te conocí está cerrado.
-He perdido las gafas que compré ayer.
-Conozco a la persona que ha suspendido inglés.
-Hoy es el aniversario del día en que nos conocimos.
-Este es el sitio en que me rompí una pierna.

6. Traducir sin poner el relativo estas oraciones con verbos compuestos:

-Los estudios que quería continuar eran de literatura.

-La persona de la que estaba harto eras tú.
-La ciudad de la que soy está cerca.
-La ciudad a la que vamos está lejos.
-La carta que espero ansiosamente no ha llegado aún.
-El mes en el que no fui a clase fue abril.
-Los chicos de los que cuida están hambrientos.
-La mujer con la que estoy casado se llama Fuensanta.
-El tema en el que pienso sólo me interesa a mí.
-No conozco la canción que escuchas.
-Esa era la actividad de la que estaba harto.

50
 PLURAL Y ALGUNOS PLURALES IRREGULARES

El plural en inglés suele formarse como en español: añadiendo a la palabra -s.

P.ej.: flower - flowers
week - weeks
place - places

Pero si la palabra acaba en -s, -sh, -ch, o -x, se añade -es:

bus - buses
dish - dishes
church - churches
box - boxes

También se añade -es en algunas palabras acabadas en -o, como potato -

potatoes
tomato - tomatoes

Las palabras que acaban en vocal + -y hacen el plural en -s:

boy - boys
day - days

Las palabras que acaban en consonante + -y hacen el plural en -ies:

baby- babies
party - parties

Las que acaban en -f o -fe lo hacen en -ves

shelf - shelves
knife - knives
wife - wives

Son irregulares: man - men woman - women

child - children
foot - feet tooth - teeth
mouse - mice
person - people
sheep - sheep fish - fish

51
Ejercicios

1. Pasar a plural.

1. knife 11. spoon 21. wolf

2. tiger 12. fox 22. roof
3. potato 13. thief 23. lion
4. egg 14. handkerchief 24. country
5. box 15. boss 25. tax
6. city 16. loss 26. beech
7. scarf 17. butterfly 27. ash
8. place 18. Negro 28. volcano
9. dwarf 19. hero 29. joy
10. cat 20. studio 30. month

2. Poner en plural todo nombre en singular en las siguentes oraciones.

1. She's a very nice person.

2. I've got a brother.
3. It's a lovely park with a beautiful tree.
4. She's married and she has a child.
5. I went fishing, but I didn't catch a fish.
6. There is a person in the car.

52
 POSESIVOS

Adjetivos Pronombres

my mine
your yours
his/her/its his/hers/its
our ours
your yours
their theirs

La lista de pronombres se forma a partir de la de adjetivos añadiendo -s, a

menos que ya acabe en -s el adjetivo. La única excepción es mine.

Un amigo mío no es *a friend of me, sino a friend of mine. Del mismo modo, un
amigo de John no es a friend of John, sino a friend of John's.

Los pronombres posesivos suelen usarse para responder a preguntas con

whose is/are...? (¿de quién es/son...?)
Ej: Whose book is this? It's John's, it's his.
Whose shoes are those? They are Jane's, they are hers.

Ejercicios

1. Rellénense los huecos con un adjetivo o un pronombre posesivo.

1. Tell him not to forget ______ ticket; she mustn't forget ______ either.
2. We've taken ______ coffee; has she taken ______?
3. They have two of ______ houses in this street; and the house on the corner is
also ______.
4. I see that he has lost ______ pen; perhaps you can lend him ______.
5. I saw a cousin of ______ in the street this morning.
6. I like the house and ______ garden.
7. When are you going to sell _____ horse? I've already sold ______.
8. I think their son is older than ______.

53
2. Elige el pronombre o adjetivo posesivos que están en cursiva.

1. Is this your/yours book?

2. It's their/theirs problem, not our/ours.
3. Are these your/yours shoes?
4. Is this camera your/yours?
5. That's not my/mine umbrella. My/mine is yellow.
6. They know our/ours address, but we don't know their/theirs.
7. They've got two children, but I don't know their/theirs names.
8. My/mine room is bigger than her/hers, but her/hers is nicer.

3. Completar con un pronombre o adjetivo posesivos.

1. -Excuse me, that's _____ coat.

-I'm sorry. I thought it was mine.
2. -We've got the same kind of house as Mr. and Mrs. Robson, but _____ is a
bit bigger than ours.
3. -Could we have _____ bill, please?
4. -Is that Jane's cat?
-No, this one is white. _____ is black.
5. -Have you seen _____ new motorbike?
-Oh, it isn't _____. He just borrowed it.
6. -When's _____ birthday?
-On 15th December.
-Really? _____ is the day before _____.

54
 PREPOSICIONES (COMPLEJIDAD IDIOMÁTICA).

Ejemplos:

Caso 1: verbos go e ir. Ambos rigen la preposición to (ir a), que introduce el sitio al
que se va.
Caso 2: verbos think y pensar. El inglés rige of y el español en.
Caso 3: verbos wait y esperar. El inglés rige for y el español ninguna.
Caso 4: verbos became y convertirse. El inglés no rige preposición y el español
rige en.
Caso 5: verbos break y romper. Ninguno rige preposición.

Ejercicios

1. Con la ayuda de un diccionario si es preciso, completar con las

preposiciones que rigen los adjetivos de las oraciones siguientes. A veces
es posible más de una solución.

1. Are you interested _____ antiques?

2. She was surprised _____ how cheap the watercolour was.
3. Is he aware _____ how long we have been waiting for the tour to start?
4. Pisa is famous _____ its Leaning Tower.
5. When I was at school, I was really bad _____ history.
6. We were extremely impressed _____ the guided tour.
7. Hurry up! I'm worried _____ missing the boat.
8. This festival is similar _____ the one in Rio.
9. I'm really tired _____ looking at monuments.
10. The flood was responsible _____ damaging the statue.
11. She was terribly disappointed _____ the tour.
12. This portrait of her is completely different _____ that one.
13. We're not keen _____ visiting the ruins.
14. I'm sorry _____ being so late. I had to go back for my camera.
15. Sorry _____ the delay.

2. Con la ayuda de un diccionario si es preciso, completar con las

preposiciones que rigen los verbos siguientes.

1. apply _____ 8. depend _____

2. approve _____ 9. differ _____
3. believe _____ 10. insist _____
4. blame somebody _____ something 11. mistake somebody
5. blame something _____ somebody _____ someone else
6. complain _____somebody _____something 12. succeed _____
7. cover something _____ something else. 13. suffer _____

55
 PREPOSICIONES (CLASIFICACIÓN)

De tiempo:

AT: -con las horas (td: "a las")

-otras expresiones: at night, at Christmas, at midnight, at the weekend, at
the end of, at the moment

ON: -con los días (td: "el") : on Monday, on 17th August, on New Year’s Day, on
Monday morning, on Tuesday afternoon...

IN: -con meses, años y estaciones (td: "en")

-otras expresiones: in the morning, in the afternoon, in ten days...

AT/ON/IN no se usan ante this, every, last ni next.

BY: -"hacia el": I'll finish the work by Friday.

FROM-TO: -"desde-hasta" o "de-a"

TILL o UNTIL: -"hasta"

SINCE: -"desde" seguido de un punto determinado en el tiempo.

FOR: -"desde" seguido de un período de tiempo.

BEFORE: antes. Si le sigue un verbo irá en -ing. El de que en antes de que, no se

dice en inglés.
Antes de dormir: before sleeping.
Antes de que te vayas: before you go.

WHILE: mientras. Va seguido de una oración.

We didn't speak while we were eating.

DURING: durante. Va seguido de nombre.

We didn't speak during the meal.

De lugar:

ON: "sobre", "en", "encima de".

También "a" en on the right, on the left.
IN: "dentro de", "en".
In the middle.
El verbo arrive (llegar) se usa con in si se refiere a ciudades o países: They

56
 arrived in England last week.

AT: -"en" para calles.

