Utilising the Creative Sector to

Stimulate Economic Growth in Blackness

UP51007 | Statutor y Planning

November 2018
UP51007 - Statutory Planning
November 2018

Contributors

Jack Dempster
Greg Dommett
Rebecca Foy
Tokini Kent

Tutors

Kirsty Macari
Helen O’Connor

Word Count: 6124

With thanks to:

Creative Dundee
Dundee City Council
UNESCO

Alan Brown
David Cook
Dylan Drummond
Paul Harris
Rose Jenkins
Kevin Murray
Hayley Scanlan
Contents

1. Introduction 6. Case Studies

1.1.
Preface 8 6.1. Shoreditch 80
1.2.
Dundee 10 6.2. Digbeth Custard Factory 84
1.3.
Blackness 12 6.3. Brick Lane 88
6.4. Creative Enterprise Zones 92
2. History 6.5. A Scottish Creative Zone 94

2.1. Timeline 16 7. Strategy
2.2. Development of Blackness 18
2.3. Development of the Universities 22 7.1. Outcomes and Objectives 98
2.4. Architectural Quality 24 7.2. Strategy Process 100
2.5. Creative Past 28 7.3. Facilities 110
7.4. Phasing -2040 Vision 112
3. Wider Context 7.5. Phase One 114
7.6. Phase Two 118
3.1.
Property Market 34 7.7. Phase Three 122
3.2.
Unemployment 36 7.8. Vision 126
3.3.
SWOT Analysis 38 7.8.1. Brown Street
7.8.2. Miln Street
4. Planning Context 7.9. Action and Impact 132
7.10. Winners and Losers 134
4.1. Planning Framework 42
4.2. Dundee City Council LDP 44 8. Conclusion 138
4.3. Blackness and the LDP 46
4.4. Capital Investment Strategy 48 9. Appendices
4.5. Dundee Creative Industries Strategy 52
4.6. Economic Initiatives 56 9.1.
Wider Context 142
4.7. Conclusions 58 9.2.
Planning Context 146
9.3.
Character Appraisal 150
5. Creative Context
10. References
5.1. Institutions 62
5.2. Existing Facilities 64
5.3. Current Development 72
5.4. Creative Industries 74
5.5. UNESCO City of Design 76
 1
Introduction
1.1 Preface
1.2 Dundee
1.3 Blackness
Introduction | Preface

Dundee is currently experiencing a transformation. The aims of the strategy are:

From being named the UK’s first UNESCO City of Design
to the opening of the V&A Museum, Dundee has found
itself growing into an in-vogue destination for cultural
visitors and institutions alike. However, as successful as
this developing identity has been at attracting tourists,
the city must ensure that it does not forget its past.
Blackness is an area of the city in need of regeneration.
Former home to Dundee’s jute mills, it has become
run-down and forgotten. Through analysis of Dundee’s
growing reputation as a creative hub and the industries
currently existing (against the odds) within Blackness, a
strategy for regeneration becomes clear:
Aberdeen
• Providing more exhibition and work spaces for the
various creative sector industries
• Generating sustainable economic regeneration in
Blackness, built upon Dundee’s existing creative Dundee
scene
• Increasing the usability and attractiveness of
the area as a destination in the city through the Edinburgh
Glasgow
prioritising of people over vehicles

How can we utilise the creative sector to stimulate

economic growth in Blackness?

Approaching this question requires an analytical

understanding of the context in which Dundee, and
specifically Blackness, finds itself- in both political
and socio-economic terms. This report establishes
the historical context of Blackness before appraising
the planning and creative contexts to propose a
regeneration strategy. It is important to discuss the role
that institutions, such as the University of Dundee, have
played in Dundee’s creative scene and could play in the
regeneration.

From this analysis a strategy is formed to address two Dundee

major problems facing Dundee: retaining the talent
the city produces and ensuring that the perception of
Dundee as a creative hub matches the reality. Blackness

8
Introduction |9
Introduction | Dundee

Dundee developed on the banks of the River Tay,

allowing it to grow into an important trading port (Flett,
2011). During the Industrial Revolution, Dundee was
148,270 2016 population
the global leader in the production of jute which led to
rapid expansion (OU, 2018). As the jute industry began
to decline, so did much of Dundee- with unemployment

Male Population: 71,455 (48%)

above the national average in the inter-war period
(Whatley, 1990).

Female Population: 76,815 (52%)

The city now markets itself as ‘Dundee: One City,
Many Discoveries,’ which relates to Dundee’s history
of scientific research and Scott’s famous Antarctic

Density: 2,477 people per sq.km

exploration ship ‘Discovery.’ Following the decline
of traditional industries, the city refocused towards
technological and biomedical sectors in the 1980s,

Median Gross Annual Pay: £24,090

leading to Dundee’s world-leading standards in scientific
research and computing.

Claimant Count Rate: 3.7

The city was awarded UK’s first UNESCO City of Design
in 2014. This coincided with a £1billion masterplan to
regenerate the waterfront area and assert Dundee as a
creative force on an international scale.

Source: About Dundee 2016, Dundee City Council,

https://www.dundeecity.gov.uk/sites/default/files/publications/aboutdundee2016.pdf
10
Introduction | 11
Introduction | Blackness

Blackness became a centre for industry, with the

majority of the city’s jute mills and warehouses packed
into a dense area (Dundee City Council, 2018). Since
the decline of the jute industry Blackness has struggled
to recover the vibrancy and sense of community that
it once had, with many of the industrial buildings now
abandoned (Dundee City Council, 2018).

Blackness is home to small industries as well as some

charitable and leisure facilities. There is very little reason
to remain in the area for any longer than necessary, due
to factors such as: safety concerns, lack of commercial
activity, no public space and very few openly public
buildings. In order for Blackness to reinvigorate itself it
is important to change the perception of its character.

12
Introduction | 13
 2
History
2.1 Timeline
2.2 Development of Blackness
2.3 Development of the Universities
2.4 Architectural Quality
2.5 Creative Past
 History | Timeline University College College becomes independent
Dundee opened from Institute of Technology
after large (now Abertay) and named
Institute moved to
investment from Duncan of Jordanstone
Bell Street as Dundee
Mary Ann Baxter College of Art
Technical College &
1883 School of Art 1975
Caledon 1911
Shipbuilding
& Engineering
Co Ltd begins
designing and
buildings ships Queens College
Agreement becomes the
1874 Dundee Technical reached to form independent
Institute created James Duncan the Dundee University of
based in Smalls University of Abertay
of Jordanstone Institute of Art Dundee
Wynd with shared becomes the first
leaves £60,000 and Technology
facilities with to create an separate from the
1967 in the world to offer
then University Computer Game
independent art Technical College
College, Dundee Design Degree
school in the city
1930
1850 1888 1997
1909
Art School in First Beano
Dundee first published in
proposed with art Dundee
classes taught at
the High School 1938
and YMCA

Creative Industries
1800
1850 1950 2000
1900
Blackness Industries

1883
Ward Foundry
extended to hold
1833 Moulding Shop 1990
Verdant Works
originates in Blackness Last Jute Mill in
as a Flax Mill Blackness the
Queens Works
1910 closes
1820
Peak of industrial
Tay Works production in
Constructed, Blackness
the beginning 1834
of Blackness Queen Victoria and
Regent Works is built 1929
in Blackness as a Jute Ward Foundry
1828 Mill, later to become Closes
Logie Works the longest serving mill
constructed, one of in Dundee
Dundee’s largest mills
at the height of its
success

16
History | 17
History | Development of Blackness

1850

• Blackness established as a centre for Jute

production.

• Industries housed in Blackness include; forges, Fig 1.

tanneries, slaughter houses.

• Cooling ponds situated in-between tall, dense urban

landscape.

• Blackness is enclosed between Lochee Road to

the North and Pole Park Road to the South leading
directly into town centre. Lochee Road holds the
tram route.

• The surrounding cityscape is mostly tenements

with few foundries and parks.

1900

• Density lessens as factories start to become less

profitable. However, The remaining businesses that
reside in Blackness largely remain the same.

• Urban sprawl begins to creep into the countryside.

Fig 2.
18
History | 19
History | Development of Blackness

1950

• Many warehouses remain although uses have

changed. Jute Mills are almost non-existent,
replaced by flax spinning, carpet warehouses and
waste management plants.

• Rapid expansion to the West in tenements and Fig 1.

schools.

Current Day

• Many mills have been demolished despite the

creation of the Blackness Conservation Area. Largely
replaced by smaller object buildings set back from
the street edge, surrounded by car parking.

• Traditional industries have left or shut down,

replaced by businesses including gyms, garages
and music studios.

• The largest single use of buildings is

accommodation.

• Surrounding roads have been greatly affected

with Hawkhill becoming a dual carriageway and
various roundabouts replacing tenements in the
surrounding area.

Fig 2.

20
History | 21
History | Development of the Universities

Fig 1.

1900

• University College inhabits a few small buildings on

Perth Road.

• Surrounding area is small residential buildings . A

Saw Mill to the North and a Jute Mill to the South
bounding the railway.

1950
Fig 2.
• Expansion into a mix of reused and purpose-built
buildings.

Current Day

• Expansion up to the Hawkhill and West, maintaining

Hawkhill and Perth Road as its boundaries.

• The fastest expansion of a UK university in the last

30 years.

• Many existing factories and houses demolished for

university buildings.

• Abertay University formed as the Technical College

turned University and sits to the North.

Fig 3.
22
History | 23
History | Architectural Quality

Original Dormer

Residential

Sash & Case Windows

Signage
Vacant GF Retail Unit

Ground Floor Retail

Set Back Private Access

Typical Dundee Tenement

(Fig.2)

Distinctive Mill Chimmney

Brick Detail

Vacant Upper Floor Large Filigree Windows

Painted Detail

Large Industrial Door

Unused Building Entrance

Existing Mill Building

(Fig.3)

While only a few industrial buildings remain, they are

distinctive in character.
Ornate Detailing

Fig.2 - Tenement block in Blackness. Typical of the

area, with ground floor commercial and 2 to 3 storeys Ornate Window Detailing
of residential accommodation above, a typology still
prominent throughout Dundee.
Converted
Residential
Fig.3 - Existing factory building. Shows distinctive
features shared by most mills and factories including Sash & Case Windows
the high rise chimney, distinctive in Blackness’ historic Civic Facade
roof-scape. Like many existing industrial buildings, this
building is predominantly vacant, with only a small area
on the ground floor being let out as recreational space.
Pend
Ground Floor
Fig.4 - Old Tay Works Complex (Fig.1) The complex has Commercial Use

been converted to 5 storeys of student accommodation,

with the ground floor commercial use.
Old Tay Works Complex Old Tay Works Renovated Residential Complex
(Fig.1) (Fig.4)

24
History | 25
History | Architectural Quality

Metal Cladding
Signage

UPVC Windows
Garage Doors

Bollards
Bike Railings

Strait Up Studios
(Fig.1)

Parking Signage UPVC Windows Ramp Signage

One Storey Building

(Fig.2)

7 Storey Residential UPVC Window White Render Panels Coloured Render Signage 5 Storey Residential Timber Finish

Fig.1 - Post industrial warehouse building. These

warehouses are results of fast, cheap construction.

