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Chapter Notes - Motion, Science, Class 9 | Motion | Class 9
Created by-SHUBHAM RAJ

MOTION

If we look around us, we find that there are number of objects which are in motion. An object is said to
be in motion if it change its position with the passage of time. In other words, the movement of an
object is known as the motion of the object.
Now observe the following bodies or objects and we will be able to understand the meaning of the term
"motion". Cars, cycles, motorcycles, scooters, buses, rickshaws, trucks etc. running on the road, Birds
flying in the sky, Fish swimming in water. All these objects are in motion. Very small objects like atoms
and molecules and very large objects like planets, stars and galaxies are in motion.
Thus, all objects ranging from a smallest atom to the largest galaxy are in continuous motion.

Types of Motion :

(A) Linear motion : A body has linear motion if it moves in a straight line orpath.

Ex.

(i) Motion of a moving car on a straight road.

(ii) Motion of a ball dropped from the roof of a building.

(B) Circular (or rotational) Motion : A body has circular motion if it moves around a fixed point.
A vertical passing through the fixed point around which the body moves is known as axis of rotation.

Ex.

(i) Motion of an electric fan.

(ii) Motion of merry-go-round
(iii) Motion of a spinning top.

(C) Vibratory motion :

A body has vibratory motion if it moves to and fro about a fixed point.

Ex. (i) Motion of a pendulum of a wall clock.

(ii) Motion of a simple pendulum.

MOTION IN LIVING AND NON-LIVING OBJECTS :

It is a common observation that all living objects, whether plants or animals can move in some way or
the other. The motion in animals is more apparent than the motion in plants.
The motion in animals is called LOCOMOTION.
Plants also move but their motion is not apparent as they cannot move from place to place. Their
motion takes place in parts. As a plant grows so does its roots and its leaves.

MECHANICS :
The branch of physics which deals with the motion of non-living objects in everyday life is called
mechanics or Classical mechanics. It is of two types.

i) Statics and (ii) Dynamics

STATICS : Statics deals with bodies at rest under the effect of different forces.

DYNAMICS : Dynamics deals with the bodies in motion. It is further of two types :

(i) Kinematics : Kinematics, which is derives from a Greek word kinema meaning motion,is a branch of
Physics, which deals with the motion of a body without taking into account the cause of motion.
(ii) Dynamics proper : Dynamics proper, which is derived from a Greek word dyna meaning power it is
a branch of Physics, which deals with the motion of bodies by taking into account the cause of motion
(force).

Concept of a point object, Rest and motion

Point object : An extended object can be treated as a point object when the distance travelled by the
object is much greater than its own size.
"A point object is one, which has no linear dimensions but possesses mass."

Ex.

(i) Study of motion of a train travelling from Kota to New Delhi.

(ii) Revolution of earth around the sun for one complete revolution.

Rest :– A body is said to be at rest when its position does not change with time respect to the observer.
Motion :– A body is said to be in motion when its position changes with time respect to the observer.

Describe motion :

When a tree, is observed by an observer A sitting on a bench, the tree is at rest. This is because
position of the tree is not changing with respect to the observer A.

Now, When the same tree T is observed by an observer sitting in a superfast train moving with a
velocity n, then the tree is moving with respect to the observer because the position of tree is changing
with respect to the observer B.

Rest and motion are relative terms : There is nothing like absolute rest. This means that an object
can be at rest and also in motion at the same time i.e. all objects, which are stationary on earth, are said
to be at rest with respect to each other, but with respect to the sun are making revolutions at 30 kmh–1.
In order to study motion, therefore, we have to choose a fixed position or point with respect to which the
motion has to be studied. Such a point or fixed position is called a reference point or the origin. In order 20. A girl walks along a straight path to drop a letter in the letterbox and comes back to her
to describe the motion of an object we need to keep in mind three things; initial position. Her displacement–time graph is shown in below figure. Plot a velocity–
(i) The distance of the body from a reference point. This reference point is called the origin of the motion time graph for the same.
of the body.
(ii) The direction of motion of the body.
(iii) The time of motion.

