METHODIST COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ECE

TWO MARKS QUESTION & ANSWERS

SUBJECT: MICROWAVE ENGINEERING

CODE: EC 401

FACULTY NAME: T. SRAVAN KUMAR

 UNIT-I (GUIDED WAVES)
1) Define microwave.
Microwaves are electromagnetic waves (EM) with wavelength ranging from 1cm to
1mm. The corresponding frequency range is 1 GHZ (=109 Hz) to 300GHz (=10 11Hz).
Therefore signals, because of their inherently high frequencies, have relatively short
wavelengths, hence the name “micro” waves.
2) What are the major bands available in microwave frequencies?
The microwave frequencies span the following three major bands at the highest end of
RF spectrum.
I. Ultra High Frequency (UHF) 0.3 to 3 GHz.
II. Super High Frequency (SHF) 3 to 30 GHz.
III. Extra High Frequency (EHF) 30 to 300 GHz.

3) Describe IEEE microwave frequency bands.

Frequency Microwave band designation
3-30MHz HF
30-300MHz VHF
0.3-1GHz UHF
1-2GHz L
2-4GHz S
4-8GHz C
8-12GHz X
12-18GHz Ku
18-27GHz K
27-40GHz Ka
40-300GHz Millimeter
>300GHz Sub millimeter
4) Enumerate the basic advantage of microwaves.
i) Fewer repeaters are necessary for amplification.
ii) Minimal cross talk exists between voice channels.
iii) Increased reliability and less maintenance are important factors.
iv) Increased bandwidth availability.
5) Write the applications of microwaves.
o Microwave becomes a very powerful tool in microwave radio spectroscopy for
analysis.
o Microwave landing system (MLS), used to guide aircraft to land safety at
airports.
o Special microwave equipment known as diathermy machines are used in
medicine for heating body muscles and tissues without hurting the skin.
o Microwave ovens are a common appliance in most kitchens today.
6) What are guided waves? Give examples
The electromagnetic waves that are guided along or over conducting or dielectric
surface are called guided waves.
Examples: Parallel wire, transmission lines
7) What is TE wave or H wave?
Transverse electric (TE) wave is a wave in which the electric field strength E is
entirely transverse. It has a magnetic field strength Hz in the direction of propagation and no
component of electric field Ez in the same direction.
8) What is TH wave or E wave?
 Transverse magnetic (TM) wave is a wave in which the magnetic field strength H is
entirely transverse. It has a electric field strength Ez in the direction of propagation and no
component of magnetic field Hz in the same
direction.
9) What is a TEM wave or principal wave?
TEM wave is a special type of TM wave in which an electric field E along the
direction of propagation is also zero. The TEM waves are waves in which both electric and
magnetic fields are transverse entirely but have no components of Ez and Hz. it is also
referred to as the principal wave.
10) What is a dominant mode?
The modes that have the lowest cut off frequency is called the dominant mode.
11) Give the dominant mode for TE and TM waves?
Dominant mode: TE10 and TM10
12) What is cut off frequency or critical frequency (fc)?
The frequency at which the wave motion ceases is called cut-off frequency of the waveguide.
(or) the frequency at which γ=0 is known as cutoff frequency.
13) What is cut-off wavelength(λC)?
It is the wavelength below which there is wave propagation and above which there is
no wave propagation.
14) Define Guide wavelength(λg)?
It is defined as the distance travelled by the wave inorder to undergo a phase shift of
2π radians. λg= 2π/β
15) Define Phase Velocity(Vp)?
The velocity with which constant phase point travels is called phase
velocity.i.e.Vp=ω/ β
16) Define Group Velocity(Vg)?
The velocity with which change in constant phase points travels is called group
velocity.
i.e.Vg= dω/d β
17) Mention the characteristics of TEM waves.
a) It is a special type of TM wave
b) It doesn’t have either E or H component
c) Its velocity is independent of frequency
d) Its cut-off frequency is zero.
18) Define attenuation factor?
Attenuation factor = (Power lost/ unit length)/(2 x power transmitted)
19) Define wave impedance?
Wave impedance is defined as the ratio of electric to magnetic field strength.
Zxy= Ex/ Hy in the positive direction
Zxy= -Ex/ Hy in the negative direction
20) What is a parallel plate wave guide?
Parallel plate wave guide consists of two conducting sheets separated by a dielectric
material.
 UNIT-II (WAVE GUIDES)