Fig.2 - One storey builds. Similarly, these buildings are of

very low quality, used as office space.

Fig3. - Student housing. Blacknesses proximity to

educational institutions has led to cheap residential
development with the aim of achieving maximum area
over quality design.

Entrance UPVC Window Planting 6 Storey Residential New Build Residential

Signage (Fig.3)

26
History | 27
History | Creative Past

McMannus Galleries
(Fig.1)

RSS Discovery
(Fig.2)

DJCAD
(Fig.4)

The ship building industry became part of the backbone

of the city’s prosperity as ready supplies of whale oil
were needed to process raw jute. (Nationalhistoricships.
org.uk, 2018) The Beano
(Fig.3)

The publication of the first Beano magazine in 1938

marked the beginning of the world’s longest running
children’s comic. By 2019 it’s due to have published its
4000th edition. (Good Vibes, 2018)

More recently, other creative industries have arisen in

Dundee. These include Collectives such as Wasp Works,
Generator Projects and Tin Roof. The most recent is a
prestige for video game development. Rockstar North
maker of Grand Theft Auto is a product of Dundee.

Lemming Statue
(Fig.5)
28 History | 29
‘‘Well-nigh a generation ago
there began to arise a not
inconsiderable art movement in
Dundee ... This was the golden
age; with new factories and new
big houses going up everywhere,
and with more space and ease
even in a good many older ones;
so the pictures sold well; new
ones came in accordingly, and
went off in their turn, til the
sales and shows were second to
none out of London itself.’’

Patrick Geddes, 1907

 3
Wider Context
3.1 Property Market
3.2 Unemployment
3.3 SWOT Analysis
Wider Context | Property Market

The average price of property within Dundee is £140,850,

cheaper than the national average of £169,500.

Research shows that Dundee property prices are now

the fastest growing in Scotland. The cost of a home in
the city has risen by 5.7% in the last year (Sept 2017-
18) more than anywhere else in Scotland. It could be
said that this rise in property costs has been a knock
on effect from the Waterfront Development and the Highest Value
opening of the V&A Museum.

Alan Cumming, national estate agency director at

Lowest Value
Aberdeen Considine states; Property Price Diagram
(Fig.1)

“Dundee is one of the most affordable cities

in the UK for first-time buyers and start-up
business,’ which makes it a popular choice for
young people...We may be at the beginning
of sustained price grown and I am incredibly
optimistic about what the future holds for the
city’s property market.”

(thecourier.co.uk, 2018)

Although residential property prices are rising, Blackness

has seen a dramatic decline in overall property prices.
For example 50-60 Lochee Road purchase price history
is as follows:

1999-£742,369
2002-£850,000
2006-£1,682,500
2014-£300,000

(Scotlis.ros.gov.uk, 2018)
Property For Lease

Property For Sale

Property Market Diagram

(Fig.2)

34
Wider Context | 35
Wider Context | Unemployment Fig 1. Scottish
Unemployment
Statistics in Cities

Dundee sits above the national average of unemployment

by over 1%. Despite being a UNESCO City of Design and
the high ranking of DJCAD, the percentage of people
employed in creative industries is low compared to the
Scottish and UK average. (Nomisweb.co.uk, 2018)

2018
Jobs in Arts and Recreation 1,750

Percent of Employed Dundee Population 2.3%

Scottish average 2.8%
UK average 2.6%

This is important in terms of economic regeneration

4.1%
as the level of job seekers is twice that of the national
average at 2.2%. The recent closure of the Michelin
factory means there is a workforce in need of jobs.

Average unemployment
rate in Scotland
36
Chapter Name | 37
Wider Context | SWOT Analysis
strengths
• City centre location
• Industrial heritage/character
• University adjacent
• Small arts scene established
• Student housing in the area
• Diversity of people (students, workers etc)
opportunities
• Space that can be utilised
• Small cultural scene to build on- WASP and with the style of the conservation area and lower
Westward Works
• Verdant Works could be used as a cultural hub
and tourism generator
• New pedestrian routes would help link put power into the hands of developers rather
Blackness with the Law, University and city centre
• Nearby green spaces could be further previously. If this were to happen it could leave
capitalised upon
• Low property prices
• Partial/wholesale pedestrianisation would
encourage movement through the area, helping
to increase safety and vibrancy
• Re-engagement of the local community in order
to create a sense of ownership and pride
• Use the existing industrial character in order to
generate a language of development/architectural
style
• Potential links with DJCAD as the University’s
estates department seeks a solution to the
accessibility and usage problems of the Crawford
Building
• Potential link with the continuing development of
the waterfront and the V&A
38
weaknesses
• Pedestrian unfriendly (narrow pavements)
• Lack of street lighting
• Lack of people on streets- lack of activity
• Island buildings
• Overrun with car parking
• Cut off from town by dual carriageways
• Vacant/abandoned buildings and street
corners
• No sense of safety and security on the streets
• No public transport links
• Poor footpaths
• No casual visitors or reasons to go
• No people or buildings that observe the street,
therefore an increased risk of antisocial behaviour
• Lack of existing examples of positive development
threats
• Recent developments have not been in-keeping
the character of the district
• There is a risk that the need for intervention would
than the city and communities, as has happened
to more projects that care more for profit than
people
• Land owners withholding development
• Condition of existing buildings is poor with lots of
overgrowing and dilapidation
• Further development of waterfront could further
isolate the area if funds are not available
• High levels of surface water
• There is a risk that no action would result in
further, irreparable, decline
Planning
4
Context
4.1 Planning Framework
4.2 Dundee City Council LDP
4.3 Blackness and the LDP
4.4 Capital Investment Strategy
4.5 Dundee Creative Industries Strategy
4.6 Economic Initiatives
4.7 Conclusions

Planning Context | Planning Framework
Scottish Planning Policy:
The Scottish Planning Policy regulates the way in
which planning issues of national significance are dealt
with throughout Scotland. This is the broadest level of
planning legislation and has an affect on the way in
which regional and local planning policy is developed
and implemented (Scottish Government, 2014). This
policy is supported by the National Planning Framework
as well as the Creating Places and Designing Streets
guidance information (Scottish Government, 2014).
National Planning Framework:
The National Planning Framework sets out the Scottish
Government’s long-term vision for developments in
Scotland (Scottish Government, 2014). It connects with
the Government Economic Strategy and is produced
alongside an Action Programme which prescribes how
the policies may be implemented, which organisations
would be involved and when they may take place
(Scottish Government, 2014).
TAYplan Strategic Development Plan:
The TAYplan Strategic Development Plan identifies
planning policies to generate positive development over
the long term (approximately 20 years) (TAYplan, 2018).
It is an overarching plan that relates to matters of climate
change, housing, population and infrastructure. The
TAYplan forms a backbone for the Local Development
Plan of each of the four councils in the Tay area
(TAYplan, 2018).
42
NATIONAL LEVEL
(Scottish Government)
National Planning Framework
Scottish Planning Policy
REGIONAL LEVEL
(Angus)
Dundee Local Development Plan: TAYplan Strategic Development Plan
Using the national and regional policies and TAYplan,
Dundee City Council then sets out its LDP. This
document includes spatial strategies that allocate land
for development and land where development should
not occur (Dundee City Council, 2013). It provides the
principles on which planning applications are assessed
and explains policies that cover land use in Dundee. The
plan is reviewed every five years (Dundee City Council,
2013).
Dundee Creative Industries Strategy:
LOCAL LEVEL
The Dundee Creative Industries Strategy is a document (Dundee City Council)
produced by Creative Dundee with the support of
Dundee City Council. It outlines the importance of the Dundee Local
creative sector to economic growth within the city as
well as identifying potential improvements that can
Development Plan
be made in order to maintain and enhance the city’s
reputation as a creative hub (Creative Dundee, 2017).
University of Dundee Strategy to 2022 and Estates Capital
Strategy: Investment Dundee Creative Industries Strategy
The Strategy to 2022 is part of the overall 25 year Strategy
vision for the university, which is divided into five year
strategies (UoD, 2018). It analyses the successes of the
previous five years in areas such as research and global
recognition and looks to expand upon them through
student and staff partnerships. The University Estates INSTITUTIONAL LEVEL
Strategy relates to the maintenance, monitoring and (University of Dundee)
development of the built environment in the university’s
campuses. It identifies buildings that are most in
need of intervention and charts the potential costs for
development (UoD, 2008).
University Strategy to 2022
University Estates Strategy
Planning Context | Dundee City Council Local Development Plan

The main issues outlined in the Dundee City Council and development taking a ‘holistic approach that

Dundee
Proposed Local Development Plan and Proposed LDP responds to and enhances existing places.’ (Dundee
2 are as follows: City Council, 2013)

• The city takes pride in being the UK’s only UNESCO

City of Design and wishes to build on this:
• One of the policies involved in the Local Development
Plan involves a Public Art Contribution meaning
that:
Local Development Plan
‘Looking ahead the City will continue to promote
and demonstrate a high quality of design in all new
development, creating not only an attractive built
environment but enhancing the natural space within
‘All developments in Dundee with construction costs of
£1 million or over will be required to allocate at least 1%
of construction costs for the inclusion of art projects in
2014
the City.’ (Dundee City Council, 2013) a publicly accessible/visible place or places within the
development.’ (Dundee City Council, 2013)
• Pride in GQ Magazine dubbing Dundee as ‘Britain’s
coolest little City’ in 2015 (Dundee City Council,
2013)

• Integration of Community Planning is important to

create and maintain sustainable communities that
are attractive and provide for social, economic and
environmental needs (Dundee City Council, 2013).