Scalar and vector quantities

Scalar Quantity :– A quantity that has only magnitude no direction is called a scalar quantity.

Ex. mass, time, distance, speed, work, power, energy, charge, area, volume, density, pressure,
potential, temperature etc.

Vector Quantity :– The physical quantity that has magnitude as well as direction are called vector
quantity.

Ex.velocity, acceleration, force, displacement, momentum, weight, electric field etc.

Differece between scalar & vector quantities : LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

Scalar quantities Vector quantities 21. An object starting from rest travels 20 m in first 2 s and 160 m in next 4 s. What will be the
These are completely These are completely velocity after 7 s from the start.
1 specified by their magnitude
specified by their magnitude
only. as well as direction 22. An electron moving with a velocity of 5 × 104 m/s enters into a uniform electric field and
These change by change of acquires a uniform acceleration of 104 m/s2 in the direction of its initialmotion.
These change by change of (i) Calculate the time in which the electron would acquire a velocity double of its initial
2 either their
their magnitude only velocity.
magnitude or direction or both
These are added or (ii) How much distance the electron would cover in this time?
These are added or
subtracted by laws of
3 subtracted by laws of 23. Obtain a relation for the distance travelled by an object moving with a uniform acceleration
ordinary algebra like
vector addition. in the interval between 4th and 5th seconds.
4m+5m=9m.

24. Two stones are thrown vertically upwards simultaneously with their initial velocities u1 and
u2 respectively. Prove that the heights reached by them would be in the ratio of u12 : u22 (
DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT
Assume upward acceleration is –g and downward acceleration to be +g ).
Distance : The length of the actual path between the initial and the final position of a moving object in
the given time interval is known as the distance travelled by the object. 25. An object is dropped from rest at a height of 150 m and simultaneously another object is
dropped from rest at a height 100 m. What is the difference in their heights after 2 s if both
the objects drop with same accelerations? How does the difference in heights vary with
time?
Distance = Length of path I (ACB)
Distance is a scalar quantity.

Unit In SI system : metre (m)

In CGS system : centimetre (cm)
Large unit Kilometre (km)

Displacement:– The shortest distance between the initial position and the final position of a moving
object in the given interval of time from initial to the final position of the object is known as the
displacement of the object.
Displacement of an object may also be defined as the change in position of the object in a particular
direction. That is,
Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 31 -
Displacement of an object = Final position – Initial position of the object.
 Displacement of an object may be zero but the distance travelled by the object in never zero.
Distance travelled by an object is either equal or greater than the magnitude of displacement of the
object.
Displacement = Length of path II (AB) A to B,
13. Which of the following figures (see below Figure) represents uniform motion of a displacement is vector quantities.
moving object correctly? Units In SI system : metre (m)

In CGS system : centimetre (cm)

Ex. A train goes from station A to station B as shown in figure. Calculate

(i) the distance travelled by the train and
(ii) the magnitude of the displacement of the train on reaching station B.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS Sol. (i) Distance travelled by the train = 50 100 200 400 = 750 km.
(ii) Magnitude of the displacement in going from station A to station B = 400 km.
14. The displacement of a moving object in a given interval of time is zero. Would the distance
travelled by the object also be zero? Justify you answer.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT
15. How will the equations of motion for an object moving with a uniform velocitychange?

16. A car starts from rest and moves along the x-axis with constant acceleration 5 m/s2 for 8 Distance Displacement
seconds. If it then continues with constant velocity, what distance will the car cover in 12
seconds since it started from the rest?
It is defined as the actual path It is the shortest distance between
17. A motorcyclist drives from A to B with a uniform speed of 30 km/h and returns back with a 1
traversed by a body. two points which the body moves.
speed of 20 km/h. Find its average speed.

18. Draw a velocity versus time graph of a stone thrown vertically upwards and thencoming 2 It is a scalar quantity It is a vector quantity'
downwards after attaining the maximum height.
19. The velocity-time graph (see below Figure) shows the motion of a cyclist. Find (i) its 3 It can never be negative or zero It can be negative, zero or positive.
acceleration (ii) its velocity and (iii) the distance covered by the cyclist in 15 seconds.

