Base Connections Green Book

ADVANCED STEEL COURSE
BASES AND ANCHORAGE INTO CONCRETE
AMANUEL GEBREMESKEL
UNIVERSITY OF WITWATERSRAND
CHAPTER 11: COLUMN
BASES AND
ANCHORAGE INTO
CONCRETE
2
Chapter 11: Overview
 11.1 Introduction
 11.2 Cast in or embedded elements
 11.3 Anchoring steelwork to concrete
 11.4 Design of pinned bases
 11.5 Design of fixed bases
 11.6 Examples
 11.7 Resistance tables
Chapter 11: Big box model
4
Chapter 11.1: Introduction
 Base plates
 Concrete embedded steel items
– Similar limit states and mechanics govern
both but there are also important
distinctions
– Useful simplifications provided for typical
geometries and loading
 Typical details for Base plates given in Figure 11.1
6
 Base plates
– Primary purpose is to transfer loads from
the steel to the foundation
– Typically assumed to be pinned or rigid
 Base plates
– For heavy applications
• Seismic
8
 Base plates
– Reasons for using elevated base plate
• Isolate steel from elements in the soil
• To eliminate the risk of accidental impact on
the steel
• To lift the steel from harmful liquids on ground
level
 Base plates
– Rigid support under base plate is a
reasonable simplification
– Finite element modeling more accurate
10
 Base plates
– Non shrink grout typically used as interface
between base plate and foundation
surface
– Important to specify proper grout and
placement procedure
11
 Base plates
– Leveling of base plate and column
• Leveling plates
• Leveling nuts
• Grouting completed after leveling
12
 Base plates
– Attachment of column to base plate
• Most commonly welded and shipped from the
shop to the site together
• At times other bearing and cleat attachments
are utilized
13
 Base plates
– Base fixity
• Pinned
– Rotation achieved through a combination of elastic
deformations and inelastic base plate bending,
anchor rod lengthening, foundation movement and
localized grout crushing
– Almost always safe to assume pinned for design for
this reason
14
 Base plates
– Base fixity
• Fixed
– Complex design and fabrication
– More expensive to engineer and build
– Use sparingly
15
 Base plates and embedded items
– Tolerances
• Difficult to coordinate locations between the
concrete contractor and the steel erector
– Hold down bolt location
– Embed plate location
• Use oversized holes to accommodate hold
down bolt location. Thick washer plates that
are welded to the base plate for hold down
bolts in tension and shear.
• See Table 11.1 for guidance
16
Tolerances in Table 11.1
17
Chapter 11.2: Cast in or
embedded elements
18
embedded elements
 Common details
– Exposed steel element with welded
headed stud for anchorage to concrete
– Exposed steel element with hooked anchor
– End portion of member plugged into
concrete
– Book does not address composite
connections – connections attaching
composite members
19
embedded elements
 Types of anchors
20
embedded elements
 Failure modes for anchors ‐ tensile
21
embedded elements
 Failure modes for anchors ‐ tensile
22
embedded elements
 Failure modes for anchors ‐ shear
23
embedded elements
 Failure modes for anchors ‐ shear
24
embedded elements
 Models for breakout cone – tension and shear
25
embedded elements
 Models for multiple anchors and edge
condition ‐ tension
26
embedded elements
 Anchor reinforcement for tension
27
embedded elements
 Models for multiple anchors and edge
condition ‐ shear
28
embedded elements
 Anchor reinforcement for shear
29
embedded elements
 Tolerance
– One way of addressing tolerances is to
weld steel members to embed plates that
are large enough to accommodate
variations in concrete location
– Site attachments address tolerance
problems in two dimensions, not three
dimensions
30
Chapter 11.3: Anchoring
steelwork to concrete
31
 Holding down bolts
– Typical configurations
32
– Typical details
• See Table 11.2 and Figure 11.3
– Pockets can be used to accommodate
misplaced hold down bolts
– Also not uncommon to bend hold down
bolts to accommodate slight location
errors
33
Figure 11.3 and Table 11.2
34
Damage by vehicles
35
Fixes for when HD bolts are too short
36
37
Fixes for when HD bolts are too short
Steel reinforcement to develop HD bolt 38
– Commercial bolts commonly used in South
Africa but Class 8.8 equivalent bolts are
also available
– Possible to weld commercial bolts but
need proper care to weld high strength
bolts
– Rarely a need to pretension holding down
bolts
• Pretension and life long monitoring and
tightening may be required for cases with
cyclic loading
39
– Design of holding down bolts
• Tension
• Shear
• Combined tension and shear
40
• Tension limit states
– Hold down bolt fracture
– Bearing of anchor plate
– Bond between bolt and concrete
– Concrete breakout
• Shear limit states
– Hold down bolt fracture
– Crushing of concrete
41
Design of holding down bolts for tension
42
Design of holding down bolts for tension
Figure 11.4
43
• SAISC methodology is to utilize simplified
methods that are familiar to the South African
design environment while integrating newer
approaches
• Concrete Capacity Method
– Utilized by American and European concrete
standards for the design of steel anchorage into
concrete
– Too involved and complex for everyday use
44
– Design of hold down bolts
• Concrete breakout method in book compared
to other methods
45
• Important limitations to SAISC method
– Min edge distance of 6d for tension
– Min edge distance of 7d for shear
– Proper provision of reinforcing steel around hold
down bolts
– Assumption of generally uncracked concrete
• Method being validated by Stellenbosch
46
•Equation 11.10 for combined shear and tension