-Otros usos: at home, at work, at school, at university...
El verbo arrive se usa con at con lugares que no sean ciudades ni países:
they arrived at the hotel. La única excepción es cuando se refiere a la
palabra home: they arrived home, sin preposición.

UNDER: "debajo de". NB: la prep. no se dice en inglés: debajo del árbol =
under the tree (no *under of the tree)
BEHIND: "detrás de". Tampoco lleva la prep.

NEXT TO: "junto a" = BESIDE (sin prep.)

BY = NEXT TO / BESIDE: Our house is by the sea = next to the sea.

IN FRONT OF: "enfrente de"= OPPOSITE (sin prep.)

BETWEEN: "entre"

AMONG: "entre" sólo en sentido no físico

ABOVE: "encima de" (sin prep.)

BELOW: "debajo de" (sin prep.)

De movimiento:

FROM-TO: "desde-hasta" o "de-a"

INTO: "en" = "entrando en" (she walked into the room; You've to turn left into
Oxford Street)

OUT OF: "fuera de"

UP: "hacia arriba" : We walked up the hill to the house.

DOWN: "hacia abajo": He has fallen down the stairs.

OVER: "por encima de" (sin prep.): I jumped over the wall into the garden.

THROUGH: "a través de" (sin prep.): A bird flew into the room through a window.

ROUND o AROUND: "alrededor de" (sin prep.): We walked around the town.

57
ALONG: "a lo largo de" (sin prep.), "por": I was walking along the road with my
dog.

De instrumento:

WITH: "con"
WITHOUT: "sin"

De finalidad:

FOR: "para"

Valores de las preposiciones AT, BY, ABOUT.

Por la cantidad de usos distintos que cada una de estas preps. tiene, las
vemos aparte. Además de los usos ya vistos se añaden otros.

AT: "a" con la edad y con las medidas:

-She left school at 16.
-He was driving at 90 kilometres an hour.
-Water boils at 100 degrees celsius.

AT de tiempo: -con las horas ( "a las")

-otras expresiones: at night, at Christmas, at midnight, at the
weekend, at the end of, at the moment

AT de lugar: -"en" para calles.

-Otros usos: at home, at work, at school, at university...

El verbo arrive se usa con at con lugares que no sean

ciudades ni países: they arrived at the hotel. La única excepción es
cuando se refiere a la palabra home: they arrived home, sin
preposición.

BY: "de" referido a autoría:a book by Borges = un libro de Borges.

BY: "por" (complemento agente de la pasiva): I was bitten by a dog = fui mordido
por un perro.
BY: "en" para medios de transporte: "en": Do you like travelling by train?
(excepción: "a pie" se dice on foot)
BY de tiempo: -"hacia el": I'll finish the work by Friday.
BY de lugar = NEXT TO / BESIDE: Our house is by the sea = next to the sea.

58
ABOUT: "acerca de", "sobre", "de":
I don't know much about cars = no sé mucho acerca de coches
Did you see the programme about computers on TV last night? =
¿Viste el programa sobre ordenadores en la tele anoche?

Ejercicios

1. Escribir at, in, on o no poner nada.

1. I'm leaving ___ Saturday.

2. I'm leaving ___ next Sunday.
3. I always feel tired ___ the evening.
4. Will you be at home ___ this evening?
5. We went to Scotland ___ last summer.
6. What do you usually do ___ the weekend?
7. She phones me ___ every Sunday.
8. Can you play tennis ___ next Sunday?
9. I'm afraid I can't come to the party ___ Sunday.
10. We went to bed late ___ last night.
11. I don't like going out alone ___ night.
12. I won't be out very long. I'll be back ___ ten minutes.

2. Escribir to, at o no poner nada.

1. Joy didn't go ___ work yesterday.

2. Ann is ill. She has gone ___ the doctor.
3. Are you going ___ the party on Sunday evening?
4. I talked to some nice people ___ the party.
5. 'Where were you this morning?' 'I was ___ work'
6. Do you usually walk ___ work?
7. We had a good meal ___ a restaurant and then we went back ___ the hotel.
8. What time are you going ___ home?
9. Will you be ___ home this afternoon?
10. I went ___ Mary's house, but she wasn't ___ home.

3. Escribir at, in, on.

1. They'll come from London ___ Friday evening.

2. We'll see them ___ Easter.
3. I heard a noise ___ the kitchen ___ midday.
4. I usually get up ___ about half past eight.
5. My birthday is ___ March 5th.
6. It's usually very hot ___ August.

59
4. Completar con since o for.

1. He has been selling cars ___ five years.

2. They have been living here ___ 1945.
3. I've been waiting ___ six o'clock.
4. You've been reading ___ two hours.
5. I haven't worn this dress ___ two years.
6. My friend has been ill ___ a long time.
7. Poor Henry has not had a holiday ___ the year before last.
8. I have written ten letters ___ breakfast.

60
 PRONOMBRES SUJETO Y OBJETO

Pronombres sujeto Pronombres objeto

I me
you you
he/she/it him/her/it
we us
you you
they them

Los pronombres de sujeto se usan cuando cumplen esa función sintáctica. Por lo
tanto sólo se pueden traducir por yo, tú, él, ella, esto, nosotros, vosotros, ellos.

Los pronombres objeto se pueden traducir de dos maneras:

a mí, me
a ti, te
a él, ella, esto, lo, la, le
a nosotros, nos
a vosotros, os
a ellos, les

She bought me a present

She bought a present to me

Ejercicios

1. Elige la forma correcta del pronombre en cursiva:

1. This ring belongs to we/us.

2. Let's go with they/them.
3. Do you think he/him is stronger than we/us?
4. I receive a present from they/them.
5. Listen to I/me.
6. She/her is beautiful.

61
2. Escribir un pronombre objeto.

1. Who is that woman? Why are you looking at ______?

2. 'Do you know that man?' 'Yes, I work with ______'
3. I'm talking to you. Please listen to ______.
4. These photographs are nice. Do you want to look at ______?
5. I like that camera. I'm going to buy ______.
6. Where are the tickets? I can't find ______.
7. We're going out. You can come with ______.
8. I don't like dogs. I'm afraid of______.
9. Where is she? I want to talk to ______.
10. Those apples are bad. Don't eat ______.

3. Rellenar con pronombre objeto.

1. I want those books. Please give _____ to ______.

2. He wants the key. Please give ______ to ______.
3. She wants the keys. Please give ______ to ______.
4. I want the letter. Please give ______ to ______.
5. They want the money. Please give ______ to ______.
6. We want the photographs. Please give ______ to ______.

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 PRONOMBRES REFLEXIVOS

Myself ourselves
Yourself yourselves
himself/herself/itself themselves

Significan a mí mismo...etc. Se forman añadiendo -self para las personas de

sing. y -selves para las de pl. a la lista de adjetivos posesivos. La única excepción
es themselves (no *theirselves).

Su uso sólo es correcto cuando la acción verbal recae sobre el sujeto, cuando la
mima persona hace y padece la acción, cuando sujeto y CD son lo mismo.

I look at myself
We enjoyed ourselves
Do you sometimes talk to yourself?

By myself, by yourself... = alone (solo/a). Ej: I went on holiday by myself = fui de

vacaciones solo/a.

Ejercicios

1. Completar con un pronombre reflexivo.

1. He enjoyed ______.
2. I enjoyed ______.
3. She enjoyed ______.
4. We enjoyed ______.
5. Did you enjoy ______?
6. Bill and I enjoyed ______.
7. The children enjoyed ______.
8. Jack didn't enjoy ______.

2. Completar con un pronombre reflexivo.

1. She cut ______ with a knife.

2. This plate is very hot. Don't burn ______.
3. I'm not hungry with you. I'm hungry with ______.
4. They never think about other people. They only think about ______.
5. I got out of the bath and dried ______ with a towel.
6. When people are alone, they often talk to ______.
7. The police say that the woman Shot ______ with a gun.
8. Don't pay for me. I want to pay for ______.
9. He fell off the ladder, but he didn't hurt ______.