Distance can be equal to or greater Displacement can be equal to or

4
than displacement less than distance.

Distance travelled is not a unique path Displacement is a unique path

5
between two points. between two points.

The distance between two points gives Displacement between two points
6 full information of the type of path does not give full information of the
followed by the body. type of path followed by the body.
Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 30 -
Distance never decreases with tune, Displacement can decrease with
' time for a moving body it canbe
for a moving body it is never zero.
zero. 7. The numerical ratio of displacement to distance for a moving object is
(a) always less than 1
Displacement in SI is measured in (b) always equal to 1
S Distance in SI is measured in metre (c) always more than 1
metre.
(d) equal or less than 1

8. Suppose a boy is enjoying a ride on a merry-go-round which is moving with a constant

Distance > |displacement| speed of 10 m/s. It implies that the boy is
(a) at rest
Uniform and non-uniform motion (b) moving with no acceleration
(c) in accelerated motion
A moving body may cover equal distances in equal intervals of time or different distances in equal
(d) moving with uniform velocity
intervals of time. On the basis of above assumption, the motion of a body can be classified as uniform
motion and non-uniform motion.
9. Area under a v – t graph represents a physical quantity which has the unit
Uniform motion: (a) m2
(b) m
(c) m3
(d) m/s

Time Cm second) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 10. Four cars A, B, C and D are moving on a levelled road. Their distance versus time graphs
are shown in below Fig.. Choose the correct statement
(a) Car A is faster than car D.
Distance covered (in
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 (b) Car B is the slowest.
metre)
(c) Car D is faster than car C.
(d) Car C is the slowest.

When a body covers equal distances in equal intervals of time, however, small may be time intervals,
the body is said to describe a uniform motion.

11. Slope of a velocity – time graph gives

(a) the distance
(b) the displacement
(c) the acceleration
(d) the speed

12. In which of the following cases of motions, the distance moved and the magnitude of
displacement are equal?
Example of uniform motion –
(i) An aeroplane flying at a speed of 600 km/h (a) If the car is moving on straight road
(ii) A train running at a speed of 120 km/h (b) If the car is moving in circular path
(iii) Light energy travelling at a speed of 3 × 108 m/s (c) The pendulum is moving to and fro
(iv) A spaceship moving at a speed of 100 km/s (d) The earth is revolving around the Sun

Non-uniform motion:
Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 29 -
Time (in second) 0 1 2 3 4
 ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS
Distance (in
MOTION metre)
0 1 4 9 16

Multiple Choice Questions

1. If the displacement of an object is proportional to square of time, then the object moves
with When a body covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time, the body is said to be moving with a
(a) uniform velocity non-uniform motion.
(b) uniform acceleration
(c) increasing acceleration Example of non-uniform motion –
(d) decreasing acceleration
(i) An aeroplane running on a runway before taking off.
(ii) A freely falling stone under the action of gravity.
2. The distance time graph of a body coincides with its time axis. The body must be (iii) An object thrown vertically upward.
(a) in uniform motion (iv) When the brakes are applied to a moving car.
(b) at rest
(c) in uniformly accelerated motion Speed
(d) in zig-zag motion
Speed of a body is the distance travelled by the body per unit time. or The rate of change of motion is
3. From the given v – t graph (see below Fig.), it can be inferred that the object is called speed.
(a) in uniform motion
(b) at rest (speed = (distance travelled / time taken))
(c) in non-uniform motion
If a body covers a distance S in time t then speed,
(d) moving with uniform acceleration
(v = S/t)

Unit : In SI system : m/s or ms –1

In CGS system : cm/s or cms–1
Other km/h or kmh–1

Important note : While comparing the speed of different bodies we must convert all speeds into same
units. Speed is a scalar quantity, because it has the magnitude but no direction.