1) What is waveguide?
A waveguide is a hollow metal tube designed to carry microwave energy from one
place to another.
2) Mention the applications of wave guides
i) The wave guides are employed for transmission of energy at very high frequencies
where the attenuation caused by wave guide is smaller.
ii) Waveguides are used in microwave transmission.
iii) Circular waveguides are used as attenuators and phase shifters.
3) Why is circular or rectangular form used as waveguide?
Waveguides usually take the form of rectangular or circular cylinders because of its
simpler forms in use and less expensive to manufacture.
4) What is an evanescent mode?
When the operating frequency is lower than the cut-off frequency, the propagation
constant becomes real i.e , γ = α . The wave cannot be propagated. This non- propagating
mode is known as evanescent mode.
5) What is the dominant mode for the TE waves in the rectangular waveguide?
The lowest mode for TE wave is TE10 (m=1 , n=0)
6) What is the dominant mode for the TM waves in the rectangular waveguide?
The lowest mode for TM wave is TM11 (m=1 , n=1)
7) What is the dominant mode for the rectangular waveguide?
The lowest mode for TE wave is TE10 (m=1 , n=0) whereas the lowest mode for TM
wave is TM11(m=1 , n=1). The TE10 wave has the lowest cut off frequency compared to the
TM11 mode. Hence the TE10 (m=1 , n=0) is the dominant mode of a rectangular waveguide.
Because the TE10 mode has the lowest attenuation of all modes in a rectangular waveguide
and its electric field is definitely polarized in one direction everywhere.
8) Define characteristic impedance in a waveguide
The characteristic impedance Zo can be defined in terms of the voltage current ratio
or in terms of power transmitted for a given voltage or a given current.
Zo (V,I) = V/I
9) Why TEM mode is not possible in a rectangular waveguide?
Since TEM wave do not have axial component of either E or H ,it cannot
Propagate within a single conductor waveguide
10) Explain why TM01 and TM10 modes in a rectangular waveguide do not exist.
For TM modes in rectangular waveguides, neither m or n can be zero because all the
field equations vanish ( i.e., Hx, Hy ,Ey. and Ez.=0). If m=0,n=1 or m=1,n=0 no fields are
present. Hence TM01 and TM10 modes in a rectangular waveguide do not exist.
11) What are degenerate modes in a rectangular waveguide?
Some of the higher order modes, having the same cut off frequency , are called
degenerate modes. In a rectangular waveguide, TEmn and TMmn modes (both m ≠0 and n≠
0) are always degenerate.
12) What is a circular waveguide?
A circular waveguide is a hollow metallic tube with circular cross-section for propagating the
electromagnetic waves by continuous reflections from the surfaces or walls of the guide
13) Why are rectangular wave-guides preferred over circular wave-guides?
Rectangular wave-guides preferred over circular wave guides because of the
following reasons.
a) Rectangular wave guide is smaller in size than a circular wave guide of the
same operating frequency
 b) It does not maintain its polarization through the circular wave guide
c) The frequency difference between the lowest frequency on dominant mode and the
next mode of a rectangular wave-guide is bigger than in a circular wave guide.
14) Mention the applications of circular waveguide.
Circular waveguides are used as attenuators and phase-shifters
15) Which mode in a circular waveguide has attenuation effect decreasing with increase in
frequency?
TE01
16) What are the possible modes for TM waves in a circular waveguide?
The possible TM modes in a circular waveguide are : TM01 , TM02 ,TM11, TM12
17) What are the root values for the TM modes?
The root values for the TM modes are:
(ha)01 = 2.405 for TM01
(ha)02 = 5.53 for TM02
(ha)11 = 3.85 for TM11
(ha)12 = 7.02 for TM12
18) What are the root values for the TE modes?
The root values for the TE modes are:
(ha)01 = 3.85 for TE01
(ha)02 = 7.02 for TE02
(ha)11 = 1.841 for TE11
(ha)12 = 5.53 for TE12
19) Define dominant mode for a circular waveguide.
The dominant mode for a circular waveguide is defined as the lowest order mode
having the lowest root value.
20) What are the possible modes for TE waves in a circular waveguide?
The possible TE modes in a circular waveguide are : TE01 , TE02 ,TE11, TE12
21) What is the dominant mode in a circular waveguide
The dominant mode for TM waves in a circular waveguide is the TM01 because it has
the root value of 2.405. The dominant mode for TE waves in a circular waveguide is the
TE11 because it has the root value of 1.841 .Since the root value of TE11 is lower than
TM01 , TE11 is the dominant or the lowest order mode for a circular waveguide.
21) Mention the dominant modes in rectangular and circular waveguides
For a rectangular waveguide, the dominant mode is TE01
For a circular waveguide, the dominant mode is TE11
22) Why is TM01 mode preferred to the TE01 mode in a circular waveguide?
TM01 mode is preferred to the TE01 mode in a circular waveguide, since it requires a
smaller diameter for the same cut off wavelength.
23) What is a resonator?
Resonator is a tuned circuit which resonates at a particular frequency at which the
energy stored in the electric field is equal to the energy stored in the magnetic field.
24) How the resonator is constructed at low frequencies?
At low frequencies upto VHF ( 300 MHz) , the resonator is made up of the reactive
elements or the lumped elements like the capacitance and the inductance.
25) What are the methods used for constructing a resonator?
The resonators are built by
a) using lumped elements like L and C
b) using distributed elements like sections of coaxial lines
c) using rectangular or circular waveguide
26) What are the disadvantages if the resonator is made using lumped elements at high
frequencies?
The inductance and the capacitance values are too small as the frequency is increased
beyond the VHF range and hence difficult to realize .
27) What are the performance parameters of microwave resonator?
The performance parameters of microwave resonator are:
(i) Resonant frequency (ii) Quality factor (iii) Input impedance
28) What is resonant frequency of microwave resonator?
Resonant frequency of microwave resonator is the frequency at which the energy in
the resonator attains maximum value. i.e., twice the electric energy or magnetic energy.
29) Define Quality factor(Q) of a resonator.
The quality factor Q is a measure of frequency selectivity of the resonator. It is
defined as
Q = 2 π x Maximum energy stored / Energy dissipated per cycle
=ω W/ P ; Where W is the maximum stored energy,P is the average power
loss
30) What is a transmission line resonator or coaxial resonator?
Transmission line resonator can be built using distributed elements like sections of
coaxial lines. The coaxial lines are either opened or shunted at the end sections thus confining
the electromagnetic energy within the section and acts as the resonant circuit having a natural
resonant frequency.
31) Why transmission line resonator is not usually used as microwave resonator?
At very high frequencies transmission line resonator does not give very high quality
factor Q due to skin effect and radiation loss. So, transmission line resonator is not used as
microwave resonator
32) What are cavity resonators?
Cavity resonators are formed by placing the perfectly conducting sheets on the
rectangular or circular waveguide on the two end sections and hence all the sides are
surrounded by the conducting walls thus forming a cavity. The electromagnetic energy is
confined within this metallic enclosure and they acts as resonant circuits .
33) What are the types of cavity resonators?
There are two types of cavity resonators. They are:
a ) Rectangular cavity resonator
b ) Circular cavity resonator
34) Why rectangular or circular cavities can be used as microwave resonators?
Rectangular or circular cavities can be used as microwave resonators because they
have natural resonant frequency and behave like a LCR circuit.
35) What is the dominant mode for rectangular resonator?
The dominant mode of a rectangular resonator depends on the dimensions of the
cavity.
For b<a<d, the dominant mode is TE101
36) What is the dominant mode for circular resonator?
The dominant mode of a circular resonator depends on the dimensions of the cavity.
For d< 2a, the dominant mode is TM010.
 UNIT-III (MICROWAVE CIRCUITS & COMPONENTS)

1) Define two-port network.

