Origins of Psychology and Research Methods Worksheet PSY/103 ~ Introduction to Psychology Origins of Psychology and Research Methods - Worksheet Part I: Origins of Psychology Within psychology, there are several perspectives used to describe, predict, and explain human behavior. The seven major perspectives in modern psychology are psychoanalytic, behaviorist, humanist, cognitive, neuroscientife/biopsychological, evolutionary, and sociocultural. * Describe the perspectives, using two to three sentences each. © Select one major figure associated with one of the perspectives * Describe his or her work in two to three sentences. (Type your response in the space below). Defining the Seven Major Perspectives in Modern Psychology Psychoanalytic - The psychoanalytic theory is a perspective in modem psychology that concentrates on the notion that the unconscious, alongside early childhood experiences, equally play a significant role in affecting one’s conscious behavior, as well as the rest of one’s life. In fact, Sigmund Freud asserted that paramount to finding a successful remedy for the patient's issues, required obtaining access to the unconscious mind. (OpenStax, 2016, p. 10). Behaviorist - Behaviorism focuses on observing and controling behavior through objective analysis of the mind. Therefore, behaviorists study the interaction of learned behavior with the ‘organism's inborn qualities. Whereas the psychoanalytic perspective’s objective is studying the mind, the behaviorist theory shifts the focus to studying behaviors. (OpenStax, 2016, p. 11). Humanist - A theoretical perspective within psychology that is based on the emphasis that, innate in all human beings, is the potential for goodness. Moreover, humanists believe that personal control, intentionality, and, “.. a true disposition for “good” are vital components for our behavior, as well as our self-concept. (OpenStax, 2016, p. 13) Cognitive - According to the Boundless Learning website (2016), cognitive is defined as, “The part of mental functioning that deals with logic and memories, as opposed to affective functioning, which deals with emotions.” (para. 1). Moreover, the cognitive theory states that solutions to problems are inclusive of aglorithms, heuristics, or insights, as this perspective value the scientific method, as opposed to relying on introspection such as in Freudian Psychology. Albeit, (unlike Behaviorists), the cognitive perspective still acknowledge the existence of the internal mental state. (Boundless, 2016, para. 1). Neuroscientific / Biopsychological - Neuroscience is an intercisciplinary approach consisting of researchers from various backgrounds including, biologists, medical professionals, psychologists, and chemists. Biopsychology is a component of neuroscience aimed at focusing on the immediate causes of behavior based in the physiology of humans or other animals. (OpenStax, 2016, pp. 18, 30).Origins of Psychology and Research Methods Worksheet PSY/103 - Introduction to Psychology © Evolutionary - Evolutionary psychology seeks to study the ultimate biological causes of behavior, which centers on the idea that a behavior is impacted by genetics, and that a behavior (like any anatomical characteristic of a human or animal) will demonstrate adaption to its surroundings. Furthermore, inclusive of these surroundings are, the physical environment, and, (since interactions between organisms can be important to survival and reproduction), the social environment. Not surprisingly, evolutionary psychology has its origins with Charles Darwin (the co.iscoverer of the theory of evolution by natural selection). (OpenStax, 2016, p. 18). ® Sociocultural - According to OpenStax CNX (2019), “The sociocultural perspective looks at you, your behaviors, and your symptoms in the context of your culture and background." (p. 633). ‘Additionally, sociocuitural therapy consists of individual, group, family, and couples treatment modalities, and clinicians using this approach integrate cultural and religious beliefs into this particular therapeutic process. And, research has shown that some barriers to treatment include lack of insurance, transportation, and time; cultural views that mental ines is a stigma; fears about treatment; and language barriers, mostly among ethnic minorities. (OpenStax, 2016, p 640). Description of One of the Famous Psychologists Associated with One of the Major Perspectives Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), was one of the most famous, and, influential figures in the history of psychology. Freud is best known for his theory that the majority of his patients’ problem stemmed from the unconscious mind, and he believed that the unconscious mind could be accessed via analyzing dreams, by examining the first words that came to a subject's mind, as well as, through slips of the tongue that appeared to be seemingly innocent. While not invented by Freud, the method of psychoanalysis (which involves the patient talking about their experiences and selves, and is stil used today), was definitely made popular by Sigmund Freud. (OpenStax, 2016, p. 10)Part ll: Research Methods * Describe research methods used in psychology by completing the following table. Method Case Study Naturalistic Observation Purpose “Amethod of obtaining in-depth information on a person, group, or phenomenon, to provide descriptions of specific or rare cases.” (Boundless, 2016, para. 1). Defined as observing behavior in its natural environment. Naturalistic observation is, considered as one of the best methods of gaining information for the purpose of understanding how behavior occurs. (OpenStax, 2016, p. 43-44). Origins of Psychology and Research Methods Strengths ‘Allow for the development of novel hypotheses for later testing; Provide detailed descriptions of rare events; Enables the ability for exploring the intricacies of oxisting theories of causation (Boundless, 2016, para. 1). ‘Allows for the collection of Valid, true-to- life information from realistic situations. (Openstax, 2016, p. 66). Worksheet PSY/103 ~ Introduction to Psychology Weaknesses * Case studies cannot directly indicate cause and effect relationships; © Incapabilty of testing hypotheses; © Findings from case studies cannot be generalized toa wider population (Boundless, 2016, para », © Does not allow for much control © Often requires quite a bit of time and money to perform, (OpenStax, 2016, p. 66). Example EXAMPLE: Studying the progresses of a course of treatment involving individual counseling, group therapy, and medication, with a patient in a mental health facility. (Boundless, 2016, para. 4). FAMOUS CASE STUDY: Phineas Gage - (Helped researchers understand the relationship between brain areas and personality) (Boundless, 2016, para. 1). EXAMPLE: Seeking out facts about hand washing by inconspicuously placing a researcher inside a restroom, pretending to be putting contacts in while people utilize the facilities. (OpenStax, 2016, p. 43-44).