Uniform speed :- When a body covers equal distance in equal intervals of time, the body is to be
4. The velocity time graph of a body is parallel to the time axis. The body is moving with a uniform speed or constant speed.
(a) at rest Ex.
(b) having uniform acceleration
(c) having zero acceleration (i) A train running with a speed of 120 km/h
(d) having non-uniform acceleration (ii) An aeroplane flying with a speed of 600 km/h

5. A particle is moving in a circular path of radius r. The displacement after half a circle Non-uniform speed :- When a body covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time, the body is
would be: said to be moving with non-uniform speed or variable speed.
(a) Zero
(b) π r Ex.
(c) 2 r
(i) A car running on busy road.
(d) 2π r
(ii) An aeroplane landing on runway.
6. A body is thrown vertically upward with velocity u, the greatest height h to which it will Average speed :- The average speed of the body in a given time interval is defined as the total
rise is, distance travelled, divided by the time interval.
(a) u/g (b) u2/2g (c) u2/g (d) u/2g

Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 28 - Instantaneous speed

The speed of a body at any particular instant of time during its motion is called the instantaneous speed
Velocity
8. A moving train is brought to rest within 20 seconds by applying brakes. Find the
The velocity of a body is the displacement of a body per unit time.
initial velocity, if the retardation due to brakes is 2m/s2.

9. A car accelerates uniformly from 18km/h to 36 km/h in 5 seconds. Calculate (i)

acceleration and (ii) the distance covered by the car in that time.
The displacement covered by a body per unit time or the speed of a body in specified direction is called
the velocity.
10. A body starts to slide over a horizontal surface with an initial velocity of 0.5 m/s.
Due to friction, its velocity decreases at the rate of 0.05 m/s2. How much time will it
Unit: In SI system : m/s or ms_1
take for the body to stop?
In CGS system : cm/s or cms_1 11. A train starting from the rest moves with a uniform acceleration of 0.2 m/s2 for 5
minutes. Calculate the speed acquired and the distance travelled in this time.
Other km/h or kmh_1, km/min.
12. A bus was moving with a speed of 54 km/h. On applying brakes, it stopped in 8
Uniform velocity seconds. Calculate the acceleration and the distance travelled before stopping.
13. A motor cycle moving with a speed of 5 m/s is subjected to an acceleration of 0.2
m/s2. Calculate the speed of the motor cycle after 10 seconds and the distance
travelled in this time.
14. The brakes applied to a car produce an acceleration of 6 m/s2 in the opposite
When a body covers equal displacement in equal interval of time, the body is said to be moving with a direction to the motion. If the car takes 2 seconds to stop after the application of
uniform velocity.
brakes, calculate the distance it travels during this time.
Conditions for uniform velocity :_ 15. A train starting from rest attains a velocity of 72 km/h in 5 minutes. Assuming that
(i) The body must cover equal displacement in equal intervals of time. the acceleration is uniform, find (i) the acceleration and (ii) the distance travelled by
the train for attaining this velocity.
(ii) The direction of motion of the body should not change.
16. Calculate the speed of the tip of second’s hand of a watch of length 1.5 cm.
Ex. (i) A train running towards south with a speed of 120 km/h.
17. A cyclist goes once round a circular track of diameter 105m in 5 minutes. Calculate
(ii) A aeroplane flying due north-east with a speed of 600 km/h. his speed.

Very important note :_ 18. A cyclist moving on a circular track of radius 50m complete revolution in 4 minutes.
What is his (i) average speed (ii) average velocity in one full revolution?
Direction of velocity represent direction of motion of body.
19. The length of minutes hand of a clock in 5 cm. Calculate its speed.
OR
20. A car starts from rest and moves along the x-axis with constant acceleration 5m/s2
Sign of velocity represent the direction of motion of body. for 8 seconds. If it then continues with constant velocity, what distance will the car
cover in 12 seconds since it started from the rest?
Non-uniform velocity/variable velocity :
21. An object is dropped from rest at a height of 150m and simultaneously another
object is dropped from rest at a height 100m. What is the difference in their heights
after 2 seconds if both the objects drop with same acceleration? How does the
difference in heights vary with time?
22. Obtain a relation for the distance travelled by an object moving with a uniform
When a body covers unequal displacement in equal intervals of time, the body is said to be moving with
variable velocity. acceleration in the interval between 4th and 5th seconds.
23. Two stones are thrown vertically upwards simultaneously with their initial velocities
u1 and u2 respectively. Prove that the heights reached by them would be in the ratio
of u12:u22 (Assume upward acceleration is – g and downward acceleration to be +g).

Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 20 -

 Acceleration, a = −10 m/s2
Let s be the maximum height attained by the stone in time t.
According to the first equation of motion:
v = u + at
0 = 5 + (−10) t
5
t = = 0.5s When a body covers equal distance in equal intervals of time, but its direction changes, then the body is
10 said to be moving with variable velocity.
According to the third equation of motion:
v2 = u2 + 2 as Conditions for variable velocity :_
(0)2 = (5)2 + 2(−10) s
(i) It should cover unequal displacement in equal intervals of time.
52
s= = 1.25m
20 (ii) It should cover equal distances in equal intervals of time but its direction must change.
Hence, the stone attains a height of 1.25 m in 0.5 s.
Ex. (i) A car running towards north on a busy road has a variable velocity as the displacement covered
UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION by it per unit time changes with change in the road condition.

(ii) The blades of a rotating ceiling fan, a person running around a circular track with constant speed
An athlete runs along the circumference of a circular path. This type of motion is known as etc. are the example of variable velocity, as the direction of the moving body changes in each case.
circular motion. The movement of an object in a circular path is called circular motion.
Average velocity :
When an object moves in a circular path with a constant velocity, its motion is called uniform
circular motion. In uniform circular motion, the magnitude of the velocity is constant at all Total displacement divided by total time is called an average velocity.
points and the direction of the velocity changes continuously.

We know that the circumference of a circle of radius r is given by 2 r . If the athlete takes t
seconds to go once around the circular path of radius r, the velocity v is given by
OR
2 r
v=
t The arithmetic mean of initial velocity and final velocity for a given time period, is called average
velocity.
NUMERICALS

1. A car increases its speed from 20 km/h to 50 km/h in 10 seconds. What is its
acceleration?
vav = where u = initial velocity, v = final velocity
2. A ship is moving at a speed of 56km/h. One second later, it is moving at 58km/h.
What is its acceleration? Memorise : When a body moves with constnat velocity, the average velocity is equal to
instantaneous velocity. The body is said to be in uniform motion.
3. A scooter acquires a velocity of 36km/h in 10 seconds just after the start. Calculate
the acceleration of the scoter. Difference between Speed and Velocity:

Speed
4. A racing car has uniform acceleration of 4m/s2. What distance will it cover in 10
seconds after start? It is defined as the rate of
change of distance
5. A car acquires a velocity of 72km/h in 10 seconds starting from rest. Find (a) the It is a scalar quantity
acceleration (b) the average velocity (c) the distance travelled in this time. It can never be negative or zero
6. A body is accelerating at a constant rate of 10m/s2. If the body starts from rest, how Speed is velocity without
much distance will it cover in 2 seconds? direction.
Speed may or may not be equal A body mass possess different
to velocity.
7. An object undergoes an acceleration of 8m/s2 starting from rest. Find the distance
Speed never decreases with
travelled in 1 second. time. For a
Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 19 - moving body it is never zero.
Velocity
It is the shortest distance
between two points
between which the body moves.
It is a vector quantity
It can be negative, zero or
positive
Velocity is directed speed
velocities but the same speed.
Velocity can decrease with
time. For a
moving body it can be zero.
Speed in SI is measured in ms– Velocity in SI, is measured in
1 ms–1. u+v v−u
s= 
2 a
Acceleration
v − u2
2
s=
The rate of change of velocity of a moving body with time is called acceleration. 2a
 v2 − u2 = 2as
v2 = u2 + 2as ..................... (III)
(I) , (II) and (III) are the equations of motion.

but change in velocity = final velocity - initial velocity. Acceleration due to gravity
The velocity of the body gradually decreases and becomes zero at a maximum height.The body
is decelarated or retarded. When the body is allowed to fall down, the velocity gradually
increases. Now the body is accelerated.