A two-port network has only two access ports, one for input or excitation and one for
output or response.
2) Define scattering matrix. What are scattering coefficients?
Scattering matrix is a square matrix which gives all the combinations of power
relationships between the various input and output port of a microwave junction.
The elements of scattering matrix are called scattering confidents or scattering
parameters.
3) Why the S-parameters are used in microwaves?
The H, Y, Z and ABCD parameters are difficult at microwave frequencies due to
following reasons.
i) Equipment is not readily available to measure total voltage and total current at the
ports of the networks.
ii) Short circuit and open circuit are difficult to achieve over a wide range of
frequencies.
iii) Presence of active devices makes the circuit unstable for short (or) open circuit.
Therefore, microwave circuits are analyses using scattering (or) S parameters which
linearly relate the reflected wave’s amplitude with those of incident waves.
4) Write the properties of [S] matrix.
i) [s] is always a square matrix of order (nxn)
ii) [s] is a symmetric matrix i.e. Sij=Sji
iii) [s] is a unitary matrix i.e. [S][S*]=[I]
iv) Under perfect matched conditions, the diagonal elements of [s] are zero.
5) Write the unitary property for a lossless junction.
For any lossless network the sum of the products of each term of any one row or of
any column of the S-matrix multiplied by its complex conjugate is unity.
6) Define non-reciprocal devices.
A non-reciprocal device does not have same electrical characteristics in all direction.
7) What are junctions?Give some examples
A microwave circuit consists of several microwave devices connected in some way to
achieve the desired transmission of MW signal.The interconnection of two or more
microwave devices may be regarded as MW junction.
Eg:Magic Tee,Hybrid Ring
8) What is Tee junction?Give two examples
In MW circuits a wave guide or coaxial junction with three independent ports is
referred to as tee junction.
Eg: E- Plane Tee,H-plane Tee
9) Why is magic tee referred to as E-H tee?
The magic tee is a combination of the E-plane tee and H-plane tee. It is a four port
hybrid circuit. It is also known as hybrid tee.
10) Name some uses of waveguide tees.
It is used to connect a branch or section of the waveguide in series or parallel with the
main waveguide transmission line for providing means of splitting and also of combining
power in a waveguide system.
11) What are the types of waveguide tees? The two types of waveguide are
i. E-plane Tee(series)
ii. H-plane Tee(shunt)

12) Define difference arm.

 In E-plane tee, the power out of port 3 is proportional to the difference between
instantaneous powers entering from port 1 and port 2. Therefore, this third port is called as
difference arm.
13) What is sum arm?
In a H=plane tee, if two input waves are fed into port1 and port2 of the collinear arm,
the output wave at port3 will be in phase and additive. Because of this, the third port is called
as sum arm.
14) Write the applications of magic tee.
A magic tee has several applications,
i) Measurement of impedance ii) As duplexer iii) As mixer iv) As an isolator
15) What is hybrid ring?
The hybrid ring is a 4-port junction. The 4-ports are connected in the form of an
angular ring at proper intervals by means of series junctions. It also called Rat-Race circuits.
16) What do you meant by hybrid junction?
A hybrid junction is a 4-port network in which a signal incident on any one of the
ports divides between two output ports with the remaining port being isolated.
17) Give a note on directional couplers.
Directional couplers are transmission line devices that couple together two circuits in
one direction, while providing a great degree of isolation in the opposite direction.
18) Define coupling factor(C).
The coupling factor of a directional coupler is defined as the ratio of the incident
power ‘pi’ to the forward power ‘pi’ measured in Db
Coupling factor (dB) = 10log10Pi/Pf
The coupling factor is a measure of how much of the incident power is being sampled.
19) Define directivity(D) of directional coupler.
The directivity of a directional coupler is defined as the ratio of forward power ‘p’ to
the back power ‘p’ expressed in Db.
D (dB) = 10log10Pf/Pb
Directivity is a measure of how well the directional coupler distinguishes between the
forward and reverse traveling powers.
20) What do you meant by isolation?
Isolation is defined as the ratio of the incident power ‘P i’ to the back power ‘Pb’
expressed in dB.
Isolation (dB) = 10 log10 Pi/Pb
Isolation (dB) equals coupling plus directivity. i.e. I=C+D
21) Define Isolator.
An isolator or uniline is a two-port non reciprocal device which produces a minimum
attenuation to wave in one direction and very high attenuation in the opposite direction.
22) What is circulator?
A circulator is a multiport junction in which the wave can travel from one port to next
immediate port in one direction only. They are useful in parametric amplifiers, tunnel diode,
amplifiers and duplexer in radar.
23) Write the characteristics of a three port tee junction.
a) A short circuit may always be placed in one of the arms of a three port junction
in such a way that no power can be transferred through the other two arms.
b) If the junction is symmetric about of its arms, a short circuit can always be
placed in that arm so that no reflections occur in power transmission between
the other two arms.
c) It is impossible for a general three port junction of arbitrary to present matched
impedances at all three arms.
24) Mention the different types of directional couplers.
a. Two-hole directional coupler
 b. Four-hole directional coupler
c. Reverse- coupling directional coupler(Schwinger coupler)
d. Bethe- hole directional coupler
25) Define Isolator.
An isolator or uniline is a two-port non reciprocal device which produces a minimum
attenuation to wave in one direction and very high attenuation in the opposite direction.
26) What is circulator?
A circulator is a multiport junction in which the wave can travel from one port to next
immediate port in one direction only. They are useful in parametric amplifiers, tunnel diode,
amplifiers and duplexer in radar.
27) What do you meant by Faraday rotation?
The rotation of the direction of E field of a linearly polarized wave passing through a
magnetized ferrite medium is known as Faraday rotation.
28) Define Faraday rotation in isolator.
Isolators can be made by inserting a ferrite rod along the axis of a rectangular
waveguide. Here the isolator is called as faraday-rotation isolator.
29) Define 4-port circulator.
A 4-port circulator which is a non-reciprocal component very similar to the 3-port
circulator. All the four ports are matched and transmission of power takes place in cyclic
order only, that is, from port 1 to port2, port 2 to port 3, port 3 to port 4 and from port 4 to
port 1.
30) Derive the [S] matrix for 3 port circulator.
0 0 1
[S] = 1 0 0
0 1 0
31) Write the applications of circulator.
i) A circulator can be used as a duplexer for a radar antenna system.
ii) Two three port circulators can be used in tunnel diode or parametric amplifiers.
iii) Circulators can be used as low power devices as they can handle low powers
only.
32) Name some uses of isolators.
Isolators are generally used to improve the frequency stability of microwave
generators, such as Klystrons and magnetrons, in which the reflection from the load affects
the generating frequency.
33) Give the differences between Isolator and Circulator
S.No. Isolator Circulator
1 It is a two port device It is a three port device
2 It cannot be used as circulator It is used as isolator by terminating
on port
3 If input is given in port 1,ouput Each terminal is connected only to
is obtained at port 2 and vice the next terminal
versa

34) Write the properties of ferrites. Properties of ferrites:

i) Ferrites possess strong magnetic properties.
 ii) Ferrites are most suitable for use in microwave device in order to reduce the
reflected power.
iii) Ferrites possess high resistivity; hence they can be used up to 100 GHz
iv) Ferrites also exhibit non-reciprocal property.
35) Write the types of ferrite device.
Types of ferrite device:
Three types of non-reciprocal ferrite devices which make use of Faraday
rotation in microwave system are i) Gyrator ii) Isolator iii) Circulators
36) What is gyrator?
It is a two port device that has a relative phase difference of 180 0 for transmission
from port 1 to port 2 and no phase shift for transmission from port 2 to port 1.
 UNIT-IV (MICROWAVE TUBES)

1) Write the classification of electronic circuits.