•Equation 11.2 for minimum sleeve area for pretensioned hold
down bolts
– Resistance tables
• Table 11.5 provides pullout and shear
capacities as a function of bolt diameter and
embedment length
49
 Studs
– Typical configurations
50
 Studs
– Design of headed studs
• Tension
• Shear
• Combined tension and shear
51
 Studs
• Tension limit states
– Stud fracture
– Weld fracture between plate and stud
– Concrete breakout
• Shear limit states
– Stud fracture
– Crushing of concrete
– Weld fracture between plate and stud
52
53
 Studs
– Limitations of concrete cone design
method for concrete breakout in tension
• Limit stud length to 110mm
54
 Studs
• Limitations when using SAISC method
– Limit total stud length of 110mm
– Limit edge distance to 6d for tension
– Limit edge distance to 7d for shear
55
Chapter 11.4: Pinned bases
56
 Assumption of pinned base almost
always safe
– Gravity columns
– Braced frame columns
– Moment frame columns with pinned base
 Primarily axial load with limited shear
57
 Shear loads on base plates
– Shear loads can be resisted by a
combination of
• Friction between steel and grout
• Shear Key
• Hold down bolt in shear
• Other
Figure 11.6
58
 Shear loads on base plates
– Alternative detail
59
 Concentric axial load on base plates
60
 Compressive axial loads on base plates
– For simplicity assume uniform stress
around column profile
Figure 11.9
61
– The following method is proposed in the
book
• Solve for the distance c from the face of the
column to the edge of the stressed area based
on required area for column load
• Determine the maximum bending stress in the
base plate from the compressive stresses and
thus the thickness
– It is common to assume that maximum bending
stress occurs at the centerline of the column flange
62
– Table 11.4 provides thickness values as a
function of c for various concrete strengths
and steel yield strengths
63
– Resistance tables
• Tables 11.6(a) and 11.6(b) provide solved
allowable compressive loads for various
column profiles and base plate dimensions
• The tables also provide useful information on
the maximum heights that the columns can
span without lateral support during erection
for a 1kPa design wind load.
64
Chapter 11.5: Fixed bases
65
 Types of loads on fixed bases
– Axial compressive or tensile load
– Major axis bending moment
– Minor axis bending moment
– Shear load
66
Typical configurations given in Figure 11.10
67
 Design of fixed bases
– Much more complicated than axially
loaded members
– Limitations on analysis
• One has to know the moment Mu on the base
and calculate a maximum permitted axial
capacity Cr or:
• One has to know the axial load Cu and
calculate a maximum permitted moment Mr
• Alternatively one can relate the moment and
axial loads by considering an eccentricity
e = Mu/Cu
68
– The base attachment can be under one of
three conditions depending on the extent
of bending moments
1. Under full compressive stresses
2. Under partial compressive stresses but no
tensile loads in the hold down bolts
3. Compressive stresses under a portion of the
base plate and tensile loads in the hold down
bolts
69
– If equation 11.22 is true then conditions 1
or 2 exist and equation 11.23 can be used
to calculate the axial capacity of the base
for a given moment load.
70
– If equation 11.22 is false then conditions 3
exists and equations 11.24 and 11.25 must be
used to calculate the load in the group of hold
down bolts that are in tension
– The hold down bolts can be designed for
tension as per the methods illustrated before
71
– The book provides analysis methods for
rigid base plate assumption as well as
compressive stresses that follow the
contours of the column profile
– Advantage of rigid plate assumption is that
it simplifies the problem but at some
expense of accuracy
72
Figure 11.11
73
– Calculation of base plate thickness
• The thickness of the base plate can be
calculated from the bending caused by
compressive stresses (Eq. 11.27 &11.28)
74
– Calculation of base plate thickness
– It is common to assume that maximum bending
stress occurs at the centerline of the column flange
– The presence of stiffeners can alter this assumption
– Yield line analysis or finite element modeling could
provide guidance on points of maximum bending
stress in the base plate
– The bending stress due to the hold down bolts may
control design
75
 Design of fixed bases II
– If one starts with a known capacity for the
pull out strength of the group of hold
down bolts in tension Tbr then the Cr that
can be resisted at a given eccentricity e is
given by the single equation 11.35
– If the axial load is small then it is best to
treat it as a base plate in pure bi‐axial
bending using equation 11.36
– Assumes rigid plate of sufficient thickness
 Design of fixed bases II
 Design of fixed bases; Method II
– The following graph illustrates why equation 11.35
alone can adequately describe the behavior
– Po = 0,6fcubbdb (Co in Equation 11.39)
600mmx600mm, Tr = 680KN
1,2000
1,0000
Pr / Po
0,8000
Pr max / Po
P / Po
0,6000
Pcr / Po
0,4000
0,2000
0,0000
0,00 0,33 0,67 1,00 1,33 1,67 2,00 2,33 2,67 3,00
-0,2000
e/B
 Design of fixed bases with bi‐axial
bending and axial load
– Using Method II allows for analysis of base
plates that have bi‐axial bending and
compressive axial loads simultaneously
– Define:
• ex = Muy/Cu
• ey = Mux/Cu
– Use Equation 11.35 to solve for the
corresponding Crx and Cry
 Design of fixed bases with bi‐axial
bending and axial load
– For an axial load at an eccentricity of ex,ey
from the centroid the maximum capacity
Cr is given by Equation 11.40:
Chapter 11: Quiz
81

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