The decelaration or acceleration due to the gravitational force of earth is known as accelaration
due to gravity, denoted as ‘g’. The average value of ‘g’ is 9.8 m/s2. The velocity of the body
thrown vertically upwards will decrease by 9.8m for every second and the velocity of a body
falling down increases by 9.8m for every second.
If body moves with uniform velocity, then v = u and then acceleration is zero i.e. a = o.
The equations of motion for this body can be obtained from the equations of motion.
Unit of accelration
v =u + at
1 2
s= ut + at
Acceleration = , Acceleration = , Acceleration = = m/s 2 2
2 2
v = u + 2as
In SI system is m/s 2 or ms-2
For the body thrown upwards, equations can be obtained by substituting
In CGS system is cm/s 2 or cms-2 a = –g and s = h we get,
v = u – gt
Positive Acceleration : If the velocity of an object increases with time in the direction of the motion of 1 2
the object, then the acceleratin of the body is known as positive acceleration. h = ut – gt
2
In this case, the object pick up the speed in a particular direction (i.e., velocity). For example, if an v2 = u2 – 2gh
object starts from rest and its velocity goes on increasing with time in the direction of its motion, then When a body allowed to fall freely, u = 0. a = g and s = h.
the object has positive acceleration. The direction of positive acceleration is in the direction of motion of Now, the equations will be
the object. v = gt
1
Negative Acceleration : If the velocity of an object decreases with time, then the acceleration of the h = gt2
object is known as negative acceleration. 2
v2 = 2gh
It is written as -
INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 109
For example, if an object moving with certain velocity is brought to rest then the object is said to have
negative acceleration. 1. A bus starting from rest moves with a uniform acceleration of 0.1 m s −2 for 2 minutes. Find
(a) the speed acquired, (b) the distance travelled.
Acceleration without changing speed : Ans.
When an object moves in a circular path with constant speed, then its velocity changes due to the (a) Initial speed of the bus, u = 0 (since the bus is initially at rest)
change in the direction of motion of the object. hence, the object is accelerated without changing its Acceleration, a = 0.1 m/s2
speed. Time taken, t = 2 minutes = 120 s
Let v be the final speed acquired by the bus.
v u v 0
In this case, the direction of acceleration is towards the centre of the circular path. a =  0.1 =
t 120
Positive or negative sign of acceleration always shows the direction of acceleration or direction of
force but not represent direction of motion of body. ∴v = 12 m/s
Acceleration which oppose the motion of a body is called retardation or negative acceleration.
If sign of velocity and acceleration are same it means speed of body will always increase. Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 17 -
If both are opposite sign it means speed of body will always decrease.
 v – u = at …… (i)
 v = u + at ……(I)
When a body undergoes equal changes in velocity in equal intervals of time, the body is said to be
moving with a uniform acceleration

Ex. (i) Motion of a freely falling body.

(ii) Motion of a ball rolling down on an inclined plane.

Non-uniform acceleration or variable acceleration :

When a body describes unequal change in velocity in equal intervals of time, the body is said to be
moving with non-uniform acceleration.

Ex. (i) The motion of a bus leaving or entering the bus stop.

(ii) The motion of a train leaving or entering the platform.

(iii) A car moving on a busy road has non-uniform acceleration.