Electronic circuits are broadly classified into three categories based
on the circuit
technology. (1)Discrete circuit
(2)Integrated circuit
(3)Monolithic Microwave Integrated circuit(MMIC)
2) What are the advantages of MMICs over discrete circuits?
MMICs offer the following advantage over discrete circuits
i) Small in size& weight
ii) High reliability
iii) Improved reproducibility
iv) Improved performance
v) Eventual cost reduction when produced in large quantities.
3) Name the difference between MMICs and conventional ICs.
MMICs are require different from the conventional ICs
i) The conventional IC‟s contain very high packing densities;
whereas the packing density of a MMIC is typically
low.
ii) Hybrid Integrated Circuit: An MMIC consists of two or more
integrated circuit types together with discrete elements
and is referred to as a hybrid integrated circuit
iii) Film Integrated Circuit: An MMIC whose elements are
formed on an insulating substrate, such as glass or
ceramic, is called a film integrated circuit.
4) What is transit time?
The time taken by an electron to travel from the cathode to the
anode plate of an electron tube is known as transit time. (or) The time
taken by the electron to travel into the repeller space and back to the gap.
T =n + ¾
5) What is the effect of transit time?
There are two effects.
1) At low frequencies, the grid and anode signals are no longer 180O
out of
phase, thus causing design problems with feedback in oscillators.
2) The grid begins to take power from the driving source and the
power is absorbed even when the grid is negatively biased.
6) What are the high frequency effects in conventional tubes?
The high frequency effects in conventional tubes are
i) Circuit reactance
a)Inter electrode capacitance
b) Lead inductance
ii) Transit time effect
iii) Cathode emission
iv) Plate heat dissipation area
v) Power loss due to skin effect, radiation and dielectric loss.
7) Write the classification of microwave tubes.
They are classified into two types
1) O – type microwave tube or linear beam
2) M – type microwave tube
8) Name the two configuration of klystron.
There are two basic configurations of Klystron tubes
1) Reflex Klystron – It is used as low power microwave oscillator
2) Two cavity (or) Multicavity Klystron – It is used as low power
microwave amplifier.
9) What is drift space?
The separation between buncher and catcher girds is called as drift
space.
10) Define velocity modulation.
The variation in electron velocity in the drift space is known as
velocity modulation.
11) Define bunching.
The electrons passing the first cavity gap at zeros of the gap voltage
pass through with unchanged velocity, those passing through the +ive
half cycles of gap voltage undergo an increase in velocity, those passing
through the –ive half cycles of gap voltage undergo an
decrease in velocity, As a result of these, electron bunch together in drift
space. This is called bunching.
12) Write the parameters on which bunching depend on?
i) Drift space should be properly adjusted.
ii) D.C anode voltage
iii) Signal amplitude should be such that proper bunching takes
place.
13) Why the output cavity is called as catcher cavity?
The output cavity catches energy from the bunched electron beam.
Therefore, it also
called as catcher cavity.
14) State the power gain, power output and efficiency of two –
cavity klystron amplifier.
a. EFFICIENCY: about 40%
b. POWER OUTPUT: Average power is up to 500KW and pulsed power
is up to
30 MW at 10GHz
c. POWER GAIN: about 30 Db.
15) Mention the application of two – cavity.
a. Used in Troposphere scatter transmitters.
b. Satellite communication ground stations.
c. Used in UHF TV transmitters.
d. Rader transmitters.
16) Define electronic efficiency.
The electronic efficiency of the klystron amplifier is defined as the
ratio of the output
power to the input power.
Efficiency (η)= Pout /PIN
 = Pac / P dc
=  I2 V2 / 2I0 V0
17) How the klystron amplifier can act as klystron oscillator?
What are the applications of klystron amplifier?
When the klystron amplifier is given a positive feedback such that
the overall phase shift becomes zero 360° and ∣AVβ∣= I then klystron
amplifier acts as an oscillator.

18) What are drawbacks available in klystrons?

i. Klystrons are essentially narrowband devices.
ii. In klystrons and magnetrons, the microwave circuit consists of a
resonant
structure which limits the bandwidth of the tube.
19) Define reflex klystron.
The reflex klystron is an oscillator with a built in feedback
mechanism. It uses the cavity for bunching and for the output cavity.
20) What do you meant by applegate diagram?
The electrons passing through the buncher grids are accelerated /
retarded / passed
through with unchanged initial dc velocity depending upon when they
encounter the RF signal field at the buncher cavity gap at positive /
negative / zero crossing phase of the cycle,
respectively, as shown by distance-time plot. This is called the applegate
diagram.
21) Mention the same characteristics of reflex klystrons.
i) Frequencyrange:1 to 25GHz
ii) Power output: It is a low-power generator of 10 to 500mW
ii) Efficiency: About 20 to 3o%
22) What are the applications of reflex klystron ?
i) Signal source in MW generator
ii) Local oscillators in receivers
iii) It is used in FM oscillator in low power MW links.
iv) In parametric amplifier as pump source.
23) What is TWTA?
A traveling wave tube amplifier (TWTA) circuit uses a helix slow –
wave non resonant
microwave guiding structure. It is a broadband device.
24) What is the purpose of slow wave structures used in TWT
amplifiers?
Slow wave structures are special circuits that are used in microwave
tubes to reduce wave velocity in a certain direction so that the electron
beam and the signal wave can interact. In TWT, since the beam can be
accelerated only to velocities that are about a fraction of the velocity of
light, slow wave structures are used.
25) Give the comparison between TWTA and klystron amplifier?
Sl.N Klystron amplifier TWTA
o
1 Linear beam or „O‟ type Linear beamor „O‟ type
 device. device.
2 Uses cavities for input and Uses non – resonant wave
Output Circuits. circuit.
3 Narrow band device due to Wide band device because
use of resonant cavities. use non – resonant wave
circuit.