• Culture and creativity are central, with the first

strategy listed titled: ‘A City recognised for Leisure,
Culture and Design’ (Dundee City Council, 2013)

• Another key strategy is ‘Quality Housing and

Sustainable Communities’, with the outcome stating
that ‘Choice will be encouraged through design that
ensures that new development is appropriate to the
character of the area in which it is built.’ (Dundee City
Council, 2013)

• Furthermore, an entire sub-section of the report

is entitled ‘City of Design,’ outlining the council’s
commitment to a ‘design-led approach’ to making
high quality places. It also refers to planning

44 | 1 Context
Planning | 45
Planning Context | Blackness and the LDP

“Proposal 1: Blackness Regeneration

To highlight the potential to reuse vacant land and buildings within the Blackness
General Economic Development Area and set a framework for physical
improvements the City Council will prepare a design framework. This will
identify and support the development of appropriate complementary uses within
the Blackness area such as creative industry workspaces; social and cultural
uses; shared work hubs; live-work units; micro-businesses; wholesaling; and
ancillary retail sales. All proposals for development will be considered against
the approved design framework, and must demonstrate how the development
will support the regeneration of Blackness.

In order to safeguard the objectives of the design framework the City Council
may impose planning conditions removing the right to change between Use
Within the Proposed LDP2, Blackness is identified as the
Classes.
largest General Economic Development Area in the inner
city (Dundee City Council, 2017). Providing key spaces
for businesses and attracts a variety of business types/
Whilst this proposal encourages new development within the Blackness General
sizes. However, the plan identifies key areas where Economic Development Area this must not prevent the operation or expansion
Blackness currently falls short of its potential, stating
that although the mixture of contemporary and historic
of the existing employment uses.”
buildings creates some sense of place, the public and
private realm ‘lacks cohesiveness’ (Dundee City Council,
2017). It also acknowledges that pedestrian use of the
(Dundee City Council, 2017)
area is hindered by the lack of evening activity (Dundee
City Council, 2017).

Blackness’ potential for positive development is

something that the City Council are aware of as they
identify three areas within the report that could be used
to enhance the quality of the area: central location;
good connectivity; the population density of the
surrounding areas (Dundee City Council, 2017). The LDP
advocates the improvement of Blackness relating to the
incorporation of more diverse uses enabling vacant land
and buildings into active occupation. There is a strong
desire to increase footfall by improving travel links and
the public/private balance (Dundee City Council, 2017).

46
Planning Context | 47
Planning Context | Capital Investment Strategy
The city council’s Capital Investment Strategy
categorises projects under six themes of equal priority:
1. Work and Enterprise
2. Children and Families
3. Health, Care and Wellbeing
4. Community Safety and Justice
5. Building Strong Communities
6. Service Provision
Of these six, four relate to the potential regeneration of
Blackness’ economy through the creative sector:
Work and Enterprise identifies a focus on knowledge-
led economies built on the back of existing successful
economies such as life sciences, digital technology
and the creative sector (Dundee City Council, 2018). It
notes that tourism is a key industry that requires further
attention in order to maximise economic potential
(Dundee City Council, 2018). A number of creative
sector projects are being developed to help provide
an economic boost, including the West Ward Works
(Dundee City Council, 2018).
Health, Care and Wellbeing discusses the need for
environmentally sustainable travel solutions to meet
Government carbon emission targets (Dundee City
Council, 2018). New city-wide cycle networks and
improvements to pedestrian zones aim to decrease
congestion in the city (Dundee City Council, 2018).
Creative industries in Blackness would benefit
economically from these plans (Dundee City Council,
2018)
48
www.dundeecity.gov.uk
Capital
Community Safety and Justice aims to build upon the
successes that Dundee has experienced in terms of
crime and anti-social behaviour reduction (Dundee
City Council, 2018). A series of initiatives are proposed
Investment
Strategy
including improved street lighting, road reconstruction
and implementation of a more sophisticated CCTV
network (Dundee City Council, 2018). This would
benefit Blackness’ creative economy as it would mean
increased usage and more positive perception of the
area.
Building Strong Communities focuses on the creation of
diverse, sustainable communities where inhabitants feel
a sense of pride and choice (Dundee City Council, 2018).
2018-2028
Increasing the amount of quality affordable housing is a
high priority within Dundee with the Scottish Government
Affordable Housing Investment Programme making
£61.2million available to the city between 2017-2021
(Dundee City Council, 2018). Brownfield sites, such as
Blackness, offer land available for housing development
which could be used to help regenerate the economy
as creative workers look for low-rent spaces to live and
work.
1
Capital Investment Strategy • 2018 - 2028 • Dundee City Council Planning Context | 49
“City institutions must
encourage diverse routes
into the local creative
sector.

Meeting these challenges

requires a city-wide rethink
of the infrastructure,
support and progression
routes from education.”

Dundee’s Creative Industries Strategy,

2017
Planning Context | Dundee Creative Industries Strategy 2017-2021

Dundee’s Creative Industries Strategy focuses around

the socio-economic boost that the enhancement and
encouragement of the creative sector can bring to
Dundee. The strategy outlines the impact that creative
industries can bring to the economy, (£3.7bn GVA
annually) particularly the impact of small businesses
- with 87% of creative companies having fewer than 5
employees (Creative Dundee, 2017). It’s important that
Dundee takes advantage of its reputation as a creative
hub and initiates tangible results in order to ‘ensure
this perception is matched by reality’ (Creative Dundee,
2017). In recent years, levels of business start-ups
in Dundee have been the among the lowest in the UK

2017 – 2021
(58/64 in Cities Outlook report for start-up rates) and
almost half as numerous as comparable cities such as
Aberdeen and Brighton (Creative Dundee, 2017).

The strategy states the potential advantages the creative

sector can bring to the regeneration of communities. It
identifies that creative businesses are more attuned to
the interests of the community and combine this with
commercial abilities to create stronger economic, social
and cultural communities (Creative Dundee, 2017). The
academic sector is also invaluable in the creation of
vibrant communities, and so it states that the retention
and encouragement of students and graduates is key to
all forms of growth (Creative Dundee, 2017). Surveyed
students ‘felt the city lacked suitable opportunities of
meaningful scale’ and often felt that in order to achieve
#DundeeCreates
their goals they had to leave Dundee (Creative Dundee,
2017). This is a damning indictment for academic
institutions and for the city as a whole. The ambition of dundeecreates.com
creative individuals must be matched by the city if their
skills are to be retained.

52
Planning Context | 53
Planning Context | Dundee Creative Industries Strategy 2017-2021

The paradoxical nature of the creative sector is that,

although relatively strong in comparison to other Dundee
industries, it is more fragile (Creative Dundee, 2017). This
fragility is amplified by the lack of available, and suitable,
spaces across the city. To continue the progress that
the creative sector has made in regenerating previously
run-down areas, it is important to form partnerships
with both public and private sectors. An example of the
fragility of the creative sector is ‘Fleet,’ a dynamic shared
workspace. Within the Creative Industries Strategy,
‘Fleet’ is discussed as an example of a positive case
study model that should be followed. However, just a
year after the strategy was published ‘Fleet’ permanently
closed its doors due to rising rent. The sudden decline
of an exemplar creative outpost is a warning to the city,
and to similar projects, that initial success cannot be (Fig.1)
taken for granted. It takes continued commitment and
investment to make a lasting impact.

Another topic examined within the strategy is the

role that cultural tourism can have in place-based
regeneration. It says:

“Finding ways to create authentic cultural tourism

experiences will also be critical for the success of the
city and the wider region.” (Creative Dundee, 2017)

It is important for Dundee to capitalise on the expected

increase in visitors and to make it as easy and as
enjoyable as possible to experience a rich and diverse
visit.

(Fig.2)

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Planning Context | 55
Planning Context | Economic Initiatives

50% of elible travel accommodation

Preference given to applications
that are innovative, have lasting
economic impact and are
environmentally sustainable
costs for first visit to potential new
market and 25% of second visit up
to a maximum of £1000

Support is available to a max. of

£2250 or 20% of overall cost of Overseas Market Development Grant
any project that creates a new
business that generates at least
1 new full time job

Provides financial support to new

start-up and existing businesses,
“The important contribution of brownfield sites in from £5000 - £25,000
economic development should be recognised and
positive support given to the regeneration of such Dundee Development Grant
locations” - Dundee Local Development Plan, 2013

To support and stimulate economic growth the council Small Business Finance (Dundee)
has in place a number of initiatives that are aimed at
maintaining existing businesses and at establishing
new business in Dundee.

An important aspect of Dundee’s economic strategy

Dundee City Council Economic Initiatives
within the LDP is tourism and cultural activities.
Tourism creates an important revenue stream for local
businesses and potential employment opportunity for
residents. Dundee is now recognised as a cultural hub
on an international scale, which is hoped to boost the
economic appeal of the city. The LDP hopes to capitalise
and expand upon the cultural regeneration of the city: Management of and/or support for
initiatives that provide key business
“Proposals for tourist attractions capable of
strengthening the appeal and attraction of Dundee to
sectors Company Development
a wide range of visitors will be supported. Proposals
should complement existing visitor facilities and be
located in the City Centre unless activity-specific
issues indicate that this is impractical.”
Assists Dundee
(Dundee City Council, 2013) companies access to
new markets
Talking Tayside
The creative sector can play a major part in the economic Developing
Biodundee
regeneration of development areas like Blackness by funding/grant
Energy Dundee Inward Investment Enquiries -
combining two areas identified in the LDP: applications with local
Dundee and Angus Convention Bureau developing and delivering
Tayscreen companies
1. The desire to encourage more business start-ups presentations to potential
Intelligent Community Forum investors outlining available
and increase graduate retention
Digital Dundee funding and support packages,
2. Utilise cultural tourism opportunities to bring people
to the area property options, labour
characteristics

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Planning Context | 57
Planning Context | Conclusions

Dundee’s LDP, the Capital Investment Strategy and the
Creative Industries Strategy all identify similar issues
and opportunities. The potential of the creative industry
is recognised as a way to develop and regenerate the
city’s more problematic areas. Outlined in the Creative
Industries Strategy, it is important in upcoming years
for the city’s academic institutions to play a part in
the development of the cultural sector, and therefore
important for the City Council to support the institutions.
Using the existing institutions as a source of funding for
creative industries in the city has been used successfully
on various occasions, Blackness’ economy could benefit
from similar partnerships.
Although each document approaches the issues from
different perspectives, there are common themes that
they all share:
• In order for the creative sector (and, as a result, the
city) to thrive, institutions must play a leading role
in the formulation and deployment of supportive
initiatives.
• Revitalising the Blackness economy through the
creative sector is a viable and sustainable strategy
that can be effective in both the short and long
terms.
• Although some good work has been done, there are
still more examples of bad practice and negative
development than good, positive examples. The
LDP states a desire for quality design, in reality
this is not happening.