63
 QUESTION TAGS

La "question tag" en inglés es una pregunta generalmente de confirmación al

final de una afirmación. Viene a ser equivalente al español ¿verdad? o ¿no? tras
una afirmación.

Para formar la "question tag" en inglés hay que seguir los siguientes pasos:

1) se escribe el auxiliar correspondiente al tiempo de la oración dada;

2) se pone en negativa con not;

3) se pone finalmente el sujeto en forma de pronombre.

Ejemplo:
Ingl: You like chocolate, don't you?
Esp: Te gusta el chocolate, ¿verdad?.

Si la oración dada fuera negativa, la question tag sería afirmativa. P.ej.:

Ingl: You don't smoke, do you?

Esp : No fumas, ¿verdad?

La question tag también ha de usarse para decir lo que en español equivale a

decir tras una afirmación o negación que nos haya dicho alguien "Ah!, ¿sí?" o ¿de
verdad?":

-I've bought a new car (-He comprado un coche nuevo)

-Have you? (-¿De verdad?)

64
Ejercicios

1. Escribir la question tag de cada oración.

1. You are waiting for me,

2. She can't speak german,
3. We shouldn't go to that restaurant,
4. You'd like a cup too,
5. It was colder yesterday,
6. I'm thinner,
7. I mustn't drink more,
8. She might get lost,
9. They were at home,
10. Turn off the television,

2. Escribir una oración para cada question tag.

1. __________________________, doesn't he?

2. __________________________, aren't you?
3. __________________________, would you?
4. __________________________, can't you?
5. __________________________, isn't he?
6. __________________________, are they?
7. __________________________, were they?
8. __________________________, has she?
9. __________________________, hadn't he?
10. _________________________, mustn't I?

3. Escribir la question tag para cada oración.

1. It isn't raining,
2. He'd hardly be as rude as that,
3. Ring me tomorrow
4. He couldn't understand one word,
5. She doesn't like opera,
6. He didn't have to leave,
7. I'm looking fitter,
8. You won't get lost,
9. She never smokes,
10. They have won the match,

65
 RESPUESTAS CORTAS CON AUXILIARES BASICOS

En inglés es bastante descortés responder a una interrogativa total con un mero

sí/no. Hace falta repetir además el auxiliar y, en su caso, la negación.

Esp: -¿Te gusta el fútbol?

-Sí

Ingl: -Do you like football?

-Yes, I do.
-No, I don't.

En caso de ser una pregunta sin auxiliar o sea, con los verbos to be, can, to
have, must, may, should se repetirá el verbo:

-Are you tired? -Can she swim?

-Yes, I am -Yes, she can.

Los adverbios sí (acentuado) y no en una oración compuesta también deben

expresarse en inglés con la repetición del auxiliar, no diciendo yes/no. Ej:

A él no le gusta el fútbol, pero a mí sí.

He doesn't like football, but I do. (No: *but I yes.)

En las respuestas cortas no pueden contraerse con el sujeto las formas

am/is/are/have/will.

Ejercicios

1. Escribir respuestas cortas afirmativas o negativas.

1. Are you married?

2. Are you tall?
3. Is it cold today?
4. Are you a teacher?
5. Are you tired?
6. Is it dark now?
7. Are your hands cold?
8. Are you hungry?
9. Is your father tall?
10.Is it funny?

66
2. Escribir respuestas cortas afirmativas o negativas.

1. Do you smoke?
2. Do you live in a big city?
3. Do you drink a lot of coffee?
4. Does your mother speak English?
5. Do you play a musical instrument?
6. Does it rain a lot where you live?

3. Responde de forma corta.

1. Can you swim? Yes,

2. Did you like the film? No,
3. Have you read that book? No,
4. Was your friend late? Yes,
5. Does he play chess? No,
6. Are they going to come tomorrow? Yes,
7. Would you like to go for a walk? No,
8. Were they at home? Yes,
9. Must I come this afternoon? No,
10. Need we change for dinner? Yes,

4. ¿Qué hiciste ayer? Responde de forma corta.

1. Did you watch TV?

2. Did you get up before 8.30?
3. Did you have a shower?
4. Did you buy a magazine?
5. Did you speak English?
6. Did you do an examination?
7. Did you eat meat?
8. Did you go to bed before 10.30?

5. Completa con el auxiliar de presente (do/does) o el de pasado (did).

1. I don't like hot weather, but Sue _____.

2. You don't know John very well, but I _____.
3. I didn't enjoy the party. but my friends _____.
4. I don't want to go out this evening, but Peter _____.
5. Ann doesn't smoke, but all her friends _____.
6. My mother doesn't wear glasses, but my father _____.

67
6. Completar con el auxiliar de presente o el de pasado, en negativa.

1. Sue likes hot weather, but I _____.

2. I like football, but my brother _____.
3. I wanted to go out last night, but Jan _____.
4. Kates lives in London, but her parents _____.
5. The workers in the factory work hard, but the manager _____.
6. She played tennis last weekend, but Tom _____.

7. Completar las oraciones usando un verbo o un auxiliar.

1. She wasn't hungry, but we _____

2. You haven't met Jack's parents, but I _____.
3. Bill can't drive, but all his friends _____.
4. I'm not intelligent, but you _____.
5. I'm not going to the party tomorrow night, but George _____.
6. Their house wasn't very big, but the garden _____.
7. I wasn't very tired, but Philip and Joy _____.
8. She won't be here tomorrow, but I _____.
9. I don't smoke, but my brother _____.
10. I haven't got a video camera, but I know somebody who _____.

8. Completar las oraciones usando un verbo o un auxiliar, en negativa.

1. My sister can play the piano, but I _____.

2. Tom's house is big, but my house _____.
3. I'll be here tomorrow, but Chris _____.
4. I have already seen the film, but he _____.
5. One of the men was wearing a coat, but the other man _____.
6. I got up early this morning, but James _____.
7. My friends are going out tonight, but I _____.
8. Julia watches television a lot, but I _____.

9. Responde de forma corta estas preguntas acerca de ti mismo.

1. Are you British? 6. Do you like chocolate?

2. Have you got a car? 7. Are you going to Paris tomorrow?
3. Is it raining? 8. Have you ever played tennis?
4. Do you feel well? 9. Did you buy anything yesterday?
5. Are you tired? 10. Were you born in Europe?

68
 SOME / ANY / NO Y COMPUESTOS

Como regla fundamental, some (algún, alguno) se usa en oraciones

afirmativas y any (ningún, ninguno) en las negativas e interrogativas. P.ej:

There is some ice in the fridge = hay algo de hielo en la nevera.

There isn't any ice in the fridge = no hay nada de hielo en la nevera.
Is there any ice in the fridge? = ¿Hay algo de hielo en la nevera?

Sin embargo, podemos encontrar some en preguntas sólo cuando en

estas preguntas ofrecemos o pedimos algo. P.ej.:

Would you like some coffe? (ofrecimiento)

Can I have some coffe? (petición)

Pocas veces veremos any en una oración afirmativa, pero en este caso
significará cualquier. P.ej:

I would like to have any car = Me gustaría tener cualquier coche.

Las mismas reglas sirven para los compuestos de some y any:

Something (algo), someone y somebody (alguien), somewhere (alguna parte)
Anything (nada), anyone y anybody (nadie), anywhere (ninguna parte)

Los compuestos con no- significan lo mismo que los compuestos de any-,
sólo que los de no- se usan en oraciones afirmativas.

Nothing, no one, nobody y nowhere = Anything, anyone, anybody y anywhere

Ejercicios

1. Escribir some o any.

1. I have read that in ____ book.

2. That must have been ____ twenty years ago.
3. You will find me at my office at ____ time of the day.
4. That's something ____ lawyer knows.
5. There were ____ fifty people there.
6. ____ people are very good at languages.
7. We can do that at ____ other time.

69
2. Completar con compuestos de some y any.

1. I can't tell you ______

2. He must be ______ in the house.
3. I haven't seen him _____.
4. I have ______ more to say.
5. I can see ______ in the kitchen.
6. She didn't know ______ there.
7. I couldn't find it ______.
8. ______ has asked to see you.
9. Does ______ know where on earth are the keys?