26) State the characteristics of TWTA.

Frequency range: 3GHz and higher
Bandwidth: about 0.8GHz
Efficiency: 20 to 40%
Power output: up to 10kW average
Power gain: up to 60dB

27) State the applications of TWT.

i) Low power, low noise TWT’s used in radar and microwave
receivers
ii) Laboratory instruments
iii) Drivers for more powerful tubes
iv) Medium and high power CWTWT’S are used for communication
and radar.
28) What are the advantages of TWT?
i) Bandwidth is large
ii) High reliability
iii) High gain
iv) Higher duty cycle
29) What are the types of magnetron?
There are three types of magnetrons:
i) Spilt anode magnetron
ii) Cyclotron – frequency magnetrons
iii) Traveling wave magnetrons.
30) Write short notes on negative resistance magnetron.
Negative – resistance magnetrons ordinarily operate at frequencies
below the microwave region. This type of magnetron uses a static
negative resistance between two anode segments but has low efficiency
and is useful only at low frequencies.
31) Write the applications of magnetron.
The magnetron are widely used on,
Radar transmitters, Industrial heating, Microwave ovens.
32) What is BWO? State the applications of BWO.
A backward wave oscillator (BWO) is microwave cw oscillator with an
enormous tuning and ever all frequency coverage range.
Applications:
(i) It can be used as signal source in instruments and transmitters.
(ii) It can be used as broad band noise sources which used to
confuse enemy radar.
33) What is meant by microwave resonators?
 Microwave resonators are tunable circuits used in microwave
oscillators, amplifiers,
wave meters and filters. At the tuned frequency the circuit resonates
where the average energies stored in the electric field, We and magnetic
field, Wm are equal and the circuit impedance purely real.
34) Define resonant frequency.
Resonant frequency fr, at which the energy in the cavity attains
maximum value.
fr =2We or 2Wm
 UNIT-V (MICROWAVE SOLID STATE DEVICES)

1) Define varactor diode.

Varactor diodes are p-n junction diodes which provide a voltage
variable junction
capacitance in microwave circuits when reverse biased.
2) What are the applications of varactor diode?
i. The varactor diode is used in TV receivers, HFC circuit adjustable,
band pass
filters.
ii. Used in phase locked loop (PLL) and frequency locked loop(FLL).
iii. In frequency modulation.
iv. In high frequency multipliers.
3) What is negative resistance?
Negative resistance is defined as that property of a device which
causes the
current through it to be 180 degree out of phase with the voltage across
it.
4) What is –ive resistance in Gunndiode?
The carrier drift velocity is linearly increased from zero to a
maximum when the electric field is varied from zero to a threshold value.
When the electric field is beyond the threshold value of 3000V/cm, the
drift velocity is decreased and the diode exhibits –ive resistance.
5) Define GUNN EFFECT.
Gunn effect was first observed by GUNN in n_type GaAs bulk diode.
According
to GUNN, above some critical voltage corresponding to an electric field of
2000-4000v/cm, the current in every specimen became a fluctuating
function of
time. The frequency of oscillation was determined mainly by the specimen
and
not by the external circuit.
6) What are the various modes of operation of Gunn diode?
1) Gunn oscillation mode.
2) Stable amplification mode.
3) LSA oscillation mode.
4) Bias circuit oscillation mode.
7) What are the elements that exhibit Gunn Effect?
The elements are
i) Gallium arsenide ii) Indium phosphide iii) Cadmium telluride iv)
Indium arsenide
8) What are the applications of Gunn Diode?
The applications are
a) Low and medium power oscillators
b) Used in high pump frequencies
c) Burglar alarms and aircraft rate-of-climb indicators.
9) What are modes available in avalanche device?
There are modes of avalanche device
(1) IMPATT – Impact Ionization Avalanche Transit Timed Device
 (2) TRAPATT – Trapped Plasma Avalanche Triggered Transit
Device and
(3) BARITT – Barrier Injected Transit Time Device.
10) What are the factors reducing efficiency of IMPATT diode?
1) Space charge effect
2) Reverse saturation current effect
3) High frequency skin effect
4) Ionization saturation effect.
11) Mention the disadvantage of IMPATT diodes.
The major disadvantages of the IMPATT diodes are
(1) Dc power is drawn due to induced electron current in the
external circuit, IMPATT
diodes have low efficiency.
(2)Tend to be noisy due to the avalanche process and to the high
level of operating
current.
(3)A typical noise figure is 30dB which is worse than that of Gunn
diodes.
12) Mention the applications of IMPATT diodes.
a) Microwave generators
b) Modulated output oscillators
c) Receiver local oscillators
d) Parametric amplifier pumps
e) IMPATT diodes are also suitable for negative resistance
amplification.
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 MICROWAVE ENGINEERING

UNIT-I

1) *Sketch E and H field distributions for TE 1, TE10 wave between parallel planes. [2M-
2014M,2013M,2011M]
-Explain briefly about wave between parallel planes with diagram. [3M-2012S]
2) ***Differentiate between TE, TM & TEM waves/modes. [3M-
2012S,2011S,2010M,2010S,2005]
3) Derive wave impedance and characteristic impedance. [2M-2012M]
-Define wave impedance in parallel plane structure. What is the relation between wave
impedances
for TE & TM modes? [3M-2010M]
-Define wave impedance of parallel plate guide. [2M-2005]
4) *Define cut-off frequency. Derive cut-off frequency for parallel plane waveguide. [3M-
2011M,2011S,2009M]
-Derive a cut-off or critical frequency equation, between parallel planes. [2M-2010S]
-Define cut off frequency for a given mode. [2M-2014Old]

***5) What is the dominant mode of propagation between two conducting parallel plates?
Find velocity of propagation between parallel planes. [10M-2012M,2010M,2009M]

6) What is the dominant mode in parallel plate waveguide? What is the cut-off frequency of
this mode?
What do you understand by degenerate modes? Give examples. [3M-2008S]
- What is the dominant mode of propagation between two conducting parallel plates?
Derive
expressions for its field components. [10M-2009S]