• The creative sector’s growth is vitally important to

the overall economic growth of the city.

• The city cannot afford not to act.

• The opportunities the council wants to take

advantage of (attractiveness to tourists and
retention of graduates) align with the strengths of
the creative industry.

From these themes we can begin to extract conclusions

that can be developed to form a strategy of progression:

• Utilisation of the developing national recognition

of Dundee’s creative sector should be a key
backbone to the strategy- the reality must match
the perception.

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Planning Context | 59
 5
Creative
Context
5.1 Institutions
5.2 Existing Facilities
5.3 Current Development
5.4 Creative Industries
5.5 UNESCO City of Design
Creative Context | Institutions

Blackness Area Abertay University Campus

The University of Dundee and the University of Abertay

are both located in the city centre and now attract more
students per head of population than any other city in
Scotland. 41,000 people study in the city each year.
(aberlaw.co.uk, 2018).

Both universities are world-renowned for their academic

research and standings within creative education.
The University of Dundee demonstrates a prominent
place in the world’s university rankings for research,
being amongst “Europe’s Most Innovative Universities”
(Kelly.O, 2018). Its Art School, Duncan of Jordanstone
College of Art and Design, was recently awarded “No.1
in the UK for Design and Crafts in 2018” by the Guardian
University Guide (dundee.ac.uk, 2018). The University of
Abertay is also recognised within the “Top 25 schools in
the world to study video game design” by the Princeton
Review in 2015 (Abertay.ac.uk, 2018).

LifeSpace DJCAD University of Dundee Campus

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Creative Context | 63
Creative Context | Existing Facilities

Dundee Ceramics Workshop Dundee MakerSpace

Blackness Area WASPS Studios McManus Galleries

While there are creative platforms that facilitate art

and design in Dundee, these venues are platforms of a
national scale, which do not accommodate the needs
and desires of local artists and creatives to showcase or
sell their works. There are projects by local people to set
up and occupy space that the creative community can
benefit from. However these projects are consistently in
fear of being evicted due to unaffordable rent or viable
facilities.
Generator Project DJCAD West Ward Works DISTRICT 10 DCA V&A Dundee
The Vision Building

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Creative Context | 65
Creative Context | Existing Facilities

The V&A Dundee The V&A Dundee Interior

(Fig.1) (Fig.2)

The V&A Dundee is Scotland’s first museum of design.

The museum has been projected as a catalyst for
Dundee’s economy, tourism and urban regeneration. The McManus Galleries The McManus Galleries Exhibition Hall
(Fig.3) (Fig.4)

“Such a highly-regarded attraction has the potential

to transform local tourism, and will undoubtedly draw
visitors from far and wide.” - Malcolm Toughhead of
Visit Scotland

The McManus Galleries, located in the city centre of

Dundee is a museum and art gallery. It also conducts
a Creative Learning Programme encouraging the
exploration of the city’s art and heritage.

The Dundee Contemporary Arts (DCA) opened in 1999.

It sought to nurture the students and graduates of
the DJCAD which was fast becoming one of the UK’s Dundee Contemporary Arts (DCA) DCA Bar & Foyer Space
leading art schools. A partnership was formed between (Fig.5) (Fig.6)
Dundee City Council, the University of Dundee and the
newly formed Dundee Contemporary Arts, to create a
creative hub. The partnership purchased a semi-derelict
garage, favoured due to its geographical proximity to
the Dundee Repertory Theatre, the University of Dundee
and the city centre. The building design and restoration
design competition was won by Richard Murphy
Architects in 1996. The building has since become a hot
spot for Dundee’s creative sector and tourism.

This is a successful example of a partnership between

authorities that has been formed with the creative
industries and the cities creative academic scene as the
foundations for development. DCA Exhibition Space DCA Printmaking Workshop
(Fig.7) (Fig.8)

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Creative Context | 67
Creative Context | Existing Facilities

Wasps Studios

Blackness Area Dundeee Ceramic Workshop Dundee MakerSpace Abertay University Campus

Wasps (Workshop & Artists Studio Provision Scotland)

is a charity that aims to provide affordable studios
to support artists, arts organizations and creative
businesses. The accommodation is located centrally
in Blackness, and can accommodate up to 100 artists.
The building also accommodates two project spaces
which allow use for exhibitions, performances and
events (waspsstudios.org, 2018).

The Dundee Ceramics Workshop offers a range of

facilities to both the public and to aspiring artists.
Facilities include; classes, talks, workshops and events.
Membership allows access to work stations and studio
spaces as well as access to equipment and materials.
(dundeeceramicsworkshop.com, 2018)

West Ward Works University of Dundee Campus

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Creative Context | 69
Creative Context | Existing Facilities

Wasps Studios Exterior Wasps Studios Studio Space

(Fig.1) (Fig.2)

Dundee MakerSpace Wasps Studios Exhibition Space

(Fig.3) (Fig.4)

Dundee MakerSpace Dundee Ceramics Workshop

(Fig.5) (Fig.6)

Dundee MakerSpace provides a social workplace and

community workshop, part of a global drive to encourage
more people to be creative. The organisation aims to help
nurture creative ideas, providing support to guide these
into products and businesses. (dundeemakerspace.
co.uk, 2018)

The activity within Blackness is condensed within large

private buildings that aren’t easily accessible to the
public. Dundee seems to lack the utilisation of existing
creative presence, isolating artists and creatives to their
own profession, without much opportunity for public
interaction. Dundee Ceramics Workshop Dundee Ceramics Workshop
(Fig.7) (Fig.8)

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Creative Context | 71
Creative Context | Current Development

McGinley Bell West Ward Works Long Section

(Fig.1)

McGinley Bell West Ward Works Cross Section

(Fig.2)

McGinley Bell West Ward Works Visualisation DCA Bar & Foyer Space
(Fig.3) (Fig.6)

Under current redevelopment, the West Ward Works

looks to become a mixed use creative venue that
accommodates artist’s studios and residences as well
as various exhibition halls and cultural venue spaces.

The large, post-industrial building is owned by D.C

Thomson. Its ambition is to accommodate a mix of
public, programmed and creative industry activity that
may include live/work studio spaces, multiple events
and exhibition spaces. (mcginleybell.com, 2018)
Although still under development, this is an example
of an ambitious scheme which is inhabiting an existing
building for creative uses. West Ward Works Interior McGinley Bell West Ward Works Visualisation
(Fig.4) (Fig.5)

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Creative Context | 73
Creative Context | Creative Industries

Open/Close Art Trail Creative Dundee Logo

(Fig.1) (Fig.2)

There are multiple social and creative enterprise groups

within Dundee which support the creative industries.

“culture and creativity are essential catalysts for a

positive change.”
Creative Dundee Open/Close Art Trail Creative Dundee Gallery Event
(Fig.3) (Fig.4)
They support the creative scene, as well as amplifying
and connecting the city’s creativity. (creativedundee.
com, 2018). They host collaborative events throughout
the year which generate local, national and international
opportunities.

Creative Dundee has supported many projects, such as

Open/Close - a street art project that aims to brighten
up areas prone to vandalism. The movement claim that
the street art:

“…improves the urban environment, cleans up

vandalised areas and encourages the public to take
ownership of their spaces and take pride in their city.”

Dundee is a city that is striving to become a cultural and

creative destination through artistic urban regeneration
projects. The ambition of the creative people within
the city is high. However, the creative scene still goes
overlooked by the public, owing to the lack of physical
presence and space to showcase, sell and teach their
creative talents.
Creative Dundee, Screen in the Square
(Fig.5)

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Creative Context | 75
Creative Context | UNESCO City of Design

“We need to teach the City of Design, what

design is.”
“Opportunity for playful networking with different
areas of industry, connecting artists, designers
and other proffessionals to collaborate .”

“Make Craft
“Use public space to Visible!”
In December 2014, Dundee became the UK’s only
UNESCO City of Design. This prestigious award
potential to become a major player in creative urban
regeneration.
showcase art.”
recognises the city for its contribution to design
worldwide, grouping Dundee in UNESCO Creative Cities Comments from a recent workshop can be seen on the “We need the people that can make
alongside 29 others. adjacent page.
things happen...agents, brokers,
Using culture and creativity as key drivers of regeneration, facilitators, project managers”
the city aims to contribute something unique and
valuable to the UNESCO Creative City Network, from the
perspective of a medium-sized “world city.”
“Space for creatives
As a Creative City of Design, Dundee envisages: on the High Street!” (All Comments from UNESCO Co-Design Workshop)
• Using design as a cornerstone in addressing both 29/10/2018

social inequalities and opportunities that exist in

the city.

• Sharing experiences and knowledge about digital

design, including links between game design and
the arts and sciences as well as contemporary art
and design.

• Setting up collaborative projects on

interdisciplinary design, combining multiple
design approaches to solve social challenges.

• Focusing on social design, redesigning public

service and community engagement.

• Fostering public discourse on the place and

contribution of design in contemporary society.

Through “Co-Design Workshops,” UNESCO invites local

artists and Creative Dundee to discuss what they could
do to contribute to the city and enhance its status as
the City of Design. With a motive to support the creative
industries and promote design UNESCO have the
(Fig.1)

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Creative Context | 77
 6
Case Studies
6.1 Shoreditch
6.2 Digbeth Custard Factory
6.3 Brick Lane
6.4 Creative Enterprise Zones
6.5 A Scottish Creative Zone
Case Studies | Shoreditch Strong transport links on
either edge of the area
facilitate ease of movement

Shoreditch was built on

affordability for new
businesses and social
ventures

The mix of industries means

that streets are active at all
times of the day.

Key Creative Industries

The Gherkin
Proximity to
the Thames
and The City
of London
Maintained
historic architectuire
creates a unique
character

Tight urban
fabric elicits
people over
cars

Strong mix of
residential and
commercial

Shoreditch has a high concentration of creative

businesses including architects, designers and
technology companies.

London contains a number of highly regarded design

schools, the students from which are hesitant to
relocate. It seems unlikely that a place as expensive as
London could be a hub of creativity. However, Shoreditch
gained its reputation due to its relative inexpense. This
has since dwindled as gentrification of the area has
taken place. (Hobson, 2018)

In order to retain graduates in Dundee, the lessons of

Shoreditch indicate cheaper living spaces for those
individuals.