3. Escribir de nuevo las oraciones en afirmativa cambiando el compuesto de

any- por uno de no-.

1. There isn't anything in the bag.

2. There isn't anybody in the office.
3. I haven't got anything to do.
4. There isn't anything on TV tonight.
5. Jack hasn't got anything to help him.
6. We didn't find anything.

4. Completar con un compuesto de no- o any-.

1. I went out of the house. ______ saw me.

2. Jack has a bad memory. He can't remember ______.
3. Be quiet! Don't say ______.
4. I didn't know about the meeting. ______ told me.
5. I didn't say ______.
6. He has gone away. ______ knows where he is. He didn't tell _____ where he
was going.
7. I don't know ______ about car engines.
8. She was sitting alone. She wasn't with ______.
9. I heard a knock on the door, but when I opened it there was ______ outside.

5. Rellenar con un compuesto de some, any o no.

1. I think there is ______ at the door.

2. I'm sorry. I haven't got ______ for you to drink.
3. I think you know ______ who is there, don't you?
4. ______ is worrying me. Can I talk to you about it?
5. ______ really knows what goes on inside children's heads.
6. Has ______ seen Janet today?
7. -Would you like a sandwich?
-No, ______ to eat, thank you.

70
 TAMBIEN / TAMPOCO

También puede decirse en una oración de 2 maneras: also -tras el sujeto- o too
-al final de la oración.

Cuando a una oración se replica yo también o yo tampoco... hay que utilizar en

inglés la siguiente estructura.

yo también

1º So, 2º el auxiliar 3º el sujeto.

('I saw the match yesterday') 'So did I'

Usamos did porque la oración anterior estaba en pasado.

Si en vez de Yo también, se dice, por ejemplo, Ella también, sólo habrá que decir
she en vez de I: So did she.

Yo tampoco

1º Neither, 2º el auxiliar 3º el sujeto.

('I don't want to watch TV') 'Neither do I'

Usamos do porque la oración anterior estaba en presente. Si en vez de Yo

tampoco, se dice, por ej., Ella tampoco, sólo habrá que decir she en vez de I:
Neither does she.

Además, existe otra manera de decir también/tampoco como réplicas

cortas a oraciones:

too (para también)

Si optamos por utilizar too, habrá que seguir el siguiente orden:

1º el sujeto 2º el auxiliar 3º too

Ej: I went to the cinema yesterday. (Fui al cine ayer)

I did too. (Yo también)

either (para tampoco).

Si optamos por utilizar either en vez de neither para decir tampoco habrá que
seguir el siguiente orden:

71
 1º el sujeto 2º el auxiliary 3º either

Ej: I didn't go to the cinema yesterday. (No fui al cine ayer)

Neither did she. (Ella tampoco)

Ejercicios

1. Unir cada oración con una respuesta que incluye también o tampoco en inglés.

1. Carol really liked the film. A. She can't either.

2. She'll love the party. B. I would too.
3. I won't eat there again. C. Neither do we.
4. We can't stand discos. D. So did Julian.
5. I'd rather go to the cinema. E. They didn't either.
6. She doesn't mind opera. F. So am I.
7. We didn't enjoy the play. G. Daisy will too.
8. Anita is fond of Chinese food. H. Neither shall I.

72
 THERE IS / THERE ARE

El verbo there be -cuyas formas de presente son there is y there are- es el verbo
español haber.

La diferencia entre there is y there are está en el número gramatical del

complemento: there is se usa para el singular y there are para el plural. P.ej.:

There is a big car = hay un coche grande

There are big cars = hay coches grandes

Las forma contraída de there is es there's.

There are no debe contraerse.

Este verbo no lleva auxiliar en negativa / interrogativa. Por lo tanto, la

negativa se formará añadiendo simplemente not tras el verbo y la
interrogativa cambiando el orden de there is/are. P.ej.:

There is not a car = no hay un coche.

Is there a car? = ¿hay un coche?

Cuando se pregunta Hay ...? si el objeto por el que se pregunta es singular

deberá llevar delante a si es contable, y any si es incontable. Si es plural
deberá llevar any tanto si es contable como incontable. En afirmativa, un
nombre en singular deberá llevar delante some.

There is a book (contable, puede ponere en plural)

There is some milk (incontable, no puede ponerse en plural)
There are some books (contable)
Is there a book? (contable)
Is there any milk? (incontable, no puede ponerse en plural)
Are there any books? (contable, se usa any porque se trata de una interrogativa)

Resumen de formas:

VERBO HABER : presente: there is, there are (hay)

pasado : there was, there were (hubo, había)
presente perfecto: there have been (ha habido)
futuro : there will be (habrá)

73
Ejercicios

1. Haz preguntas con There is / There are con estos nombres.

1. (cigarettes)
2. (books)
3. (man)
4. (money)
5. (clothes)
6. (key)

2. Escribe oraciones afirmativas o negativas con el verbo haber en inglés,

según haya o no haya lo indicado.

1. sports centre --- Yes

2. swimming-pool --- No
3. hospital --- Yes
4. cinemas --- 2
5. university --- No
6. big hotels --- No
7. cathedral --- Yes

3. Rellena con there is / there isn't / is there? / there are / there aren't / are
there?.

1. Dunford is a very modern town. __________ many old buildings.

2. Look! __________ a photograph of George in the newspaper!
3. Excuse me, __________ a restaurant near here?
4. We can't take any photographs. _________ a film in the camera.
5. How many students __________ in your class?
6. Where can we sit? __________ any chairs.
7. __________ a bus from the city centre to the airport?

74
 VALORES DE LA FORMA USED TO

1. Pasado del verbo use to (soler). Va seguido de infinitivo.

Ej: He used to smoke after dinner.

2. To be used to: "estar acostumbrado a" Va seguido de forma gerundio.

Ej: He is used to smoking.

3. To get used to: "acostumbrarse a" Va seguido de forma gerundio

Ej: He got used to smoking ten years ago.

Ejercicios:

1. Poner los verbos entre paréntesis en forma de infinitivo o de gerundio:

1. I don't think I'll ever get used to (drink) tea with my meals.
2. Did you use to (do) much sport when you were at school?
3. In the old days, there used to (be) much less traffic on the roads.
4. She used to (smoke) far too much, but she's given up now.
5. Was she used to (play) in front of an audience?
6. People in the States are used to (drive) long distances.
7. In the fifties, people used to (go) to the cinema more often than they do today.
8. Sorry, I'm late. I'm just not used to (take) the bus to get to work.
9. We usedn't to (spend) our holidays abroad.
10. He never got used to (live) in the city.

2. Traducir.

1. El no solía ser tan tranquilo cuando estaba en el colegio.

2. ¿Solías tocar el piano?
3. Estoy acostumbrado a trabajar hasta tarde desde hace varios años.
4. Nunca había conducido por la izquierda, pero pronto me acostumbré.
5. La gente en USA está acostumbrada a conducir en largas distancias.
6. No estoy acostumbrada a coger el autobús para ir al colegio.
7. El nunca se acostumbró a vivir en la ciudad.
8. Cuando tenía 15 años no solía pensar en el futuro.
9. Me acostumbré a pensar en el futuro hace mucho tiempo.
10. Estoy acostumbrado a pensar en el futuro.

75
 VERBOS

Esquemas del orden de elementos sintácticos y auxiliares en la formación de los

principales tiempos verbales.

1.Presente simple 2. Pasado simple

+: S V C +: S V(pas) C
-: S DO NOT V C -: S DID NOT V C
?: DO S V C ?: DID S V C

(3ª p.sn.: DOES)

3. Presente continuo 4. Pasado continuo

+: S TO BE V(ger) C +: S TO BE V(ger) C
-: S TO BE NOT V(ger) C -: S TO BE NOT V(ger) C
?: TO BE S V(ger) C ?: TO BE S V(ger) C

5. Present perfect

+: S HAVE V(part) C
-: S HAVE NOT V(part) C
?: HAVE S V(part) C

La tercera persona del singular del presente simple añade -s al verbo (-es en
el caso de que éste acabe en -s, -ch, -sh, -o o -consonante + y). En interrogativa y
negativa esta -s se añade al auxiliar, que por acabar en -o (do) se escribirá does,
quitándose del verbo.

