EXPERIMENT NO.

PHASE DIAGRAM OF A THREE COMPONENT

LIQUID SYSTEM

MEMBERS:

PANTOJA, CLAIRE M. 201311957

TEJADA, ELLAINE S. 201412731

REYES, GERICA 201112371

DATE OF EXPERIMENT:

SEPT 20, 2018

SUBMITTED TO:

_____ENGR. JARLIE CLEMENA___

DATE SUBMITTED:

SEPT 27, 2018

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this experiment was in order to produce a phase diagram of a three-
component liquid. The three components used for this experiment were chloroform, acetic acid, and
water which are miscible liquids. Multiple trials of titration of different solutions were conduct to
produce the graph of solubility curve of the components. The data obtained in different trials of
titration was used to determine the volume of each substances and percentage mass.The transition
from one region to another can be observed by appearance or disappearance of cloudiness or
turbidity in the solution.The components partially used produce a phase system when combined
which is formed in the graph of the system.

INTRODUCTION

Phase diagrams are graphical representations of the liquid, vapor, and solid phases that co-exist at various
ranges of temperature and pressure within a reservoir. Ternary phase diagrams represent the phase behavior of
mixtures containing three components in a triangular diagram. Ternary phase diagrams are 3 component systems. To
construct a ternary diagram it is necessary to know the three binary systems for the three components. Ternary
diagrams have a vertical temperature axis.Liquid systems of three components consist of three liquid components,
two liquids and one solid or one liquid and two solids

The actual ternary diagram may be represented as a three dimensional form or more commonly as a two dimensional
projection of the liquidus surface onto the base of the triangle created when the three binary diagrams are joined
together. This irregular triangle is often transformed into an equilateral triangle to facilitate presentation and
interpretation. For experimentally studied ternary systems the liquidus surface may be contoured with the
temperature interval representing the contour interval. The fields indicated on the ternary diagram represent the
primary phase fields, of solid phases in equilibrium with liquid, present on the liquidus surface. The lines or curves
which separate primary phase fields are referred to as Cotectic Lines or Boundary Curves, along which 3 phases are
in equilibrium - two solids and a liquid. Straight lines which join the composition points of two phases whose primary
phase fields share a common boundary curve are called Alkemade Lines. Thus the edges of the triangle are
Alkemade Lines as they join the individual phases AB, AC and BC, which share a boundary curve. Alkemade lines
are a specific type of tie line

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Phase diagrams for ternary systems are usually represented using a triangle. This graph accounts for the fact that
only two variables are required. Along the phase boundary only one variable is required. Regions where one or two
phases appear. When the solution is stirred, the transition from one region to another can be observed by
appearance (or disappearance) of cloudiness or turbidity in the solution. The turbidity results from scattering of light
by the large number of very small “oily” droplets of the second phase that are produced when the system is stirred.
Sometimes it is easier to see this when stopping the stirring briefly. If the three components are mixed to give an
overall system composition that falls in the 2-phase region, the system will separate into two phases. The
compositions of the phases that form are given by the intersections of a tie line with the phase boundary. The tie line
must also contain the point describing the overall system composition. For a three−component system, the properties
of an equilateral triangle provide a convenient means of representing the composition of a three−component system
at constant temperature and pressure.
Ternary phase diagrams describe phase equilibria among three components as a function of composition at constant
temperature and pressure. The system of n-propanol, n-heptane, and water exhibits a simple ternary diagram with
two well-demarcated regions. One region represents complete liquid miscibility at high proportions of n-propanol. The
second region delineates the compositions where two immiscible liquid phases coexist--a water-rich layer and a
heptane-rich layer with distinct amounts of solubilized n-propanol. The ternary phase diagram for such partially
miscible liquid systems is generally determined in an undergraduate laboratory experiment by both visual methods
and classical techniques. Indeed, the demarcation between the one- and two-phase liquid regions is visually
discernible through titrations of n-propanol-n-heptane mixtures with water until a second liquid phase appears.
However, the compositions of the immiscible liquid phases within the two-phase region cannot be determined using
classical pH titrations or refractive index measurements. Acidic or basic species are absent, and n-heptane and n-
propanol exhibit refractive indices that differ by only 0.002 at room temperature. We have designed a modern
experiment using conventional absorbance or fluorescence spectroscopy to rapidly, accurately, ad conveniently
construct the n-propanol-n-heptane-water ternary phase diagram.