Fig 1.
80
Chapter
CaseName | 81
Studies | 81
Fig 1.Social Gathering

Fig 1. Typical Elevations

Fig 2. Contemporary Elevations

Fig 2. Street Art Fig 3. Pedestrianisation in Shoreditch

Fig 4. The Shoreditch Pub Fig ? Chart Street Fig 3. Density

82
Case Studies | 83
Case Studies | Digbeth Custard Factory

Activity based around a

series of streets rather
than inside buildings.

Varied use of buildings

provide constant activity
at all times of the day.
Proximity to
Birmingham city
centre

The Bullring

Existing heritage
and character
retained

Industrial Previously derelict

buildings refit spaces turned into
for purpose public space
The Custard Factory contains a variety of shops, cafés,
restaurants and small businesses- the majority of which
are creative industries.

The factories and warehouses that make up the Custard

Factory were in a state of disrepair after the Bird company
left for Banbury in 1964. Investment was given to the site
with the aim of refurbishing to create accommodation
for artists, designers and communicators. The project
cost £2.4 million and centred around regenerating
rather than new construction. Its central location in
Birmingham and large open spaces make it an optimal
setting for creative industries. (Custard Factory, 2018)

When Digbeth looked to develop, they found money from

a City Grant Award initially. This public sector funding
levered in £1.6 million of private sector investment
for the refurbishment of 100,000 sqft of redundant
buildings.

It may be that Blackness has the potential to be

a successful creative hub but currently lacks the
investment and ambition. The development of West
Ward Works has the potential to act as a catalyst for
later private development.

Fig 1.
84
Chapter
CaseName | 85
Studies | 85
 Fig 1. Gibb Street

Fig 1. Density

Fig 2. Signage Fig 3. Repurposing facades

Fig 4. Street Artwork Fig 2. Contrast in Elevations

86
Case Studies | 87
Case Studies | Brick Lane

Brick Lane, London

(Fig. 1)

Brick Lane Artwork

(Fig. 2)

Figure Ground of Brick Lane

Brick Lane is a street in the East End of London, in the

Borough of Tower Hamlets.

Due to waves of immigrants historically settling in the

area, there is a rich cultural vibrancy surrounding it.
Brick Lane receives strong support from Tower Hamlets
Local Authority. Funding bodies such as the Cultural
Industries Development Agency look to grow the cultural
industries locally as part of a development strategy.

The area contains a number of 17th and 18th century

buildings that have proven robust and adaptable over
time. As part of the cultural regeneration strategy, the
Truman Brewery was integral as it now hosts exhibitions,
clubs and bars. (Academyofurbanism.org.uk., 2016)
Brick Lane Market
(Fig. 3)

Elevation of Brick Lane

(Fig. 1)

88
Case Studies | 89
Case Studies | Brick Lane

Commercial/ Commercial/
Shared Public Surface
residential residential
Typical section through Brick Lane.

Residential

Many community members and local artists that

originally settled in the area have been bought out and
find the area too expensive. The council has cleaned up Private Residential
the area and safety has improved. However, the local Front Door
businesses have had to increase prices to maintain
competitiveness, and the sense of community has Canopy
dwindled as they are priced out of the area. (Carroll, L,
2015) Commercial

The fine line between a growing economy and total

gentrification is an issue that will have to be addressed
in Blackness. Typical elevation in Brick Lane.

90
Case Studies | 91
Case Studies | Creative Enterprise Zones

Sadiq Kahn, the Mayor of London, has recognised that “support existing and the development of new cultural
creatives are under huge amounts of pressure- London venues”;
is set to lose 30 per cent of artists’ studios in the coming
years. (London.gov.uk., 2018) “help deliver spaces that are suitable, attractive and
affordable for the creative industries”;
To combat this, Kahn has proposed a new initiative
- Creative Enterprise Zones, that will help protect “encourage the temporary use of vacant buildings”;
creatives to establish themselves in local areas, attract
creative businesses, and develop skills in local people. “integrate public transport, digital and other
infrastructure and service provision”;
Grants of £50,000 have been awarded to ten boroughs
who will use the money to develop their plans to become “support a mix of uses”. (London.gov.uk., 2018)
Creative Enterprise Zones. (London.gov.uk., 2018)
This use of policy could be encouraged within Blackness
This initiative is backed by legislation. The New London to specifically target the Creative Industries to allow
Plan (2017) refers to Policies E2 and E3 where: the community and economy to holistically grow.
This inclusive approach is encouraged in the Creative
‘planning obligations may be used to secure affordable Enterprise Zone document, suggesting that areas
workspace at rents maintained below the market should be:
rate for that space for a specific social, cultural or
economic development purpose’ including workspace “supportive of the entire ecosystem required for
for specific sectors such as artists’ studios and creative businesses including essential support
designer-maker spaces.’ (London.gov.uk., 2017) services such as law, accounting, recruitment and
marketing.” (London.gov.uk., 2018)
In addition, London’s new Housing Strategy draft for
public consultation supports live-work spaces for small
businesses and entrepreneurs, in particular in Creative
Enterprise Zones. (London.gov.uk, 2018) Policy E8
supports ‘Sector growth oportunities and clusters’ and
policy HC5 supports ‘Supporting London’s cultural and
creative industries’.

Initiating these policies encourages Local Plans to

consider these key issues and address them:

“develop, enhance, protect and manage new and

existing workspace”;

Creative in Workshop. (2018)

(Fig 1)
92
Case Studies | 93
Case Studies | A Scottish Creative Zone

Even though the Creative Enterprise Zones mainly aim

to address the extortionate rent prices in London, the
premise of incentivising creative businesses into an
area still applies in a Scottish context. A council that is
pro-culture can offer stable affordable workspaces and
business rates relief.

Simplified Planning Zones are initiatives that are aligned

with the Scottish context, and can be put in place in the
proposed strategy. They allow;

“upfront planning consents to be put in place for

zoned land, strengthening the development plan by
identifying and supporting development at an early
stage.” (Robertson, 2017)

Utilising this initiative early in the phasing strategy

alongside other land use tools, such as change of land
use to avoid Compulsory Purchase Orders, would allow
significant change and easier access for the creative
industry into Blackness without spending large amounts
of money.

Art Studio. (2018)

(Fig 1)
94
Case Studies | 95
Strategy
7.2 Strategy Process
7.3 Facilities
7.4 Phasing-2040 Vision
7
7.1 Outcomes and Objectives

7.5 Phase One

7.6 Phase Two
7.7 Phase Three
7.8 Vision
7.8.1 Brown Street
7.8.2 Miln Street
7.9 Action and Impact
7.10 Winners and Losers
Strategy | Outcomes & Objectives

How to utilise the creative sector to stimulate economic 4. Preserve and enhance Blackness’ existing
growth in Blackness: heritage.

1. Provide increased sustainable facilities and
resources to the creative sector to give opportunity
for growth.
• Creation of new spaces with controlled rental prices
that give artists the freedom to work without fear of
sudden eviction.
• Increase exhibition and retail spaces to allow
creative industries to display and sell their products.
• Change of land use to avoid CPOs.
• Utilise Simplified Planning Zone to encourage
creative use.
• Maintenance and repair work to all of the listed and
significant buildings in the area.
• Removal or regeneration of buildings that are not
in-keeping with the style of the conservation area.
• Provide spaces that allow for appreciation of the
heritage and character of Blackness.

2. Increase public integration with the creative 5. Ensure the perception of Dundee as a creative hub
industries. matches the reality.

• Redefine streets and edges within the Blackness
area.
• Large scale pedestrianisation and traffic calming
measures to limit traffic and place people as the
main priority.
• Increase of public space and urban squares due to
removal of car parking areas.
• Create an authentic cultural destination for visitors
to the city.
• Providing alternatives to the existing cultural and
night time activities in Dundee; integrating bars,
restaurants and shops.

3. Establish economic connections between

Blackness and existing creative facilities.

• Define specific entry points into Blackness from

existing hubs of DCA, DJCAD and McManus
Galleries.

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Strategy | 99
Strategy | Strategy Process

(Fig.1)

(Fig.2)

(Fig.3)

Architectural Retention

Identification and retention of significant existing

buildings that enhance the character of the area. These
will act as links to the heritage of Blackness and inform
the architectural qualities of the new additions.

(Fig.4)

100
Strategy | 101
Strategy | Strategy Process

areas retained

block redefined

Redefining Blocks

When viewed from above, it is clear that Blackness was

constructed on a grid plan. However, when walking
through the area it is difficult to identify the boundaries
between blocks. The division of public and private
spaces is not easily identifiable and very few façades
activate or overlook the street.

102
Strategy | 103
Strategy | Strategy Process

Accessibility

The strategy places a major focus on restructuring the

urban hierarchy in Blackness, prioritising pedestrians
over vehicles. To do this, a system of pedestrianised and
traffic-calming measures are suggested across major
streets. Three horizontal and two vertical streets create
a fabric of people-first spaces enhancing the character
and usability of the area. Most importantly, Miln Stree
becomes a spine with active frontages and key nodes
of the Old Mill to the east and Verdant Works/WASPS
Studios to the west.

104
Strategy | 105
Strategy | Strategy Process

6
mins

12
mins
8
mins

6
mins

Key Connections

Identifying key existing facilities that have the potential

to physically and economically connect with the area
and create points of entrance to Blackness. These links
add depth to the cultural offering of Dundee and bring
more layers of genuine creative activity after the V&A.

106
Strategy | 107
Strategy | Strategy Process

Nodes

The identification of key points that are used as catalysts

for intervention. These areas are located at important
junctions and adjacent to key buildings and public
space (both existing and new build). These nodes will
be spaces that act as markers as users travel through
Blackness, connecting a route of variety and vibrancy.

108
Strategy | 109
Strategy | Facilities

(Fig.1) (Fig.2)

TEMPORARY
(Fig.3) (Fig.4)

For the strategy and outcomes to be achieved, a

number of temporary and permanent facilities must be
accommodated.

Temporary:

• Markets
• Pop-up Shops & Temporary Frontages
• Exhibitions (Fig.5) (Fig.6)
• Events & Festivals
• Workshops

Permanent:

• Studios & Exhibition Spaces

• Live/Work Accommodation
• Commercial Space & Activity

PERMANENT
• Night Time Economy

Education:

• Existing institution pop-up educational events

• University open days
• University/Public workshops (Fig.7) (Fig.8)

110
Strategy | 111
Strategy | Phasing - 2040 Vision

To create a feasible strategy it is important to create a

1
phasing diagram. The diagram is based upon identifying
stronger areas where smaller interventions can be
used as examples for larger developments. As the east
of Blackness is more dense and more actively used,
it is logical for this to be used for initial moves of the
strategy. This would involve temporary markets, pop-
up creative venues and a decrease in traffic allowances
with more pedestrian friendly initiatives.