7) Derive field equations for TE waves in a parallel plane wave guide. [6M-2011M]
-Discuss the properties of TE waves between plane parallel conducting plates.
-Derive expressions for TE waves between two plates. [5M-2011S]
-Derive an expression for the power transmitted between two parallel conducting planes
in the TE10
mode. [6M-2013M]
-Derive the field expressions for TE modes in parallel plate guide. [10M-2006S]

8) Derive expressions for electric and magnetic field components. [10M-2014Old]

9) Derive an expression for the attenuation of TE waves in a waveguide consisting of two

parallel
conducting planes separates by a distance ‘a’. [6M-2014M]

10) Derive the field expression for TMmn modes in parallel plate wave guide. Show that TEM
mode is
special case in TM mode. [10M-2012S]

11) Derive the field expression for TMmn modes in parallel plate wave guide. What happens
when
m = 0? [10M-2008S]
12) Prove that the small attenuations, the attenuation factor Power cost in guide per unit
length/2
power injected [4M-2013M]
13) Derive attenuation factor ‘’ for TEM wave. [4M-2011M]

PROBLEMS:

1) Consider a parallel plane waveguide with plate separation of 20cm with the TE1 mode
excited at 1 GHz. Find the propagation constant, the cut-off frequency and wavelength in
guide. Assume E = E0. [4M-2014M]
2)*A pair of perfectly conducting planes is separated by 8 cm in air. If the frequency is 5 GHz
with TM10 mode excited. Find
a) Cut-off frequency b) Characteristic wave impedance c) Phase & group velocity [10M-
2012S, 2010S]
3) Find the guide wavelength for standard X-band wavelength at 10 GHz assuming dominant
mode. [3M-2011S]

4) Find the wave impedance of TE10 mode at 9.375 GHz in standard X-band wave-Guide. [2M-
2009M]
-Find the phase shift produced by standard X-band rectangular waveguide propagating
dominant mode at frequency of 9.4 GHz having length 2.2cms. [3M-2008S]
5) Given the spacing between the plates 5 cm. Calculate the phase velocity if the signal
frequency is 1.6 times the cut-off value. [5M-2011S]

UNIT-II
1) What are waveguides? What is the fundamental difference between the propagation in
waveguides & propagation in transmission lines or free space? [3M-2013M]
-Justify the guide wave length in a wave guide is greater than free space a wave length. [3M-
2012S]
2) **Define phase velocity & group velocity in a waveguide & sketch its variation with
frequency.
[3M-2007M,2006S]
-Differentiate between group velocity and phase velocity as applied to waveguides. [3M-
2014M]
-Find the inter relationship between group velocity ‘V g’ & phase velocity ‘Vp’. [2013M]
-*Give the physical interpretation for phase & group velocity in relation to speed of light.
[3M-2010M,09M,2008M]
-Establish the relationship between free space wavelength, cut-off wavelength & guide wave
length. [3M-10S,08M]
-Why wavelength in the guide gis greater than free space wavelength ? Explain. [3M-
2005]
3) **Derive the expression for the resonant frequency of rectangular resonator and hence for
a cubic resonator. [7M-2014M]
-Write down the expression for a Quality Factor (Q) of rectangular resonator operating in its
dominant mode. [2M-2013M]
-What do you mean by fundamental and degenerate modes in a resonator? [2M-2014M]

4) Discuss the propagation of TE waves in rectangular waveguides. Obtain expressions for

the electric and magnetic field components. [10M-2014M]
-Derive the field expressions for TE10 mode in rectangular waveguide. Sketch the E field in
cross section of the guide. List the assumptions mode in derivation. [10M-2007M]
-Derive the expression for phase velocity in a rectangular waveguide & sketch the variation
with frequency. [7M-2011S,2005]
-Justify the use of 2:1 aspect ratio for rectangular wave guide. [2M-2010M]
-What is optimum choice for rectangular waveguide dimensions? Justify your answer. [2M-
2006S]
-Establish the relationships between cut-off frequency, guide wave length & wave impedance
in a Rectangular waveguide. [3M-2009S]
-Find the cut-off frequency for dominant mode in standard X band rectangular waveguide.
[3M-2005]
5) *Why TEM waves cannot propagate in a rectangular wave guide? Explain.[3M-
2012M,11S,09M,07M,06S]
-The TE10 mode is described as the dominant mode in rectangular waveguides. What
property does it have which makes it dominant? Show the electric field distribution at the
mouth of a rectangular waveguide carrying this mode. [3M-2013M]
-Why TEM wave is not possible in hallow waveguide? [3M-2011M]
-Why TEM waves cannot propagate in a waveguide? [2M-2009S]
6) *What is Cavity resonator? [3M-2012M,2010M,2010S,2008M]
-Give applications of cavity Resonator. [2M-2014Old]
7) Prove by Maxwell’s equations that it is impossible for TEM wave to be propagated inside a
conducting tube, whether cylindrical or rectangular. [6M-2013M]
8) Discuss TE modes in circular wave guide. [L-2014Old]
-Write the wave equation for Ex component in a circular waveguide & obtain its solution.
[10M-2009S]
-Dominant mode in circular waveguide is ________________ . [1M-2008S]
-Name the dominant mode in parallel plate, rectangular waveguide & circular waveguide.
[2M-2006S]
-Justify that TE11 mode is the dominant mode in circular waveguide. [3M-2006S]
7) Compare the area of rectangular waveguide & circular waveguide to have same cut-off
frequency. What is the problem with square waveguide? [5M-2008S]
8) What do you understand by waveguide dispersion? [2M-2007M]
-Justify that waveguide acts as a high pass filter. [3M-2007M]
-List the factors on which alternation of propagating mode depends in a waveguide. [2M-
2007M]
-Give various methods of waveguide excitation. [3M-2005]

PROBLEMS:

