HERAMBA CHANDRA COLLEGE

ENVIROMENTAL STUDIES

B.COM (Hons.)

Name : PRONAY KUNDU

REGISTRATION NO. :
ROLL NO. :
SUPERVISED BY :

TOPIC : STUDY OF COMMON PLANTS ,INSECTS OR BIRDS

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am indebted to my teacher for guiding me throughout the project . it was a wonderful

experience in doing the project .

It helped me to learn about various plants and animals and the detailed study of various plants
and animals also helped me in understanding about various topics .
 INTRODUCTION

A. BIRDS

Birds ,also known as aves are a group of endothermic , vertebrates , characterised by feathers ,
toothless beaked jaws , the laying of hard shelled eggs , ahigh metabolic rate , a four
chambered heart , and a strong yet lightweight skeleton . birds live world wide and range vin
size from 5cm bee to 2.75m ostrich . they rank as the worlds most numerically succesful class
of tetrapods , with approximately ten thousand living species a good number of birds visit in
different sites . they come to various locations either for a change in weather or for laying
eggs .

B . INSECTS

Insects or insecta are hexapod invertebrates and the largest group within the antropod
phylum . insects have a chitnous exoskeleton , a three part body . three pairs of jointed legs ,
compound eyes and one pair of antennae . insects are the most diverse group of animals ,
they include more than a million describedx species and represent more than a half of all
known living organisms .the total number of extinct species is estimated at between six and
ten million : potentially over 90% of the animal life forms on earths are insects few insects live
in the oceans or in very cold places , such as antartica . the most species live in tropical areas

C . PLANTS

Plants are mainly multicellular , predominantly photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom

plantae . historically plants were treated as one two kingdoms including all living things that
were treated as plants . however all current definations of plantae exclude the fungi and some
algae as well as the prokaryotes .most of the fossils are made from the dead remains of plants
and animals plants are the vital source as it gives us oxygen through the photosynthesis and
various herbivorous animals survive through plants

Area of study :: it applies to whole of west bengal icluding some of other states
Methood of study ::
Date : February 2019
Instruments : internet and some evs books

Observation ::
A. Birds .

1. Blue throated barbet

Colour : It has bright green, blue & red plumage

Location. : It is seen across the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia.

Bengali name :বববব ববববব বববব

Description :
The barbets get their name from the bristles which fringe their heavy bills; this species eats
fruits and insects. They frequent evergreen forests, deciduous forests, gardens, orchards, teak
forests and cities with fruiting trees. The turquoise-throated barbet was formerly considered a
subspecies.

Scientific name : Psilopogon asiaticus

2. Red avadavat
Colour : red colour , with a stripe of green or yellow

Location : It is found in the open fields and grasslands of tropical Asia and is popular as a cage
bird due to the colourful plumage of the males in their breeding season. It breeds in the Indian
Subcontinent in the monsoon season

Description : a sparrow-sized bird of the family Estrildidae.. The species name of amandava
and the common name of avadavat are derived from the city of Ahmedabad in Gujarat, India,
from where these birds were exported into the pet trade in former times.

Scientific name : Amandava amandava

3. Common woodpecker
Colour : The colours of many species
are based on olive and brown and some are
pied, suggesting a need for camouflage;
others are boldly patterned in black, white and red, and many have a crest or tufted feathers
on the crown.

Location :Members of this family are found worldwide, except for Australia, New Guinea, New
Zealand, Madagascar, and the extreme polar regions.

Description :
Woodpeckers are part of the family Picidae, a group of near-passerine birds that also consist
of piculets, wrynecks, and sapsuckers. Most species live in forests or woodland habitats,
although a few species are known that live in treeless areas, such as rocky hillsides and deserts,
and the Gila woodpecker specialises in exploiting cacti.

Scientific name :picidae

B . Insects
1. Mosquito

They are a group of about 3500 species of small insects that are a type of fly (order Diptera).
Within that order they constitute the family Culicidae (from the Latin culex meaning "gnat").
The word "mosquito" (formed by mosca and diminutive -ito)[2] is Spanish for "little fly".

Mosquitoes have a slender segmented body, a pair of wings, three pairs of long hair-like legs,
feathery antennae, and elongated mouthparts.

Females of most species have tube-like mouthparts (called a proboscis) which

can pierce the skin of the host (colloquially but incorrectly referred to as a "bite") in order to
extract blood, which contains protein and iron needed to produce eggs. Thousands of
mosquito species feed on the blood of various hosts ⁠— vertebrates, including mammals, birds,
reptiles, amphibians, and some fish; and some invertebrates, primarily other arthropods. This
loss of blood is seldom of any importance to the host.