The central area is incorporated into phase 2 of the

strategy, building on the lessons of phase 1. This would
involve expanding pedestrianisation and traffic calming
as well as continued maintenance and repair of existing
heritage architecture.

The final phasing area of the strategy is in the west,

where there are large areas of disused land and poorly
maintained buildings. These areas require larger
interventions, and likely private investment.

112
Strategy | 113
Strategy | Phase One

Alternative Temporary Sites Priority Sites

2019
PHASE 1:

OUTCOMES & OBJECTIVES

• Preserve and enhance Blackness’ industrial heritage

landscape.

• Increase public integration with the creative

industries.

Initial Potential Sites

Alternative Sites

Immediate Maintenance

Pedestrianisation

Immediate Maintenance Pop-Up Facilities

114
Strategy | 115
Strategy | Phase One

OUTCOMES & OBJECTIVES

• Preserve and enhance Blackness’ industrial heritage landscape.

• Increase public integration with the creative industries.

Pedestrianisation
(Fig.1)

ACTION ACTIONS BENEFITS

• Community engagement through a series of • Increased use of the area
temporary events to the east. • Give opportunity for creatives/small businesses to
• Pop up events/spaces/exhibitions along Brown integrate with the public.
Street. • Give opportunity for self-build projects.
• Improved lighting and initial traffic calming
measures
• Begin restoration and maintenance of existing
buildings
• University education pop-up events

POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS
ACTION FUNDING
• Blackness Community Association • Self-build projects & businesses
Establishment of a community led organisation • Dundee City Council
that manages the on-going regeneration of the • Scottish Government
area. This group should be made up of: • Art Fund
Temporary Events
• Local businesses and creative spaces with influence (Fig.2)
• Dundee City Council Representative but not location - i.e DCA
• Prospective Developer Representative • UNESCO
• Local Community
• Local Business Owners
• Existing Creative Enterprises eg. Creative
Dundee

• Land Use Changes

Land use changes to avoid CPOs

• Activating Vacant Sites

Consider the use of vacant properties and land
for pop-ups or meanwhile uses for cultural and
creative activites during the day and at night-time
to stimulate vibrancy and viability and promote
diversity in Blackness

Pop-Up Exhibitons
(Fig.3)

116
Strategy | 117
Strategy | Phase Two

Semi-Permanent Facilities Maintenance & Restoration

2025
PHASE 2:

OUTCOMES & OBJECTIVES

• Preserve and enhance Blackness’ industrial heritage

landscape.

• Increase public integration with the creative

industries.

• Establish economic connections between

Blackness and existing creative facilities.

• Provide increased sustainable facilities and

resources to the creative sector to give opportunity
for growth.

Temporary Frontages

Priority Sites for Semi Permanent Developments

Alternative Clearance Sites

Maintenance & Restoration

Pedestrianisation

New Civic Development New Civic Space Temporary Frontages

118
Strategy | 119
Strategy | Phase Two

OUTCOMES & OBJECTIVES

• Preserve and enhance Blackness’ industrial heritage landscape.

• Increase public integration with the creative industries.

• Establish economic connections between Blackness and existing creative facilities.

• Provide increased sustainable facilities and resources to the creative sector to give opportunity for growth. Semi-Permanent Events
(Fig.1)

ACTION ACTIONS BENEFITS

• Pop up/semi-temporary nodes & art festivals. • Re-purpose existing buildings.
• Further reclaiming of public space from car • Increase employment.
dominant areas. • Local businesses grow.
• Maintenance and repair of existing buildings and • Neighbourhood regeneration.
buildings at risk.
• Pedestrianisation along central spine.
• Continue education driven events in collaboration
with existing institutions.

POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS
ACTION FUNDING
• Key Sector Growth • Dundee City Council
The reputation of Dundee as a creative hub and • EmploySection106 - Contributions from developer
world-leading technological centre should be towards the costs of providing community and
prioritised. Support and suitable workspaces should social infrastructure
be ensured to industries including: • Scottish Government Semi-Permanent Nodes
(Fig.2)
• The ERDF
• Start-Ups • Scottish Enterprise Tayside
• Flexible Workspace eg. co-working space • Lottery Funded
• Space for expanding businesses • Art Fund
• Laboratory and digital spaces • Private Investment
• Affordable workspace in defined circumstances

DCC should encourage local innovation to identify

and enhance Blackness’ economic strengths.

• Developer Obligations
In certain circumstances, obligations should be
enforced on developers to ensure that below market
rate spaces are provided for creative/social use.

• Low Cost Business Space

Provision and protection of low-cost space for
creative sector businesses as well as start-ups and
expanding enterprises. Temporary Frontages
(Fig.3)

120
Strategy | 121
Strategy | Phase Three

Vehicular Access Mixed Use Development

2035
PHASE 3:

OUTCOMES & OBJECTIVES

• Preserve and enhance Blackness’ industrial heritage

landscape.

• Ensure the perception of Dundee as a creative hub,

matches the reality.

• Increase public integration with the creative

industries.

• Establish economic connections between

Blackness and existing creative facilities.

• Provide increased sustainable facilities and

resources to the creative sector to give opportunity
for growth.

Mixed Use Developments

Public/Civic Development

External Public Space

Restoration Projects

Vehicular Access

New Civic Development New Civic Space Restoration Development

122
Strategy | 123
Strategy | Phase Three

OUTCOMES & OBJECTIVES

• Preserve and enhance Blackness’ industrial heritage landscape.
• Ensure the perception of Dundee as a creative hub, matches the reality.
• Increase public integration with the creative industries.
• Establish economic connections between Blackness and existing creative facilities.
• Provide increased sustainable facilities and resources to the creative sector to give opportunity for growth.
Creative Mixed-Use Developments
(Fig.1)

ACTION ACTIONS BENEFITS

• Further traffic calming measures - Guthrie, Brown &
Miln Street.
• Development to compliment existing creative
facilities.
• Development of live/work units and exhibition/shop
spaces for selling of local craftsmanship.
• Secure investment.
• Stable employment & opportunity.
• Sustain cultural capital.
• Changing perception of the area.
• Appealing area to live & work.
• Creating a creative led economy that benefits wider
society.

POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS
ACTION FUNDING
• Developer Obligations • Dundee City Council
In certain circumstances, obligations should be • Scottish Enterprise Tayside
enforced on developers to ensure that below market • The ERDF
rate spaces are provided for creative/social use. • University of Dundee
• Scottish Art Council
• Lottery Funded External Public Space
• Tenant Obligations (Fig.2)
Where tenants are occupying rent controlled spaces, • UNESCO
they are obligated to contribute to the regeneration • Private Investment
of the area. Either through participation in the
Blackness Community Association or by other
community engagement.

New Civic Development

(Fig.3)

124
Strategy | 125
Strategy | Vision

WASPS STUDIOS Vision 2: Miln Street Mixed Use Development Creative Redevelopment of
Existing Building

2040
VISION

• Central spine established with active, creative

frontages.

• Permanent nodes and landmarks.

• Wasps Studios & Verdant Works Civic Square

central hub of the area.

• Established external & internal exhibition spaces.

• Dedicated creative studios & workspace.

• Dedicated creative live/work accommodation.

• Hierarchy of streets & spaces - ie. civic, residential,

public, semi-public.

• Successful creative-driven economy.

Verdant Works

New Civic Development

External Public Space

Node

Pedestrianisation

New Civic Development New Civic Space WEST WARD WORKS Vision 1: Brown Street

126
Strategy | 127
Strategy | Brown Street
Strategy | Miln Street

Strategy | 131
Strategy | Action and Impact

ACTIONS OWNERSHIP IMPACT EFFORT COST

PHASE 1

Temporary Events Dundee City Council/Universities/Private Medium Low £

Pop-up spaces/exhibitions Dundee City Council/Universities/Private Medium Low £

Lighting improvements Dundee City Council Low Low £/££

Traffic Calming Dundee City Council Medium Medium ££

PHASE 2

Reclaiming of public space Dundee City Council/Private High Medium ££

Maintenance and repair of existing buildings Dundee City Council/Private High High £££

Pedestrianisation along central spine Dundee City Council High Medium ££

Temporary nodes Dundee City Council/Private High Medium ££

Temporary frontages Dundee City Council/Private High Medium ££

PHASE 3

Further pedestrianisation Dundee City Council High Medium ££

New development Private/Dundee City Council/Universities High High £££

Live/Work Units Private/Dundee City Council High High £££

Exhibition & shop spaces Private/Dundee City Council High High ££

132
Strategy | 133
Strategy | Winners and Losers

WINNERS LOSERS

Existing Creative Industries Existing Vehicular Industries

New Prospective Businesses Car Owners & Car Park Users

Dundee City Council Short term disruption to existing infrastructure and

businesses
Local Residents

Tourists

University of Dundee

DJCAD

University of Abertay

Graduates

Developers

Historic Environment Scotland

Construction Industry

Creative Enterprises

134
Strategy | 135
 8
Conclusion
Conclusion

The creative industries are at the heart of the significant
progress Dundee has made in its recent regeneration.
However, to progress further it is imperative that real
steps are carried through to make the creative economy
sustainable. Dundee is proud of its creative output and it
is important that this is protected and harnessed.
to combine heritage with ambition: revitalising a central
piece of Dundee’s history with new, forward thinking,
creative industries, creating an area that works for the
wider population, professionals and visitors.

Blackness is a prime location for regeneration

through the creative sector having become neglected,
mismanaged and under-utilised. While Blackness has
a rich industrial heritage, contemporary developments
have undermined the character and lowered the quality
of this central district.

The strategy outlined in this document seeks to utilise

the creative sector to regenerate Blackness’ economy.
The proposed changes, both in terms of policy and
masterplanning, combine the untapped potential of
Dundee’s creative industries with the desire to enhance
the appreciation and care for Blackness’ industrial
heritage. The proposal centres around the creation of a
more physical presence for the creative sector, allowing
for increased public integration and therefore economic
activity. The strategy seeks to alleviate the problem
of parking in Blackness by re-addressing the spatial
hierarchy with a ‘people-first’ approach through traffic
calming and pedestrianisation in key areas. This, done
in tandem with analysis of existing policy and policy
direction before suggesting potential new/updated
strategies.