La tercera persona del singular en el caso del presente perfecto se formará

con el auxiliar has (3ª persona del singular de have).

76
EJEMPLOS DE TIEMPOS DE PASADO Y PRESENTE

Presente simple
I work in a bank, but I don't enjoy it much.
Tom watches television every evening.
Do you like parties?

Presente continuo
Please, don't disturb me. I'm working.
What's Tom doing?
Are you enjoying the party?
We aren't going to the party tomorrow night.

Presente perfecto
I've lost my key. Have you seen it anywhere?
Tom has gone home.
How long have they been married?

Presente perfecto continuo

I'm tired. I've been working hard all day.
Have you been running?
How long has he been learning English?
I haven't been feeling well recently.

Pasado simple
I lost my key yesterday.
They went to the cinema, but they didn't enjoy the film.
What time did you get up this morning?

Pasado continuo
When we arrived, Tom was watching TV.
What were you doing at 10 o'clock last night?
The radio was on, but they weren't listenig to it.

Pasado perfecto
I couln't get into the house because I had lost my key.
They had already seen the film.
The house was dirty because we hadn't cleaned it for years.

Pasado perfecto continuo

I was very tired because I had been working hard all day.
He was tired because he had been running.

77
Ejercicios

1. Pasar a interrogativa y negativa:

- My friend likes cats

- He is a teacher
- You come from Spain
- I am lazy
- She sends a letter
- It is raining
- We tell the time
- You are stupid
- They clean the car
- I am Spanish
- You sleep during the night
- He is an artist
- She studies English

2. Escribir la forma de 3ª persona de singular del presente:

1. read _____ 4. listen _____ 7. push _____ 10. kiss _____

2. repair ____ 5. love _______ 8. do _______ 11. buy ______
3. watch _____ 6. hate _______ 9. think ____ 12. go _______

3. Oraciones para poner en negativa-interrogativa, en presente y pasado

simples y continuos.

1. You know the answer.

2. He loves her.
3. He trusts you.
4. He tries hard.
5. The park closes at dusk.
6. He misses his mother.
7. The children like sweets.
8. She refuses to discuss it.
9. They live beside the sea.
10. You carry a sleeping bag.

4. Pasar a negativa.

1. I play the piano very well.

2. Jack plays the piano very well.
3. You know the answer.
4. She works very hard.
5. They do the same thing every day.

78
5. Escribir las afirmativas en negativa y viceversa.

1. I understand. 5. They speak English

2. He doesn't smoke. 6. I don't want it.
3. They know. 7. She doesn't want them.
4. She loves him. 8. He lives in Rome.

6. Completar las oraciones con los siguientes verbos, que han de estar en
presente y en negativa.

cost drive go know play see sell smoke wear

1. 'Have a cigarette!'
'No thank you, I _______________ .
2. They _______________ newspapers in that shop.
3. She has a car but she _______________ very often.
4. I like films but I _______________ to the cinema very often.
5. It's a cheap hotel. It _______________ much to stay here.
6. He likes football, but he _______________ very often.
7. I _______________ much about politics.
8. She is married, but she _______________ a ring.
9. He lives near our house, but we ______________ him very often.

7. Pasar a interrogativa en presente.

1. You work hard.

2. He plays tennis.
3. She knows the answer.
4. We like hot weather.
5. You smoke.
6. They do exercises every morning.
7. You speak English.
8. He wants to be famous.

8. Completar las oraciones con uno de los verbos dados. Hay que escribirlos
en presente afirmativo.

boil close cost go have like open make speak teach wash

1. She's very clever. She _____ 4 languages.

2. Steve _____ ten cigarettes a day.
3. We usually _____ dinner at 7 o'clock.
4. I _____ films. I often _____ to the cinema.
5. Water _____ at 100 degrees Celsius.
6. In Britain the banks _____ at 9.30 in the morning.

79
7. The city museum _____ at 5 o'clock every evening.
8. Food is expensive. It _____ a lot of money.
9. Tina is a teacher. She _____ mathematics to young children.
10. Peter _____ his hair twice a week.

9. Poner en negativa.

1. I saw John.
2. They worked on Monday.
3. We went to the shop.
4. She had a pen.
5. Jack studied French at school.

10. Poner en interrogativa estas oraciones en pasado.

1. You watched TV last night.

2. She enjoyed the party.
3. He had a good holiday.
4. We got up early this morning.
5. They slept well last night.

11. Completar las oraciones con estos verbos, poniéndolos en pasado

simple afirmativo.

clean enjoy finish happen live open play rain smoke start stay want watch

1. Yesterday evening I ______ television.

2. I ______ my teeth 3 times a day.
3. He ______ 20 cigarettes a day.
4. The concert last night _____ at 7.30 and ______ at 10 o'clock.
5. When I was a child I ______ to be a doctor.
6. Mozart ______ from 1756 to 1791.
7. The accident ______ last Sunday afternoon.
8. We ______ our holiday last year. We ______ at a very good hotel.
9. Today the weather is nice, but yesterday it ______.
10. It was hot in the room, so I ______ the window.
11. The weather was good yesterday afternoon, so we ______ tennis.

12. Escribe sobre ti mismo. ¿Qué hiciste ayer o qué te pasó ayer?
(Pon los verbos en pasado)
1._______________________________________________________________
2._______________________________________________________________
3._______________________________________________________________
4._______________________________________________________________
5._______________________________________________________________

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13. Completar las oraciones con uno de los verbos dados escribiéndolo en
presente perfecto.

break buy finish do go go lose paint read take

1. 'Are they still having dinner?' 'No, they __________.

2. I __________ some new shoes. Do you want to see them?.
3. 'Is tom here?' 'No, he __________ to work.'
4. '_____ you _____ the shopping?' 'No, I'm going to do it later'
5. 'Where's your key?' 'I don't know. I __________ it.'
6. Look! Somebody _________ that window.
7. Your house looks different. _____ you _____ it?
8. I can't find my umbrella. Somebody __________ it.
9. I'm looking for Sarah. Where _____ she _____?
10. 'Do you want the newspaper?' 'No, thanks. I __________ it.'

14. Poner los verbos entre paréntesis en presente perfecto.

1. She (do) many different jobs.

2. She (travel) to many places.
3. She (do) a lot of interesting things.
4. She (write) ten books.
5. She (meet) a lot of interesting people.
6. She (be) married five times.

15. Completar con presente perfecto.

1. Jill is in London. She __________ in London since May.

2. I know George. I __________ him for a long time.
3. They are married. They __________ married since 1983.
4. Brian is ill. He __________ for a week.
5. We live in this house. We __________ here for ten years.
6. I know Tom. I __________ him for a long time.
7. We are waiting for you. We __________ waiting since 8 o'clock.
8. Alice works in a bank. She __________ in a bank for five years.
9. I'm learning English. I _________ learning English for six months.
10. She has a headache. She __________ a headache since she got up.

81
16. Poner los verbos entre paréntesis en presente perfecto o pasado simple.

1. My friend is a writer. She (write) many books.

2. We (not/have) a holiday last year.
3. You (see) Alan last week?
4. I (play) tennis yesterday afternoon.
5. What time (you/go) to bed last night?
6. You ever (be) to the United States?
7. My hair is clean. I just (wash) it.
8. I (wash) my hair before breakfast this morning.
9. When I was a child, I (not/like) sport.
10. She loves travelling. She (visit) many countries.
11. He works in a bookshop. He (work) there for three years.
12. Last year we (go) to Finland for a holiday. We (stay) there for three weeks.

17. Escribe los verbos en presente simple o continuo.

1. I (not/go) out tonight.

2. The concert (start) at 8.15.
3. I (meet) my friends this evening.
4. Tom (not/come) to the party on Thursday.
5. The English course (finish) on 10 June.
6. My sister (get) married next December.
7. My train (leave) at 8.45.
8. I (not/go) to London tomorrow.