2. Moth
Moths comprise a group of insects
related to butterflies, belonging to the order Lepidoptera. Most lepidopterans are moths, and
there are thought to be approximately 160,000 species of moth, many of which have yet to be
described. Most species of moth are nocturnal, but there are also crepuscular and diurnal
species.

Moths frequently appear to circle artificial lights, although the reason for this behavior
(positive phototaxis) remains unknown. One hypothesis is called celestial or transverse
orientation. By maintaining a constant angular relationship to a bright celestial light, such as
the moon, they can fly in a straight line.

Celestial objects are so far away that, even after travelling great distances, the change in angle
between the moth and the light source is negligible; further, the moon will always be in the
upper part of the visual field, or on the horizon. When a moth encounters a much closer
artificial light and uses it for navigation, the angle changes noticeably after only a short
distance, in addition to being often below the horizon

C. ANIMALS
1.Giraffe

Scientific name : massai girafee

Characteristics :
giraffe's chief distinguishing characteristics are its extremely long neck and legs, its horn-like
ossicones, and its distinctive coat patterns. It is classified under the family Giraffidae, along
with its closest extant relative, the okapi. Its scattered range extends from Chad in the north
to South Africa in the south, and from Niger in the west to Somalia in the east. Giraffes usually
inhabit savannahs and woodlands.

Food source : Their food source is leaves, fruits and flowers of woody plants, primarily acacia
species, which they browse at heights most other herbivores cannot reach. They may be
preyed on by lions, leopards, spotted hyenas and African wild dogs

Description : The giraffe (Giraffa) is a genus of African even-toed ungulate mammals, the
tallest living terrestrial animals and the largest ruminants. Taxonomic classifications of one to
eight extant giraffe species have been described, based upon research into the mitochondrial
and nuclear DNA, as well as morphological measurements of Giraffa, but the International
Union for Conservation of Nature currently recognises only one species, Giraffa
camelopardalis, the type species, with nine subspecies. Seven other species are extinct,
prehistoric species known from fossils.

2. Deer
Description. :

Deer are the hoofed ruminant mammals forming the family Cervidae. The two main groups of
deer are the Cervinae, including the muntjac, the elk (wapiti), the fallow deer, and the chital;
and the Capreolinae, including the reindeer (caribou), the roe deer, and the moose. Female
reindeer, and male deer of all species except the Chinese water deer, grow and shed new
antlers each year. In this they differ from permanently horned antelope, which are part of a
different family (Bovidae) within the same order of even-toed ungulates (Artiodactyla).

Distribution :
Deer live in a variety of biomes, ranging from tundra to the tropical rainforest. While often
associated with forests, many deer are ecotone species that live in transitional areas between
forests and thickets (for cover) and prairie and savanna (open space). The majority of large
deer species inhabit temperate mixed deciduous forest, mountain mixed coniferous forest,
tropical seasonal/dry forest, and savanna habitats around the world

Deer are also excellent jumpers and swimmers. Deer are ruminants, or cud-chewers, and have
a four-chambered stomach. Some deer, such as those on the island of Rùm, do consume meat
when it is available.

3. Cat
Description. :
The cat (Felis catus) is a
small carnivorous mammal.It is the only domesticated species in the family Felidae and often
referred to as the domestic cat to distinguish it from wild members of the family. The cat is
either a house cat, kept as a pet, or a feral cat, freely ranging and avoiding human contact. A
house cat is valued by humans for companionship and for its ability to hunt rodents. About 60
cat breeds are recognized by various cat registries.

Size. :
Adult domestic cats typically weigh between 4 and 5 kg (9 and 10 lb) although many breeds
have a wide range of sizes, with male American Shorthairs, a common breed, ranging from 3
and 7 kg (7 to 15 lb)

Food :
Cats are obligate carnivores: their physiology has evolved to efficiently process meat, and they
have difficulty digesting plant matter.[98] In contrast to omnivores such as rats, which only
require about 4% protein in their diet, about 20% of a cat's diet must be protein.

Conclusion .
Birds animals and plants and insects all are important for the environment as we all know all
are required for maintaining of Food Chain and Food Web. Herbivorous animals depend upon
the plants and plants depend upon sunlight and water for survival meanwhile omnivorous
animals depends upon the other animals for their survival some animals also depends upon
insects for their survival we do humans consume both the plants and the animals.