Although the proposed changes range from small-scale

building maintenance to large-scale development, it
is important that the initial objectives are considered
throughout. For Dundee to continue developing as a
creative hub, it is important that the work is done with
an appreciation of the past. Blackness gives opportunity

138
Conclusion | 139
Fig. 1 Aerial View of Blackness Mills 1947
 9
Appendices
9.1 Wider Context
9.2 Planning Context
9.3 Character Appraisal
9.1 Wider Context | Connectivity
n
r dee
Abe

rd een
Abe

St
An
dr
ew
s

Edin
burg
h

Dundee can be accessed by air, train and car. The main

vehicular route into the city is the A90 which runs from
the West through Dundee to Aberdeen in the North. The
A92 or Tay Road Bridge links Dundee to Tayport and Fife
beyond, most notably St Andrews.

The train station is situated in Dundee city centre and

connects Dundee to the whole of the UK. The train takes
just over an hour to reach Edinburgh.

Dundee Airport is a direct link to the capital flying to Fig 1. Connectivity

London Stansted. Diagram

Railway
h
urg
nb

A Road
Edi

142 Dundee Airport

| 143
Chapter Name
9.1 Wider Context | Crime and Deprivation

Fig ? is taken from the Scottish index of Multiple

Deprivation illustrating areas of most deprivation in
Dundee. It does this by measuring 7 statistics;

- Income
- Employment
- Health Fig 1. Crime and
- Education Depravation
- Housing Diagram
- Geographic Access
- Crime

What is most immediately obvious is the concentration

of deprivation in the town centre and how towards the
outskirts areas become more affluent and less deprived.
Blackness itself has an especially high level of crime,
and low levels of many of the other criteria. This is likely
due to two factors. Firstly, the private nature of the
businesses means activity takes place behind closed
doors, shut off from the street. Secondly, there are few
permanent residential uses of the area meaning when
businesses shut the it is unused and empty. (Www2.
gov.scot, 2018)
Octiles of Deprivation

144
Wider Context | 145
9.2 Planning Context | Place Standard Tool

The Place Standard tool is a Scottish Government online

system that enables discussions about the quality of
places, be that existing or new developments. It gives a
structure to conversations and generates a simple chart
quantifying the spatial characteristics.

The group used this tool as a basis for discussion about

the future of Blackness based upon the main issues that
are presently lacking. The resulting diagram is found
opposite and some of the key points of discussion are
noted below:

Moving Around:

“There is currently very little provision for moving around

Blackness other than by car. It is possible to walk through
but the environment isn’t pleasant or welcoming. There
are no designated cycling routes and pavements are
narrow and poorly maintained”

Streets and Spaces:

“Many of the buildings are neglected and overgrown.

There are a lot of empty/abandoned buildings in the
area. New developments fail to activate the street or
relate to the conservation area style. The buildings are
very inward looking with no active façades. Vacant land/
properties are detrimental to the character of the area.
Lack of evening activity means that streets are deserted.”

Housing and Community:

“There is little housing other than student accommodation.

This is temporary lining means that community feel is
lacking as there is no permanence or ownership.”

146
Planning Context | 147
 148
of the place.
accommodation.
Victoria Works and the East Mill.
enhance’ (Dundeecity.gov.uk, 2018)
9.2 Planning Context | Conservation

category C) most of which are former mill buildings.

additions not in-keeping with the character and history

in Blackness in the last decade, with many of the new
development in terms of residential and student

There are very few positive examples of development

pattern and historic mills. Naturally, the council wishes
The city council identifies Blackness as an area unique
on the Buildings at Risk Register including the Queen
Within the conservation area, there are seven buildings
listed buildings (5 category A, 10 category B and 2
conservation areas within Dundee. It contains seventeen
Blackness Conservation Area is one of seventeen
or appearance of which it is desirable to preserve or
special architectural or historic interest, the character
Conservation areas Scotland act 1997 as; ´an area of
within Section 61 of the planning Listed Buildings and
The definition of a Conservation area is contained

whilst also recognising the potential need for increased

to preserve the character and identity of the area,
within Dundee characterised by its grid iron street
Appendix B Schedule of Listed Buildings within the Conservation Area

Category of
4 5 Address Listing
16
1 The Coffin Mill, Logie Works, 205 Brook Street, A
1 Lower Pleasance & Brewery Lane
2
17 2 203 Brook Street, Queen Victoria Works, former B
Lower Pleasance Mill, Douglas Street
3 Burnside Works, 14 Milnes East Wynd & Milnes B
8
West Wynd
3 4 Former Douglas Mill on Milnes East Wynd, near B
6 16
Douglas Street, West Hendersons Wynd
5 Former Meadow or North Dudhope Mill, 56 West B
7 12 Hendersons Wynd
11
14 6 Former South Anchor Mill Weaving Factory, 2 C
West Hendersons Wynd
7 Former South Anchor Mill, 42, 44 West B
15
9 Hendersons Wynd & elevation to Anchor Lane
13
10 8 Verdant Works, 27 West Hendersons Wynd & A
Return Elevation to Miln Street
9 DC Thomsons Warehouse, Guthrie Street South B
Side with Return Elevations to Blinshall Street &
Horsewater Wynd
10 Former St Mary Magdalenes Church, 11 Blinshall B
Street
11 Former East Mill, 9 – 17 (Odd) Guthrie Street & B
Return Elevation to Blinshall Street
12 Railwaymens Social Club, Former Ward Foundry C
Office, 7 Guthrie Street
13 20 Brown Street & Return Elevations to 8 Guthrie A
Street, & Session Street, South Mills
14 4,6 Guthrie Street (Demolished) B
15 Former Tay Works Calender, now Dundee B
College of Technology & Stout Brothers, 2 Guthrie
Street, 26, 30 East Hendersons Wynd
16 Old Tay Works Mills, Engine Houses & Chimney, A
25 Brown Street
Planning Context

17 Tay Works, 2 Lochee Road A

Reproduced by permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of HMSO. © Crown Copyright and database right 2015. All Rights Reserved. Ordnance Survey Licence number 100023371.
| 149
9.3 Character Appraisal | Purpose of the Character Appraisal

The Blackness Character Appraisal will identify, describe

and analyse the historic and architectural character
of the Blackness Conservation Area in particular. The
appraisal will highlight the quality and detail the factors
that define the character of the conservation area. The
analysis will consider the merits of the townscape,
key buildings and natural environment surrounding
Blackness. It will identify the dominant elements that
define the character and establish how the historic
development has either preserved or detracted from the
overall quality.

Guthrie Street. 2018

(Fig. 1)
150
Character Appraisal | 151
9.3 Character Appraisal | Key Buildings

Former
WASPS Dudhope
Studios Works Old Tay Works Mill Complex

The majority of the key buildings in Blackness are

former industrial mills and factories that are now either
abandoned or converted into new uses. The former
Queen Victoria Works, to the east of Blackness, are
now completely abandoned and falling into a state of
ruination.

Verdant and West Ward Works occupies a densely

packed block of Blackness and is one of the only tourist
Avertical World
destinations currently in the area. It is an important
Climbing Centre
attraction and the architecture of the mill is generally in
(Former St. Mary
good condition. The former St. Mary Magdelene Church
Magdalene Church)
is now an indoor climbing centre surrounded by student
accommodation. Perhaps the grandest buildings
in the area make up the Old Tay Works Mills, now
student accommodation. The complex also includes
warehouse buildings that are only partially used. The
former Dudhope Works in the north east corner of
Blackness also features a prominent chimney, standing Queen Victoria Works Verdant and West Ward Works
as a reminder of the area’s industrial past.

152
Character Appraisal | 153
9.3 Character Appraisal | Building Use

Building uses in Blackness can be generally subdivided vacant buildings cultural/community/religious use
into seven categories:

• Vacant buildings residential recreation/sport use

• Residential
• New industry (car garages etc)
• Creative industries new industry business use
• Cultural, community and religious buildings
• Recreation and sport facilities
• Businesses creative industries

The main use of buildings in the area is student and

private accommodation, followed by small scale
business such as car garages and warehouse facilities.

154
Character Appraisal | 155
9.3 Character Appraisal | Townscape Analysis

Lochee
Hilltown
Dundee
Law

Docks

Blackness
Centre

Tay Bridge
0 500

Historical Mills across Dundee

(Fig. 1)

Existing Mills

Many mills have been left in poor condition across

Milne’s East Wynd The Old Mill Carpark
the city, but especially within Blackness. Many of the (Fig. 2) (Fig. 3)
buildings have been demolished over time, however
the vast industrial buildings that still exist make up the
fabric and character of the area.

Existing Mills within Blackness

(Fig.2)

156
Character Appraisal | 157
9.3 Character Appraisal | Townscape Analysis

Parking Facilities within Blackness

(Fig. 1)

Exiting Car Parking Facilities

Many of the prime urban locations around the city are

used for parking, especially within the Blackness area.

A large percentage of hard-standing in Blackness is

dedicated to parking, whether that is on street, private
designated areas or undesignated areas. The largest
proportion of parking is dedicated to private parking
for businesses and residential use. This results in
minimal space reserved for green space and outdoor
environments.
Milne’s East Wynd The Old Mill Carpark
(Fig. 2) (Fig. 3)

158
Character Appraisal | 159
9.3 Character Appraisal | Townscape Analysis

Exiting Green Facilities

Dundee parks include Baxter Park, Lochee Park,

Magdalen Green, Camperdown Park and most recently,
Slessor Gardens. Most notably, Dudhope Park is
situated directly to the north of Blackness.
Green Spaces within Blackness
As well as social, health and environment benefits, (Fig. 1)
Dundee City Council recognise in the Dundee Public
Open Space Strategy that public open spaces aid the
economic sector to;

• Generate a positive image of urban areas

• Create direct job opportunities
• Create training/skills development opportunities
• Attract inward investment and businesses
• Attract tourism
(Dundeecity.gov.uk., 2008)

Within Blackness, there are no maintained areas of

quality green space.
Milne’s East Wynd Corner of Miln and Brown Street
(Fig. 2) (Fig. 3)

160
Character Appraisal | 161
9.3 Character Appraisal | Townscape Analysis

Existing Routes and Terminating Points

(Fig. 1)

Existing Vehicular Routes

The existing vehicular routes within Blackness are

based on the historical development within area.
However, due to change of use and the demolition of the
mills, routes have become less defined. Currently, the
hierarchy of space is poor and pedestrians have limited
use of the public realm as the pavements are narrow
and cars dominate the streets. Due to Marketgait dual-
carriageway to the east of Blackness, road access to the
city has been physically cut off by bollards.
Blinshall Street Milne’s East Wynd
(Fig. 2) (Fig. 3)

162
Character Appraisal | 163
9.3 Character Appraisal | Townscape Analysis

Vacant Sites and Buildings

(Fig. 1)

Existing Vacant Sites and Buildings

Many buildings across Blackness have the first floor

upwards as vacant space, whilst the ground floor is used
as commercial or leisure activity. In buildings where all
floors are occupied, the main use is residential activity.
Vacant Building on Brown Street Vacant Site on Brown Street
(Fig. 2) (Fig. 3)

164
Character Appraisal | 165
9.3 Character Appraisal | Townscape Analysis

Existing Active Frontages.