Equations of uniformly accelerated motion

EQUATION FOR POSITION-VELOCITY RELATION These equations give relationship between initial velocity, final velocity, time taken, acceleration and
distnace travelled by the bodies.
Let ‘s’ be the displacement of the body in a time t.
In the graph, Displacement = Area CABE First equation of motion :
s = Area of the rectangle CAGE + Area of the triangle ABG.
1
s = AC x CE + (AG x GB) A body having an initial velocity 'u' acted upon by a uniform acceleration 'a' for time 't' such that final
2 velocity of the body is 'v'.
Here AC = u
CE = t
Acceleration = Acceleration =
AG = t
GB = v – u = at [from(i)]
1 a= v _ u = at
s = ut + x t x at
2 Where ; v = final velocity of the body u = initial velocity of the body
1 2 ...................................
s = ut + at (II) a = Acceleration t = time taken
2
Second equation of motion :
EQUATION FOR POSITION-TIME RELATION
In the graph, Displacement = Area of the trapezium CABE It gives the distance travelled by a body in time t.
1
s = (AC+EB) x CE A body having an initial velocity 'u' acted upon by a uniform acceleration 'a' for time 't' such that final
2 velocity of the body is 'v' and the distance covered is 's'.
Here AC = u, EB = v, CE = t
u+v The average velocity is given by :-
s= t .......... (ii)
2
v−u Average velocity = Vav =
From (i), we have t =
a
Substituting the value of t,
distance covered = average velocity × time s = ×
Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 16 - t but v = u + at (from first equation of motion)
 Draw the speed time graph choosing a convenient scale. Determine from it (i) the
acceleration of the car (ii) the distance travelled by the car in 10 sec.

10. The graph given below is the velocity-time graph for a moving body. Find (i) velocity of
Where ; s = distance travelled by the body in time t
the body at point C (ii) acceleration acting on the body between A and B (iii) acceleration
u = initial velocity of the body acting on the body between B and C.

a = Acceleration

t = time taken

Third equation of motion :

A body having an initial velocity 'u' moving with a uniform acceleration 'a' for time 't' such that final
velocity 'v' and the distance covered is 's'. the third equation of motion is v2 = u2 + 2 at. it gives the
velocity acquired by a body in travelling a distance s.

v = u + at ..... (i)

s = ut + .....(ii)
Squaring eq. (i), we have

v2 = (u + at) 2 EQUATIONS OF MOTION BY GRAPHICAL METHOD

v2 = u2 + 2uat + a 2t2 When an object moves along a straight line with uniform acceleration, it is possible to relate its
velocity, acceleration during motion and the distance covered by it in a certain time interval by
v2 = u2 + 2a .....(iii) a set of equations known as the equations of motion. There are three such equations. These are:
v = u + at ---------------- (1)
1
Substituting the value of eq (ii) in eq.(iii), we get. s = ut + at 2 ------------- (2)
2 --------------
2a s = v2 – u2 (3)
where u is the initial velocity of the object which moves with uniform acceleration a for time t,
Important note:_ v is the final velocity, and s is the distance travelled by the object in time t. Eq. (1) describes
the velocity-time relation and Eq. (2) represents the position-time relation. Eq. (3), which
Velocity in m/s = × velocity in km/h. represents the relation between the position and the velocity, can be obtained from Eqs. (1) and
(2) by eliminating t. These three equations can be derived by graphical method.
36 km h_1 = 36000 m h _1
EQUATION FOR VELOCITY-TIME RELATION
= ms_1 = 10 ms_1 In the graph, AC gives the initial velocity (u). BE gives the final velocity (v). CE represents the
time taken t. DF gives the change in velocity.
1 km h_1 = or 1 km h_1 =
Change in velocity
Acceleration=
To convert km h_1 to ms_1, multiply by 5/18. Time
DF OF − OD
a= =
To convert ms_1 to km h_1 , multiply by 18/5. CE OE −OC
But OE – OC = t
1 km = 1000 m v−u
a=
1m = 100 cm = 1000 mm t

· Distance in kilometres should be converted into metre.

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· Before solving problems, asure that the data provided have the same system of unit, i.e. either they
should be in SI system or CGS system.
 19. On a 120km track, a train travels the first 30 km at a uniform speed of 30 km/hr. How fast
must the train travel the next 90 km so as to average 60 km/hr for the entire trip?

20. A train travels at 60 km/hr for 0.52 hr; at 30 km/hr for the next 0.24 hr and at 70 km/hr for
the next 0.71 hr. What is the average speed of the train?