18. Escribir presente perfecto o pasado simple.

1. When I was in Germany, I __________ (drink) good beers.

2. you (see) her last film?
3. Last week I (go) to see my uncle.
4. Cervantes (be) a great writer.
5. I (live) in Britain for three years.
6. I (not/receive) his letter yet.
7. I just (see) Mr. O'Connors.
8. I (see) her five minutes ago at the post office.
10. You ever (be) to China?
11. I knew he was the murderer the moment I (see) him.
12. Mr. Potter (arrive) yet?
13. When you last (hear) from her?
14. He (live) in Paris for ten years before he died in 1950.
15. I (live) in this house ever since I was born.

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19. Revisión general de tiempos.

1. We (go) to the cinema last night

2. I (come) as soon as my work is finished, I hope you (be) ready.
3. When you (go) on holiday?
4. I (lose) my keys; I cannot remember where I last (see) them.
5. I never (forget) what you just (tell) me.
6. She (walk) very quickly when I (meet) her yesterday.
7. I (know) her for a very long time.
8. I (finish) the novel by my next birthday.

20. Revisión general de tiempos

1. I (always have) trouble with my car these days.

2. I’m sorry you (get) lost coming here. I (go) to meet you at the station if I (know)
you (want) me to.
3. I (do) overtime lately.
4. When he grew old he often (think) of all the things he (do) when he (be) young.
5. When we (go) to see them last night, they (play) cards; they (say) they (play)
since seven o’clock.
6. I never (read) a story that (interest) me so much as the one I (read) last night.
7. By the end of the summer he (teach) us to speak English.

83
 A. EL PRESENTE

El auxiliar de presente es do. Hay que usarlo sólo en interrogativas y negativas.

La forma del verbo en afirmativa es igual que el infinitivo del verbo (que es la
entrada en los diccionarios).

Ejemplo: You work in a bank (trabajo en un banco)

You do not work in a bank
Do you work in a bank?

Es muy importante que el orden en las oraciones se mantenga siempre, si no la

oración estaría mal.

Si el sujeto es TERCERA PERSONA DE SINGULAR -HE, SHE, IT- el auxiliar

es DOES en vez de Do. Y al verbo en afirmativa se le añade una -s.

Ejemplo: He works in a bank

He does not work in a bank
Does he work in a bank?

84
 B. EL PASADO

Existen 2 formas de construir el pasado en inglés:

1. Si el verbo es regular se añade -ed al infinitivo.

2. Si es irregular tiene una forma especial que hay que saber de memoria.

Para negativa e interrogativa hay que usar el auxiliar de pasado DID al que ha de
seguirle infinitivo (y no la forma de pasado).

Hay que tener en cuenta los siguientes cambios ortográficos que puede implicar
poner un verbo en pasado:

- Si el infinitivo acaba en -y y hay que añadirle -ed para formar el pasado, esa -y
pasa a -i-. (Study - Studied)

- Si el infinitivo acaba en -e, sólo se añade -d.(Dance - Danced)

Regular: + I studied English (Estudié inglés)

- I did not study English
? Did you study English?

Irregular: + I slept a lot (Yo dormía mucho)

- I did not sleep a lot
? Did you sleep a lot?

También hay que tener siempre presente los verbos que no usan auxiliar
(en nigún tiempo): to be, there be, have got, can, must, should... Es fundamental
saber que todos los verbos que no usan auxiliar forman la negativa/interrogativa
de la misma manera. Es muy importante saber de memoria la conjugación del
verbo to be.

Presente Pasado

I am I was
You are You were
He is He was
She is She was
It is It was
We are We were
You are You were
They are They were

85
Ejercicios Presente / Pasado

1. Escribir la forma de 3ª persona de singular del presente:

1. read _____ 4. listen _____ 7. push _____ 10. kiss _____

2. repair ____ 5. love _______ 8. do _______ 11. buy ______
3. watch _____ 6. hate _______ 9. think ____ 12. go _______

2. Pasar a interrogativa y negativa:

- My friend likes cats

- He is a teacher
- You come from Spain
- I am lazy
- She sends a letter
- It is raining
- We tell the time
- You are stupid
- They clean the car
- I am Spanish
- You sleep during the night
- He is an artist
- She studies English

3. Poner en interrogativa y en negativa.

1. I saw John.
2. They worked on Monday.
3. We went to the shop.
4. She had a pen.
5. Jack studied French at school.
6. You watched TV last night.
7. She enjoyed the party.
8. He had a good holiday.
9. We got up early this morning.
10. They slept well last night.

86
 C. EL PRESENTE PERFECTO

El presente perfecto es el tiempo que en español se suele llamar préterito

perfecto compuesto. Por ejemplo: he comido, he estudiado, he dicho... o sea, el
verbo auxiliar HABER + PARTICIPIO.

En inglés se forma con HAVE + PARTICIPIO. Si el sujeto es 3ª persona de

singular en vez de Have se pone HAS.

Ejemplo de verbo conjugado en presente perfecto:

1ªsn. He comido I have eaten

2ªsn. Has comido You have eaten
3ªsn. Ha comido He has eaten
She has eaten
It has eaten

1ªpl. Hemos comido We have eaten

2ªpl. Habéis comido You have eaten
3ªpl. Han comido They have eaten

Caso de que aparezca un adverbio de frecuencia (always, never,

sometimes...) ha de ponerse entre las 2 palabras que forman el tiempo).

I have never been abroad

Este tiempo se usa mucho con las preposiciones de tiempo since y for.

He has been abroad since 1992.

We have lived there for 6 years.

Usándolo con el adverbio just el verbo se traduce en presente simple y no

en presente perfecto:

I have just eaten = Acabo de comer

87
 D. USOS DEL PRESENTE SIMPLE Y CONTINUO

-cuando la acción transcurre en el momento en que se está hablando es

obligatorio usar el continuo, no como en español, donde se puede usar el
simple.

-para expresar planes en un futuro cercano (1 día...) también es obligatorio el

presente continuo.

Our son is getting married tomorrow: nuestro hijo va a casarse mañana

-el presente simple se usa referido a acciones que suceden normalmente o

con cierta regularidad.

Verbos no usados normalmente en tiempos continuos:

-Verbos "de percepción": hear, feel, see, smell, taste...

-Verbos que expresan "capacidad mental o emocional": know, remember, think,

believe, love, understand, forget, like, hate, ...

-Otros: be, have, contain, own, cost, need, depend, prefer, mean, want...

Ejercicios

1. Escribir presente simple o continuo.

1. Ships (travel) from Southampton to New York in 4 or 5 days.

2. John (travel) to England tomorrow.
3. On my way to work I generally (meet) many children who (go) to school.
4. Look, a man (run) after the bus. He (want) to catch it.
5. It (be) very cold now. You (think) it (freeze)?
6. What you (read) when you're on holiday? I (read) detective stories. Now I
(read) The shout door.
7. You (hear) anything? I (listen) but I can't hear anything.
8. My children (work) very hard. John (study) for an examination now.
9. Wood (float) on water, but iron (not float).
10. What music you (play) next? Sheila (sing) a song by Shubert; she (sing) it
very well.

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2. Rellenar con am/is/are/do/don't/does/doesn't.

1. Excuse me. _____ you speak English?

2. 'Have a cigarette.' 'No, thank you, I _____ smoke.
3. Why _____ you laughing at me?
4. 'What _____ she do?
5. I _____ want to go out. It _____ raining.
6. Where _____ you come from?
7. How much _____ it cost to send a letter to Canada?
8. I can't talk to you at the moment. I _____ working.
9. George is a good tennis player but he _____ play very often.