‘Active’ frontages means:

• Frequent doors and windows with few blank walls; Active Frontages within Blackness
• Narrow frontage buildings giving vertical rhythm to (Fig. 1)
the street scene;
• Articulation of façades with changing depths
• Lively internal uses visible from the outside, or
spilling onto the street. (Nt.gov.au, 2018)

Within Blackness there are few active frontages and no

fully continuous street that engages the surrounding
areas. By consequence, there are no successful streets
that allow the community to engage and activate the
buildings or streets.

Although many of the streets of Blackness lack street (Fig.2) (Fig.3) (Fig.4)
activation, there are many businesses within the area
that require frontages. However, due to the low quality
of renovation of existing buildings and more recent
developments, the frontages of the buildings do not
engage with the street successfully.

The images show the lack of transparency at ground

level and small openings and entrances. As a result of
this, businesses miss out on public engagement and
become isolated within their individual units. Advertising
and ground floor integration attempts are poor and can
be clearly seen by the intimidating and forceful signage
in fig.6.

(Fig.5) (Fig.6)

166
Character Appraisal | 167
9.3 Character Appraisal | Townscape Analysis

Reused Church -
Avertical World

Enclosing Block

Space surrounding
(Fig. 1)

Tayside Reuse Centre

Space

The diagram identifies typical spaces within Blackness.

The typical spaces can be loosely categorised into three:

Enclosing Block: Narrow Lanes

Historically, the tight urban grain and high density
(Fig. 2)
buildings defined the edge conditions of Blackness. In
some areas these conditions still exist and the internal
conditions of the block create courtyards. Not all of
these are of high quality as the new student housing
adopts this concept and surrounds a converted church.

Narrow lanes:
Residual space create narrow lanes defined by walls or
buildings. Due to the nature of the industrial era, there
was little reason for streets to be engaging with the
built environment, therefore to this day, Blackness lacks
visual connectivity.

Island Buildings:
Many new developments sit as island buildings that Lees, Tees & Keys
have no relationship with Blackness and utilise walls to
define the edge conditions.

(Fig. 3)
Typical spaces in Blackness
Island Buildings (Fig. 1)
168
Character Appraisal | 169
9.3 Character Appraisal | Townscape Analysis

(Fig.1) (Fig.2)

(Fig.3) (Fig.4)

Spaces

As a result of the Blackness clearances, and the lack

of post-industry development, large amounts of vacant
space has been exposed. (Fig.5)

170
Character Appraisal | 171
9.3 Character Appraisal | Townscape Analysis

(Fig.1) (Fig.2)

(Fig.2) (Fig.4)

(Fig.3) (Fig.4)
Streets

The streets of Blackness are often undefined, lined

with parked cars, high walls and overgrown vegetation.
As seen in the adjacent images, there are little to no
openings at ground level on many of the streets of
Blackness. Due to this, the streets become intimidating
and feel unsafe to the pedestrian, portraying Blackness
as a negative and unwelcoming area within the city.

Fig.4 & 6 show streets within the area that are distinctive
in character due to their existing industrial features.
These streets can be seen to have the potential for
immediate intervention in the development of activating
the streets of Blackness. (Fig.5) (Fig.6)

172
Character Appraisal | 173
9.3 Character Appraisal | Architectural Quality

(Fig.1) (Fig.2)

(Fig.3) (Fig.4)

(Fig.5) (Fig.6)

Building Condition

The overall condition of the buildings in Blackness is

poor, with many buildings in need of maintenance,
extensive repair and, in some cases, demolition and
clearance. Many post-industrial developments are of
poor quality, resulting in the need for costly repairs.
Whilst existing industrial buildings are also of a costly
upkeep due to their past construction methods. Due to
this, there are numerous cases of neglect, with sites and
buildings being abandoned, most become overgrown
and are unsafe for use or entry. (Fig.7) (Fig.8)

174
Character Appraisal | 175
9.3 Character Appraisal | Architectural Quality

(Fig.1) (Fig.2)

(Fig.2) (Fig.3)

(Fig.5) (Fig.6)

Openings

Despite the vast amount of neglect and vacancy in

Blackness, there are many features that are distinct and
unique to the area.

The existing industrial buildings host a collection of

openings that are of architectural interest. (Fig.4) (Fig.5)

176
Character Appraisal | 177
 10
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List of Tables and Figures Page 45
All images included within this report are created by the authors unless referenced below:
Dundee City Council (2017). Dundee Local Development Plan Cover. [image] Dundeecity.gov.uk. Available at: https://
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[Accessed 19 Oct. 2018]. Page 49

Page 19 Dundee City Council (2018). Capital Investment Strategy Cover. [image] Dundeecity.gov.uk. Available at: https://www.
dundeecity.gov.uk/sites/default/files/publications/capitalinvestment.pdf [Accessed 20 Oct. 2018].
Fig 1. 1850 Blackness Diagram, Authors’s diagram, Digimap.edina.ac.uk. (2018). Digimap. [online] Available at: https://
digimap.edina.ac.uk/ [Accessed 10 Oct. 2018]. Page 53

Fig 2. 1900 Blackness Diagram, Authors’s diagram, Digimap.edina.ac.uk. (2018). Digimap. [online] Available at: https:// Creative Dundee (2017). [image] Dundee’s Creative Industries Strategy Cover. Available at: https://dundeecreates.crea-
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Page 21 Page 55

Fig 1. 1950 Blackness Diagram, Authors’s diagram, Digimap.edina.ac.uk. (2018). Digimap. [online] Available at: https:// Fleet Collective (2018). Fleet Collective. [image]. Available at: http://www.fleetcollective.com/2018/03/15/we-are-now-
digimap.edina.ac.uk/ [Accessed 10 Oct. 2018]. closed/ [Accessed 19 Oct. 2018].

Page 22 Fleet Collective (2018). Fleet Collective. [image]. Available at: http://www.fleetcollective.com/about-fleet/ [Accessed 19
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Fig 2. Current Day Blackness Diagram, Authors’s diagram, Digimap.edina.ac.uk. (2018). Digimap. [online] Available at:
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Page 23
Fig 1. 1900 University Diagram Authors’s diagram, Digimap.edina.ac.uk. (2018). Digimap. [online] Available at: https://
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Fig 2. 1950 University Diagram Authors’s diagram, Digimap.edina.ac.uk. (2018). Digimap. [online] Available at: https://
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Fig 3. Current Day University Diagram Authors’s diagram, Digimap.edina.ac.uk. (2018). Digimap. [online] Available at:
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Page 24
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Page 29
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p83 Fig 2. Street Art, teatimeinwonderland (2018) Où trouver du street art sur Shoreditch. [online] Available at: https://
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p83 Fig 3. Pedestrianisation in Shoreditch, BBC News. (2018). Nine streets in ‘ultra-low emission’ scheme. [online] Available
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p83 Fig 4. The Shoreditch Pub, Koura, C. (2018). The Hip World Of Shoreditch: In Photos. [online] Londonist. Available at:
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p86 Fig 1. Gibb Street ,Custard Factory. (2018). Custard Factory - Birmingham’s Creative Quarter, Digbeth. [online] Available
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Fig.2 Temporary Structure - Land, N. (2018). North Epirus: An abandoned Land – United Photo Industries. [online] United
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Fig.5 Gallery Space - ArchDaily. (2018). Gallery of 6 Buildings Shortlisted for the Inaugural RIBA International Prize - 23. Fig 1 Guthrie Street, Blackness. (2018). [image] Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/118069284@
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Fig.6 Live/Work Studios - Spaces, W (2018). Seattle Daily Photo Live Work Space In Columbia City Neighborhood Regarding Fig 1 Dundee City Council (n.d.). Blackness Conservation Area Appraisal. [online] Dundee: Dundee City Council, p.13.
Spaces Design 19 - Dreamingincmyk.com. [online] Dreamingincmyk.com. Available at: http://dreamingincmyk.com/work- Available at: https://www.dundeecity.gov.uk/sites/default/files/publications/CD_Blackness_CA_Appraisal.pdf [Accessed
live-spaces/seattle-daily-photo-live-work-space-in-columbia-city-neighborhood-regarding-spaces-design-19/ [Accessed 22 Nov. 2018].
22 Nov. 2018]. Fig 2 Existing Mills withing Blackness. Authors’ interpretation of a Google aerial image

Fig.7 Active Frontages - Shop Lincoln. (2018). High Street Shopping in Lincoln - Shop Lincoln. [online] Available at: https:// Page 159
www.shoplincoln.co.uk/high-street-shopping [Accessed 22 Nov. 2018].
Fig 1 Parking Facilities within Blackness. Authors’ interpretation of a Google aerial image
Fig.8 Nightlife - #ExpérienceTransat – Souvenirs des voyageurs de Vacances Transat. (2018). L’intérieur du café Delirium Fig 2 Milne’s East Wynd. Authors’ own image
de Bruxelles | #ExpérienceTransat – Souvenirs des voyageurs de Vacances Transat. [online] Available at: https://www. Fig 3 The Old Mill Carpark. Authors’ own image
airtransat.com/experiencetransat/fr/delirium-cafe-brussels-belgium-2/ [Accessed 22 Nov. 2018].
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Fig 1 Green Spaces within Blackness. Authors’ interpretation of a Google aerial image
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pedestrianise-upper-street-tabled-by-zaha-hadid-architects-1-5472799 [Accessed 22 Nov. 2018].
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Fig 1 Vacant Sites and Buildings. Authors’ interpretation of a Google aerial image
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Fig.1 Creative Mixed-Use Development - Chocolatefactoryn16.com. (2018). Chocolate Factory N16 Artists’ Studios.
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Fig.2 External Public Space – studioINSITE. (2018). Old Town Square - studioINSITE. [online] Available at: https://www.
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Fig.3 New Civic Development - Hawkinsbrown.com. (2018). Transforming West Yorkshire 2018. [online] Available at:
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UP51007 | Statutor y Planning

November 2018