Ternary phase diagrams, in conjunction with microscopy techniques and reaction product chemistries, were used to
describe the possible ``diffusion paths'' and resulting morphologies that may occur during formation of corrosion
scales from high temperature gaseous exposure. Characterization of the surface reaction products was conducted
using microscopy techniques with energy dispersive spectroscopy and electron probe microanalysis. By plotting
chemical information acquired from the corrosion scales on ternary phase diagrams, development of the phase layer
sequence and morphologies of the multiphase corrosion scales was schematically explained.

METHODOLOGY:

For the preparation of solubility curve, 10mL mixtures of H2O and CHCl₃ were prepared
containing the following % by volume of water in 125-ml Erlenmeyer flasks: 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%,
50%, 60%, 70%, 80% and 90%. The solution titrated with acetic acid until the solution no longer turns
cloudy when shaken vigorously. The volume of each liquid was recorded and the weight and % by weight
of each liquid were calculated in each solution. The solubility curve was constructed.
For the construction of tie lines, the mixtures of the three liquids with different composition were
prepared in 20-ml. The layers were separated in a separatory funnel. The aqueous solution and CHCl 3
layer were titrated to the phenolphthalein end point with 1.0 M NaOH. The % by weight of acetic acid in
each layer was calculated. The point on the solubility curve was located and the tie lines were constructed
by connecting the compositions of the complementary layers with a straight line. The plait of the system
was determined.

RESULTS

Table 1: Solubility Curve Data

Mixture Volume of Liquid Weight of Liquid % by Weight

No. H2O HoAc CHCl3 H2O HoAc CHCl3 H2O HoAc CHCl3
1 9 20.2 1 9 21.02 1.49 0.58 0.41 0.014
2 8 29.2 2 8 30.66 2.90 0.45 0.52 0.028
3 7 41.3 3 7 43.37 4.97 0.34 0.63 0.032
4 6 53 4 6 55.65 5.96 0.25 0.71 0.038
5 5 64.9 5 5 68.15 7.45 0.19 0.77 0.042
6 4 72.8 6 4 76.44 8.94 0.14 0.81 0.047
7 3 78.3 7 3 82.22 10.43 0.10 0.84 0.034
8 2 83.2 8 2 87.36 11.92 0.067 0.87 0.060
9 1 98.7 9 1 103.64 13.01 0.029 0.91 0.059

Table 2: Tie Lines

Density of H2O : 1.00 g/mL Density of HoAc : 1.05 g/mL

Density of CHCl3: 1.05 g/mL

Mixture No. 1 2 3 4
Weight 7.575 7.65 7.725 7.8
Aqueous V of NaOH 1.6 3.6 4.7 5.4
Layer % HoAc 15 30 45 60
Weight 3.725 3.725 3.725 3.725
CHCl3 Layer V of NaOH 0.1 0.2 0.35 0.4
% HoAc 15 30 45 60
DISCUSSION:

Table 1, was used in order to graph the solubility curve. The maximum point of solubility
is at 0.58. To graph the tie lines table 2 was used. It can be seen that as the %HoAc increased the
volume of NaOH used also increased. It gave a directly proportional relationship between the
two.

On figure 1, A, B and C represents the nonreactive pure components. A was the CHCl3 ,
B was the moles of water and C was represented as HoAc. At point a, the maximum solubility
of A and C was given when there is no component B. Also, at point c, the maximum solubility of
B in C was presented in the absenceof A component.

Figure 1: Graph of Three Phase Diagram

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION:

The experimenters were able to prepare the phase diagram of a three-component liquid
system. Chloroform and Acetic acid were miscible with each other. Same in Acetic acid and
water, they were also miscible with each other. Chloroform and water are partially miscible with
each other. Increasing the amount of acetic acid, the more miscible the three components with
each other became. The phase diagram of the water-chloroform-acetic acid system and the tie-
lines was successfully constructed.
The experimenters recommend avoiding over titration of the samples to have a good
generation of the solubility curve and tie lines and keeping the temperature and pressure
constant.

Sample Computation:

For A, Mixture 1

9
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 18 = 0.58 𝑔
9 21.42 1.97
18 + 60 + 114.35

21.42
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐻𝑜𝐴𝑐 = 60 = 0.41 𝑔
9 21.42 1.97
+ +
18 60 114.35
1.97
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐶ℎ𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 = 114.35 = 0.014 𝑔
9 21.42 1.97
+ +
18 60 114.35
For B, Mixture 1

𝑔 𝑔
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝐴𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝐿𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 = 6, 𝑚𝐿 (1 ) + 1.5𝑚𝐿 (1.05 ) = 7.575𝑔
𝑚𝐿 𝑚𝐿
DOCUMENTATION:

REFERENCES:

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