1) An air filled rectangular waveguide of inside dimensions 7 x 3.5 cm operates in the

dominant TE10 mode determine the guided wavelength at the frequency of 3.0 GHz. [3M-
2014M]
2) A rectangular air filled copper waveguide with a 0.9 inch X0.4 inch cross section & 12 inch
length is operated at 9.2 GHz with a dominant mode. Find cut-off frequency, guide wave
length, phase velocity & characteristic impedance. [4M-2013M]
3) An air filled rectangular waveguide has dimensions of a=6 cm, b=4cm. The signal
frequency is
3 GHz. Compute the following for TE10, TE11 modes.
i)Cut-off frequency ii)Wavelength in the waveguide iii)Phase constant & velocity in the
waveguide
iv)Group velocity & velocity in the waveguide. [10M-2011M]
4) In a rectangular waveguide for which a = 2b (a is length, b is breadth). The cut off
frequency for TE02 mode is 12 GHz. Calculate cut off frequency for TM 11 mode. [3M-2014Old]
5)**A hallow rectangular wave guide has dimensions 4cm X 2cm. Calculate guide wave
length, phase velocity & wave impedance if frequency signal is 3 GHz, 10 GHz. [10M-
2012S,2010M,2009M]
6) The dimensions of a rectangular waveguide are 4 cm X 2 cm. If the wavelength inside
the guide is 12cm. Calculate the cut-off wavelength & the wave impedance of TE 10 mode
propagating in the wave guide. [10M-2010S]
7) A rectangular waveguide has dimensions (2.25cm X 1cm). Find the possible modes that
can propagate. [3M-2009S]
8) The wide & narrow dimensions of a rectangular waveguide are 4cm & 1cm respectively. If
the wavelength inside the guide is 12cm. Calculate the cut-off wavelength & the wave
impedance of TE10 mode propagating in the waveguide. [10M-2008M]
9) For standard X band rectangular waveguide the distance between minima &
consecutive maxima was measured as 1.1 cm. with other end short circuited. Find the
frequency of the signal propagating in the guide. Find the phase shift per unit length
produced. [5M-2008S]
10) For rectangular wave guide of size 2.28 X 1cm, frequency of propagating signal is 10
GHz. Find characteristic wave impedance, phase velocity. What will be the input VSWR if this
guide is terminated in a load of 400 ahm? [10M-2007M]
11) Find the phase shift produced by standard X-band rect. waveguide at 9.4GHz if its
length is 1.1 cm. [3M-2005]
12) Find the resonant frequency of Cavity Resonator of principle mode with dimensions
a=2cm, b=1cm, c=2cm (length). [4M-2006S]
13) A circular wave guide has a cut-off frequency 9 GHz in dominant mode. Find inside
diameter of the guide.
 (i) if it is air-filled
ii) if the guide is di-electric-filled, the relative dielectric constant Er = 4. [3M-2014M]

14) A TE11 mode in propagating through a circular waveguide. The radius of the guide in 5
cm and the guide contains air as dielectric determine.
i) The cut off frequency
ii) Guide wavelength λg at the operating frequency of 3GHz.
iii) Wave impedance in the guide. [L-2014Old]
iv) Find cut-off frequency of dominant mode in circular wave guide of size 2.2cm X 1cm. [2M-
2012S]
15) Dominant mode is propagating in rectangular guide 2.2 cm X 1 cm & frequency of
operation is
9 GHz. Find guide wavelength. [3M-2006S]
-If the above waveguide is terminated in load of 400 ohm. What will be the VSWR? [2M-
2006S]

UNIT-III

1)*List the properties of S-matrix. [3M-2014M,2013M]

-State properties of scattering matrix. [2M-2014Old]
-Write the properties of scattering matrix? [5M-2010S]
-Explain, why S-parameters are preferred at microwave frequency. [2M-2010M]
2) What are Ferries? Why are these useful in microwaves? [3M-2014M,2009S]
-Explain Faraday rotation in Ferrites. [2M-2012M,2008M]
3) Using the scattering Matrix of an E- or H-plane tee outline its basic properties. How can it
be used as a power divider? [5M-2013M]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----
*4) Explain the construction of 4 ports circulator and derive its scattering matrix. What are
the applications of circulator? [10M-2012M]
-Explain the working of a 4 port circulator with a neat sketch. [5M-2006S]
-Derive the S-matrix of 3-port circulator. [5M-2011S]
-Write the scattering matrix of a 3-port ideal circulator. [3M-2010S]
-Write the S-Matrix of ideal 3 port circulator. What are applications of the circulator? What
material is used to get circulator property? [2M-2008S]
-Derive the S-Matrix of 3 port circulator. Explain the principle of Faraday Rotation used in
construction of a circulator. [10M-2005]
-Derive the [S] matrix of a 3 port circulator. Is it possible to have 3 port matched reciprocal
Junction? Why ? [17-2007M]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----
**5) Explain the working of a directional coupler giving its scattering matrix & explain the
following terms:
i)Directivity ii)Coupling factor iii)Isolation [2013M]

-Discuss the operation and use of a directional coupler. Derive the scattering matrix for it.
[6M-2014M]
-Using S-parameters, explain the operation of a directional coupler & also write expressions
for coupling factor & directivity. [10M-2012S,2010S]
-Using S-parameters, explain the operation of a Directional coupler. Write any two
applications of directional coupler. [10M-2009S]
-Derive the scattering matrix to directional coupler & explain its applications. [10M-2011M]
-*Derive the S-matrix of Directional coupler. Explain how perfect directivity is achieved in a
multi aperture coupler. [10M-2010M,2006S]
-How directivity is achieved in multi hole directional coupler? Define coupling, Directivity &
Isolation in terms of [S] parameters. [4M-2005]
-Derive the S-matrix of a Directional Coupler. [5M-2011S]
-Define the parameters of a directional coupler. [2M-2011M]
-How directivity is achieved in multi hole coupler? Explain. [3M-2007M]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----
6) Write scattering matrix of a E-plane Tee junction. [2M-2009M]
-**Find Scattering properties of Magic Tee. [5M-2012S,2011S,2010M]
-*Derive the scattering matrix of a Magic Tee. [5M-2010S,2009M,2008M]
-What is the significance of a Magic Tee? [2M-2011S]
-What is ‘Magic’ in a Magic Tee? [2M-2005]
-What is the magic of magic Tee? [2M-2012S]
-Draw a neat sketch of a Magic Tee. [2M-2009S]
-What are the applications of Magic Tee [3M-2009M,2008M]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----

7) Why are phase shifters needed in a microwave network? Outline the basic principle
behind the design of microwave phase shifters. [4M-2014M]

8)*Describe the van type attenuator with neat diagram. [2M-2011M,2011S]