3. Escribir presente simple o continuo.

1. She (go) to school every day.

2. She generally (sing) in English but today she (sing) in Spanish.
3. Mother (cook) dinner in the kitchen now.
4. I (spend) this weekend in the Isle of Wight, I (go) there nearly every week.
5. 'Where are you?' 'I (sit) in the kitchen. I (help) my mother.'
6. Peter (travel) to Scotland tomorrow.
7. Look, a man (run) after the bus. He (want) to catch it.
8. 'I (see) that you (wear) your best clothes. You (go) to a party?' 'No, I (go) to a
wedding.'
9. Wood (float) on water, but iron (not/float).
10. The postman (bring) the letters three times a day.

4. Escribir presente simple o continuo.

1. Excuse me. You (speak) English?

2. Tom (have) a shower at the moment.
3. They (not/watch) television very often.
4. Listen! Somebody (sing)
5. She's tired. She (want) to go home now.
6. How often you (read) a newspaper?
7. Excuse me, but you (sit) in my place.
8. I'm sorry, I (not/understand) you.
9. What time she (finish) work every day?
10. You can turn off the radio. I (not/listen) to it.
11. He usually (not/drive) to work. He usually (walk).

89
 E. USOS PASADO SIMPLE Y CONTINUO

El pasado simple y el continuo pueden usarse en una misma oración compuesta.

Las dos oraciones que forman la oración compuesta (una con el verbo en pasado
simple y otra con el continuo) suelen ir unidas por una conjunción temporal (when,
while, as).

La regla a tener en cuenta para saber qué verbo lleva pasado simple y cuál
continuo es la siguiente: de las 2 acciones que representan los verbos hay
que saber reconocer la que sucede temporalmente primero y la que
interrumpe posteriormente a ésta.

La acción que estaba sucediendo primero hay que ponerla en pasado

continuo y la que interrumpe a ésta en pasado simple. Es frecuente que la
oración del verbo que se pone en pasado continuo empiece por when, while
o as, pero no hay que fiarse de esto, porque es igualmente posible en inglés
y en español decir Cuando me estaba duchando el teléfono sonó que Me
estaba duchando cuando el teléfono sonó.

Ejercicios

1. Poner los verbos entre paréntesis en pasado simple o continuo. Haz los
cambios necesarios en las interrogativas y negativas.

1. When we (go) out, it (rain).

2. I wasn't hungry last night. I (not/eat) anything.
3. You (watch) television when I (phone) you?
4. Jane wasn't at home when I went to see her. She (work).
5. I (get) up early this morning. I (wash), (dress) and then I (have) breakfast.
6. The postman (come) while I (have) breakfast.
7. We (meet) Joan at the party. She (wear) a red dress.
8. The boys (break) a window when they (play) football.
9. I was late but my friends (wait) for me when I (arrive).
10. I (get) up at 7 o'clock. The sun (shine), so I (go) for a walk.
11. He (not/drive) fast when the accident (happen).
12. Margaret (not/go) to work yesterday. She was ill.
13. 'What you (do) on Saturday evening? 'I went to the cinema.'
14. 'What you (do) at 9.30 on Saturday evening?'
'I (watch) a film in the cinema'.

90
2. Escribir pasado simple o continuo.

1. She (sit) in a café when I (see) her.

2. When I (go) out the sun (shine).
3. The light (go) out while we (have) tea.
4. As I (shave) the postman (knock) at the door.
5. When my aunt (go) for a walk she always (wear) gloves.
6. As they (feed) the pigs, it (begin) to rain.
7. While she (watch) TV, she (fall) asleep.
8. When he (paint) the ceiling, he (fall) of the ladder.
9. While he (shave), his wife (read) the newspaper.
10. While I (study) this evening, I (be) hungry.

3. Poner en pasado simple o continuo.

1. Columbus (discover) America in 1492.

2. Where you (go) last Saturday when I (see) you in the street?
3. I (plan) to go skiing in January, buy I (break) my leg at Christmas.
4. She (hear) the news while she (prepare) dinner.
5. While it (rain), they (stay) in their hotel, but as soon as the sun (come) out, they
(go) to the beach.
6. Last year the government (announce) they (intend) to build more houses.
7. While the paint (dry) in the kitchen, they (begin) painting the hall.
8. After he (leave) the bar, he (catch) the bus and (go) home.
9. I (meet) my wife when I (work) there.
10. John (pay) you back the money he (owe) you?

4. Unir las dos oraciones dadas en cada punto con una conjunción temporal
y poner los verbos en pasado simple o continuo.

1. -I (drink) a glass of water.

-Someone (phone) me.
2. -I (sleep).
-A thief (break) into my house.
3. -I (dance).
-My friend (get) off with her.
4. -Sue (play) with her computer.
-Someone (slam) the door shut.
5. -The telephone (ring).
-I (hear) a loud scream.
6. -You (play) football.
-Your friend (phone) you.
7. -You (laugh).
-A pickpocket (steal) your wallet.
8. -I (read).
-My wife (watch) TV.

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 F. USOS DEL PARTICIPIO DE PRESENTE Y DE PASADO

Cuando nos encontramos un participio de presente con el verbo to be, éste

suele traducirse por ser, y si aparece con el participio de pasado, por estar.

En resumen:

BORED : aburrido (en un momento dado)

BORING: aburrido (como algo que lo es siempre)

One feels bored because something is boring

tired tiring
depressed... depressing

Ejercicios

1. Completa con el participio de presente (-ING) o de pasado (- ED) de los

verbos en mayúsculas:

1. It's the most ______ film I've ever seen. EXCITE

2. I was quite _____ by your strange behaviour at the party last night. SHOCK
3. It's not only well-written but also extremely _____. INTEREST
4. She has such a _____ smile that I was prepared to believed her. CHARM
5. My parents get _____ if I'm not home by midnight. WORRY
6. I must say, I'm _____ at those two running away together! SURPRISE
7. I feel really _____ after such a lovely weekend. RELAX
8. He's well-known for his _____ stories. ENTERTAIN
9. What have you put in the soup? It tastes _____. DISGUST
10. I'm slightly _____ by his strange behaviour. ANNOY

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 G. VERBOS COMPUESTOS

Los verbos compuestos o phrasal verbs son los que se componen de dos
palabras, siendo la segunda una preposición o un adverbio. El significado de las
dos palabras juntas no es igual que cuando el primer verbo va solo, ni que la suma
de los significados del verbo y la preposición o adverbio.

Algunos de los más frecuentes son:

ASK FOR: -preguntar por (alguien) MAKE UP: maquillar

-pedir PICK UP: recoger(a alguien)
BRING UP: educar PUT ASIDE/BY: ahorrar

CARRY ON WITH: continuar con PUT ON/TAKE OFF: ponerse/quitarse

(ropa)

COME ACROSS: encontrarse casualmente

COME IN: entrar (si tr. con INTO) PUT UP WITH: soportar

TO BE FED UP WITH: estar harto de RUN OUT OF: no quedar

GET ON WITH: llevarse bien con (alguien)

GET UP: levantarse STAND BY: ayudar(a alguien)

GIVE UP: -dejar (de hacer algo) STAND FOR: representar

-rendirse TAKE AFTER: parecerse
(físicamente a alguien)
GO AWAY: irse

GO ON: seguir TAKE TO: comenzar(act.mala)

GO OUT: salir (siempre intr.) TAKE UP: " (hobby)

KEEP ON: seguir TRY ON: probarse (ropa)

LOOK AFTER: cuidar TURN ON/OFF=SWITCH ON/OFF:

encender/apagar
LOOK FOR: buscar

LOOK FORWARD TO: esperar ansiosamente

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 OFRECIMIENTOS

Para ofrecer algo a alguien en un determinado momento se ha de utilizar la

expresión Would you like...?

Hemos de tener en cuenta si el nombre de lo que se ofrece es contable o

incontable: si es incontable no se puede poner en plural y en singular ha de
llevar delante some.

Would you like some tea? (incontable)

Would you like a cup of tea? (contable)

No es igual preguntar Would you like some tea? y Do you like tea? La
diferencia está en que si usamos el presente simple queremos preguntar si
siempre te gusta el té, no si te apetece en este momento.

Por supuesto, la respuesta corta a la fórmula de ofrecimiento será Yes, I would

o No, I wouldn't.