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF MOTION

A graph represents the relation between two variable quantities in pictorial form. It is plotted
between two variable quantities. The quantity that is varied our choice is called independent
variable. The other quantity, which varies as a result of this change, is called dependent
variable. For example, in distance-time graph, time is independent variable and distance is
dependent variable. Similarly, in velocity-time graph, time is independent variable and velocity
is dependent variable.

DISTANCE-TIME GRAPH

The distance-time graph represents the change in the position of a body with time. In this
graph, we take time along the x-axis and the distance along the y-axis. The distance-time graph
under different conditions are shown below.

The area under the velocity-time graph gives the distance (magnitude of displacement) 1. When the body is at rest
moved by the car in a given interval of time. If the car would have been moving with
uniform velocity, the distance travelled by it would be represented by the area ABCD under The position of the body does not change with time. Its distance from the origin continues
the graph. Since the magnitude of the velocity of the car is changing due to acceleration, to be same at all instants of time. Therefore, we obtain a straight line parallel to x-axis(time
the distance s travelled by the car will be given by the area ABCDE under the velocity-time axis) (see the below figure)
graph.
That is,
s = area ABCDE = area of the rectangle ABCD + area of the triangle ADE
1
= AB  BC + ( AD  DE)
2
3. When the body is moving with a variable acceleration
In the case of non-uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time graphs can have any
shape. In below Fig. (a) shows a velocity-time graph that represents the motion of an
object whose velocity is decreasing with time while Figure (b) shows the velocity-time
graph representing the non-uniform variation of velocity of the object with time.

2. When the body is in uniform motion

When an object travels equal distances in equal intervals of time, it moves with uniform
speed. This shows that the distance travelled by the object is directly
proportional to time taken. Thus, for uniform speed, a graph of distance
travelled against time is a straight line, as shown in below figure. The
portion OB of the graph shows that the distance is increasing at a uniform
rate.

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 of the given object. That is, by using this graph one can find the acceleration of an object. The
velocity-time graph under different conditions are shown below.

1. When the body is moving with uniform velocity

If the object moves at uniform velocity, the height of its velocity-time graph will not
change with time. It will be a straight line parallel to the x-axis. We know that the product
of velocity and time give displacement of an object moving with uniform velocity. The area
enclosed by velocity-time graph and the time axis will be equal to the magnitude of the
displacement.

On the graph, AC denotes the time interval (t2 – t1) while BC corresponds to the
distance (s2 – s1). We can see from the graph that as the object moves from
the point A to B, it covers a distance (s2 – s1) in time (t2 – t1). The speed, v of the
object, therefore can be represented as
distance travelled
speed = To know the distance moved by the car between time t1 and t2 using the above figure, draw
time taken
perpendiculars from the points corresponding to the time t1 and t2 on the graph. The
s2 − s1
 v= velocity of v km/h is represented by the height AC or BD and the time (t2 – t1) is
t2 − t1 represented by the length AB. So, the distance s moved by the car in time (t2 – t1) can be
3. When the body is in non-uniform motion expressed as
When a body moves with non-uniform speed it covers unequal distance in equal intervals s = AC × CD = v(t2 – t1) = Area of the rectangle ABDC (shaded portion)
of time. The distance-time graph for a body which is moving with non-uniform speed is not
a straight line. It is a curve. The speed of the object will change with respect to time. 2. When the body is moving with uniform acceleration
In this case, the velocity-time graph for the motion of the car is shown in below figure. The
nature of the graph shows that velocity changes by equal amounts in equal intervals of
time. Thus, for all uniformly accelerated motion, the velocity-time graph is a straight line.

VELOCITY-TIME GRAPH
The geometrical relationship between the velocity of an object and the time taken by the object
is called the velocity-time graph.

The velocity-time graph of an object can be drown by taking the time taken along the X-axis
and the velocity along the Y-axis. The ratio of the velocity and the time taken will give the
acceleration of the object. Therefore, the slope of the velocity-time graph gives the acceleration

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