-Write about flap attenuator. [2M-2012S,2009M]
-Explain the working principle of waveguide attenuator. [4M-2006S]
9)*What is the function of Isolator? Write its S-matrix. [3M-2011S,2005]
-Draw a neat sketch of isolator listing all the parts clearly. [2M-2010S]

10) Derive the relation between (S) & (Z) matrix. [5M-2008S]

PROBLEMS:

1) A three-port circulator has an insertion loss of 1 dB, isolation 30 dB & USWR = 1.5. Find
the S-matrix. [5M-2013M]
2) In directional coupler if the power in the primary wave guide is 72 mW and power
delivered at the secondary wave guide is 8mW. Calculate coupling factor. [3M-2012M]

-In a directional coupler is the power in the primary wave guide is 64 mW and power
delivered at the secondary waveguide is 4 mW. Calculate coupling factor. [3M-2014Old]

-In a directional coupler is the power in the primary wave guide is 72 mW and power
delivered at the secondary waveguide is 8 mW. Calculate coupling factor. [3M-2008M]

3) Find the S-parameters of isolator with following specification:

VSWR at both ports=1.2
Isolation: 20 Db, Insertion loss 1 Db. [3M-2007M]

UNIT-IV
1)*-Explain the construction and operation of Magnetron. What is *cut off magnetic field
in magnetron and derive the expression for cut off magnetic field in magnetron?
[10M-2012M,2009M]
-Explain with neat sketches function of 8 cavity magnetron. What is mode? How is it
separate from other modes? [10M-2008M]
-Explain the working of Multi cavity magnetron. [6M-2010S]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----
***2) Show that the theoretical efficiency of reflex klystron is 22.78%.[6M-2014M]
-Draw a neat schematic of two-cavity klystron & explain its working with necessary
diagrams.
[5M-2010M]
-*Draw a schematic of a two-cavity Klystron Amplifier. With the help of an applegate
diagram, explain its working. [10M-2010S,2008M]
-Derive an expression for the power output & efficiency of a two cavity klystron Amplifier,
starting from the basic principles. [7M-2013M]
-Explain amplification process with velocity diagram in 2 cavity klystron amplifier. What is
the effect of grid interception? [10M-2012M]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----
**3) Mention the characteristics and applications of TWT. [4M-2014M]
-Why slow wave structure is used in TWT? Mention its characteristics. [3M-2013M]
-Justify the use of helix as slow wave structure in TWT. [3M-2012S]
-Write the working of TWT. [6M-2009M]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----
*4) Describe the limitations of conventional tubes at microwave frequencies. [6M-2013M]
-**What are the high frequency limitations of conventional tubes? Explain.
[2M,5M-2012M,2012S,2010M,2010S,2009M]
*5) Explain velocity modulation in travelling wave tube. [2M-2012M]
-What is transit time effect? What is the importance of this transit time in microwave tubes?
[4M-2014M]
6)*Explain working of B.W.O [10M-2012S,2010M]
-Discuss various types of material that can be employed for fabricating MMICs [3M-
2012M,2008M]

UNIT-V
1) Why Gunn devices are called diodes? [2M-2014M]
-How the domain is formed in Gunn diode? [2M-2011M]
-With the help of two-valley theory explain the operation of a Gunn diode. [5M-2014M]
-*Describe the function of Gunn diode and application as Gunn oscillator at microwave
frequency. How will you measure Gunn oscillator characteristic in laboratory. Explain
method and set up. [10M-2012M,2010M]
-Explain the basic principle of operation of a Gunn diode & mention its applications. [10M-
2011M]
-*What is Gunn Effect? Plot V-I characteristic. [3M-2012S,2009M]
-Explain JE characteristics of Gunn Diode. [2M-2009S]
-What is Gunn effect? Describe the modes of operation of Gunn oscillator. [10M-2009S]
-Explain the characteristics of Gunn Diode. Draw equivalent circuit. Hence, explain the
working principle of Gunn Oscillator. [10M-2005]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----
2) Describe the principle of working and *applications of PIN diode. [5M-2014M,2009S]
-Explain the working of PIN diode & its applications in Microwave Test Bench. [4M-2006S]
-What are the applications of PIN diode at microwave frequency. [3M-2005]
-Explain construction, operation & practical applications of PIN diode. [5M-2013M]
-*List important characteristics / parameter for PIN diode. [3M-2012M,2011S]
-Explain in brief about PIN diode? [2M-2010S]
-Write about PIN diode. [4M-2009M]
-What is a PIN diode? Describe the construction of a PIN diode, its characteristics &
applications.
[10M-2008M]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----
3) Mention some specific applications of IMPATT diode. [2M-2013M]
-What are applications of IMPATT Diode in Microwave Circuits? [2M-2006S]
-Describe construction of TMPATT diode. Explain how negative resistance is achieved in it.
[10M-2014Old,2009S]
-Explain the principle of operation of IMPATT diode. What are its drawbacks as an oscillator?
[10M-2008M]
-State the characteristics/features of IMPATT diode. [3M-2007M]
-How IMPATT diode can be used as oscillator? [3M-2006S]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----
4) Draw the Geometry of strip lines, micro strip lines, slot lines and Fin-lines. [5M-2014M]
-Write about Strip lines. [2M-2010M,2009M]
-Write about Micro strip lines. [2M-2010S]
-State the losses that can take place in micro strip lines [3M-2009S]
-*Differentiate between strip lines and micro strip lines. [3M-2012M,2011M]
-Draw the cross section of strip & microstrip line & sketch E & H fields. [4M-2005]
-Compare the field distribution & properties of strip & micro strip lines. Explain how they are
used as transmission lines at microwave frequencies. [10M-2008M]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----
5) Explain construction, operation equivalent circuit & applications of a varactor diode. [5M-
2013M]
-Sketch the characteristics of varactor diode & explain the same. [2M-2006S]

PROBLEMS:
1) An IMPATT diode has the following parameters: carrier drift velocity = 10^5 m/s,
Length of the drift space = sum calculate the frequency of oscillation produced. [3M-2014M]
2) A Gunn diode is working in transit time modes at 12 GHz. The domain charges move at a
speed of 10^7 cm/s. Calculate the length of the device? [3M-2013M]
3) A coplanar strip line carries an average power of 250 mW and a peak current of 100 mA.
What is the characteristic impedance? [3M-2014Old]