Ejercicios

1. Ofrece lo que se indica:

1. Beber agua
2. Comer un plátano
3. Ir al cine
4. Conducir un coche
5. Salir a dar un paseo
6. Comprar un helado
7. Ver la tele

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 PREGUNTAR/RESPONDER LOCALIZACIONES.

En primer lugar, para dirigirse a un desconocido hay que decir: Excuse me

(perdone). Tras esto podemos preguntar por un sitio como en español:

Where is the nearest bank? (¿Dónde está el banco más cercano?).

Si queremos ser más formales podemos preguntar:

Can you tell me where the nearest bank is, please? (¿Puede decirme dónde está
el banco más cercano?). (Obsérvese que el orden correcto es sujeto + verbo)

Para responder he aquí algunas oraciones que pueden servir como modelo:

Gire a la derecha/izquierda = turn right / left

Siga todo recto
Coja la 2ª a la izquierda
A está en frente de B
A está al lado de B
A está entre B y C
= go straight on
= take the second on the left
= A is opposite B
= A is next to B
= A is between B and C

95
 COLOCACIÓN DE LOS ADVERBIOS DE FRECUENCIA

Los adverbios de frecuencia son los que indican la frecuencia temporal con
que hacemos algo. Responden por lo tanto a la pregunta How often...?

ALWAYS SELDOM RARELY OCCASIONALLY SOMETIMES

NEVER EVER OFTEN USUALLY NORMALLY

Estos adverbios no pueden colocarse con tanta libertad como en

español, sino que siguen unas reglas de colocación en la oración.

Si el verbo de la oración es to be o verbos modales como can, will o should,

el adverbio de frecuencia va justo detrás del verbo. Si es otro verbo, va
delante de éste.

Ejercicios

1. Colóquese el adverbio entre paréntesis en el lugar adecuado.

1. We go to the cinema with mother on Sundays (always).

2. I've been to Granada (never).
3. Do you go to the theatre on Monday (ever)?
4. We go to the pictures (often).
5. I forget my briefcase at home (sometimes).
6. We are very busy (generally).
7. I do my homework in the evening (usually).
8. We go to the country (seldom).

2. Decidir si el adverbio está bien colocado en estas oraciones y, si no lo

está, colocarlo correctamente.

1. Seldom she uses a monolingual dictionary.

2. Occasionally, we read English magazines.
3. He seldom watches films in English.
4. Always she comes to class late.
5. He sometimes is late.
6. He checks his spelling never.
7. He gives us often work.
8. We rarely write in English.
9. We study usually English in the evening.
10. They go always to the cinema on Fridays.

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 VOCABULARIO: PALABRAS INTERROGATIVAS

Las llamadas "palabras" o "partículas" interrogativas son aquéllas con las que se
comienza una oración interrogativa parcial. Las más frecuentes:

WHAT WHICH WHY HOW MUCH

WHO WHERE WHOSE HOW MANY

HOW WHEN HOW LONG HOW OFTEN

HOW, además de significar cómo, tiene varios usos especiales que no

tiene la palabra interrogativa española cómo.

- How long significa cuánto tiempo.

- How much y how many significan cuánto. La diferencia está en que how
much se usa para nombres incontables y how many para contables

(How much money do you want?, How many coins have you got?).

- How often es cuántas veces o con qué frecuencia.

How puede anteceder a un adjetivo o adverbio (por eso son posibles How
long o How often), cosa que no ocurre en español, por lo que habrá que
adaptar el contenido de la oración a la construcción usual en español:

-How old are you? Cuántos años tienes?

-How far is your house? A qué distancia está tu casa?
-How big is the building? Cómo de grande es el edificio?
-How long does it take? Cuánto tiempo tarda?

WHAT puede significar qué o cuál y WHICH también. La diferencia está en que
which siempre supone elección entre un número determinado de cosas, que
puede ser cualquiera pero que sabemos de cuál se trata.

La diferencia entre What kind of job do you want? y Which kind of job do you
want? es que con what podemos responder cualquier trabajo que haya, pero con
which sólo podremos responder uno de los que se ha estado hablando
previamente

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 Así que Cuál es tu nombre se preguntará con what, porque puede ser
cualquiera, y ¿Qué prefieres, té o café? será con which, pues la elección está
limitada.

La preposición de, que muchas veces se antepone a la pregunta con qué en

español, no existe en inglés. De qué color, De qué talla... se dirá What colour,
What size...

Ejercicios

1. Rellénense los huecos con who/what/which.

1. ______ went with you to Paris?

2. ______ are you doing?
3. ______ asked you to do that?
4. ______ of you can answer my question?
5. ______ has taken my pen?
6. ______ is healthier, the country or the seaside?
7. ______ is the way to the station?
8. ______ is the matter with her?
9. ______ hotel is nearest to the sea?
10. _____ would you like: a cup of coffee or tea?

2. Formular una pregunta lógica para cada oración

1. I met somebody.
2. Harry arrived at six o'clock.
3. I saw somebody.
4. They wanted something.
5. The meeting finished at half past twelve.
6. Pat went home early.
7. We had chicken for dinner.
8. It cost a lot of money.

3. Formular una pregunta lógica para cada oración.

1. I wash my hair twice a week.

2. They live in London.
3. He watches TV every day.
4. She has lunch at home.
5. We get up at 8.30.
6. They go to the cinema a lot.
7. I get to work by bus.

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4. Escribir preguntas para las respuestas dadas.

1. He brought his wife.

2. She speaks English.
3. I was eating snails.
4. They were swimming when they saw a shark.
5. You've made six mistakes.
6. It's been raining for half an hour.
7. Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.
8. That kind of apples are grown in Normandy.
9. Meat is exported by Argentina to the rest of the world.
10. She was born on 12th December.

5. Escribir what/which/who.

1. ______ is that man's name?

2. ______ way shall we go? This way or the other?
3. You can have tea or coffee. ______ do you want?
4. 'I can't find my umbrella'. '______ colour is it?'
5. ______ is your favourite sport?
6. This is a very nice house. ______ room is yours?
7. ______ is more expensive, meat or fish?
8. ______ is older, Ann or George?
9. ______ is your telephone number?
10. _____ kind of TV programmes do you like watching?
11. 'She's got three cars' '______ car does she use most?'
12. ______ nationality are you?

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 VOCABULARIO NUMEROS

Cardinal Ordinal

1 one first
2 two second
3 three third
4 four fourth
5 five fifth
6 six sixth
7 seven seventh
8 eight eighth
9 nine ninth
10 ten tenth
11 eleven eleventh
12 twelve twelfth
13 thirteen thirteenth
14 fourteen fourteenth
15 fifteen fifteenth
16 sixteen sixteenth
17 seventeen seventeenth
18 eighteen eighteenth
19 nineteen nineteenth
20 twenty twentieth
21 twenty-one twenty-first
22 twenty-two twenty-second
23 twenty-three twenty-third
24 twenty-four twenty-fourth
25 twenty-five twenty-fifth
26 twenty-six twenty-sixth
27 twenty-seven twenty-seventh
28 twenty-eight twenty-eighth
29 twenty-nine twenty-ninth
30 thirty thirtieth
31 thirty-one thirty-first
32 thirty-two thirty-second
33 thirty-three thirty-third
34 thirty-four thirty-fourth
...
40 forty fortieth
50 fifty fiftieth
60 sixty sixtieth
70 seventy seventieth
80 eighty eightieth

100
 90 ninety ninetieth
100 a hundred first hundred
200 two hundreds second hundred
...
1000 a thousand
10.000 ten thousand
100.000 a hundred thousand
1.000.000 a million

Ejercicios

1. Intercálese el correspondiente número cardinal u ordinal.

1. He was born on March (14).

2. I once saw Pope John (23).
3. They live at (25) Downing Street.
4. The Great Fire of London happened during the reign of Charles (2).
5. He's staying at room number (5).
6. We haven't reached chapter (20) yet.

2. Escribir en cardinal y ordinal:

5.- 101.-
9.- 222.-
12.- 386.-
21.- 943.-

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