Hypothesis Testing

Lecture Handouts
St. Luke’s College of Nursing
S.Y. 2017 - 2018
 Statistical Hypothesis
Hypothesis is a claim or statement about a
property of a population. (Triola)

Hypothesis test / Test of significance is a

standard procedure for testing a claim
about a property of a population. (Triola)
 Hypothesis Statements

Null Hypothesis
H0 It is the Hypothesis stating a negation
of the Ha / H1 of the researcher
Alternative Hypothesis
It is the Hypothesis stating what the
researcher believes in
Ha
Sometimes referred to as Research
Hypothesis (H1)
 Hypothesis Testing: Steps
1. State the null and alternative Hypothesis

2. State the level of significance

3. Analyze

4. Make a statistical Decision

5. Interpret
 Step 1. State the null and
alternative Hypothesis
Goal of Hypothesis Testing:
Reject the EƵůů,LJƉŽƚŚĞƐŝƐ

H₀ should always be framed in hopes of

being able to reject it

The rejection of the Null Hypothesis will lead

to the Acceptance of the Alternative
Hypothesis
 Methods of Formulating
Hypothesis
1. Method of Difference

2. Method of Agreement

3. Method of Concomitant Variation

 Method of Difference
Two or more different value/criterion of a
variable will yield different results.
e.g. Variable of Difference = Gender
“Female Commercial Sex Workers for more than
10 years have a significant difference of risk of
getting a mental disorder than the male ones.”
Female Mental Disorder
No Mental
Male
Disorder
 Method of Difference

e.g. Variable of Difference = Liquor

“Drinking 1 glass (200 mL) of Red Wine every night for a
year increases the happiness score of the elders,
compared to those who drink 1 bottle (330 mL) of beer
and 1 shot (45 mL) of Whisky.”
Increase
Red Wine Happiness
Beer
No Increase
Happiness
Whisky
 Method of Agreement
Two or more different value/criterion of a
variable will yield sun exposure
e.g. Variable of Commonality = Sun Exposure
“Being a Traffic Enforcer for more than a year
poses a similar risk (high) with Farmers on
developing Basal Cell Carcinoma.”
Traffic Enforcers
Basal Cell
Carcinoma
Farmers
Method of Concomitant Variation
Identifying the value/criterion whose
frequency or strength varies with the
occurrence or severity of the outcome
or the result
“There is a indirect relationship between age and
e.g. risk of getting soil-transmitted helminths of
school age students of Batino.”
Mean Age (y.o.) Prevalence of Infection
9.2 7.8%
8.1 8.5%
6.5 14%
 Method of Agreement

e.g. Variable of Commonality = Caffeine Intake

“Drinking 1 serving of Coffee once a day for a month has
the same risk with drinking 1 serving of Soda and Energy
drinks on developing premature birth in 3rd trimester
pregnant women.”
Coffee

Soda Premature Birth

Energy Drink
Method of Concomitant Variation

e.g.
“As the weight increases the risk of getting heart
attack also increases of adult Infugao indigents.”

Mean Weight (kg) Risk of Heart Attack

86.65 27%
82.80 19%
80.12 14%
 Components of a Hypothesis
1. Target population
2. Cause or suspected risk factor
3. Outcome or result
4. Dose-Response relationship
5. Time-Response relationship
Method of Concomitant Variation
Identifying the value/criterion whose
frequency or strength varies with the occurrence
or severity of the outcome or the result
e.g.
“There is a indirect relationship between age and
risk of getting soil-transmitted helminths of
school age students of Batino.”
Mean Age (y.o.) Prevalence of Infection
9.2 7.8%
8.1 8.5%
6.5 14%
Method of Concomitant Variation
Identifying the value/criterion whose
frequency or strength varies with the
occurrence or severity of the outcome
or the result
“There is a indirect relationship between age and
e.g. risk of getting soil-transmitted helminths of
school age students of Batino.”
Mean Age (y.o.) Prevalence of Infection
9.2 7.8%
8.1 8.5%
6.5 14%
 Example: Mean
Step 4

Confidence Interval (C.I.) Decision

Hypothesized 30 sec. REJECT the
value H0
95% C.I. 31.14 to 39.77 sec.
The Hypothesized value 30 sec is not within the
confidence interval 31.14 to 39.77 sec.
 Hypothesis Testing
Test Example Symbol
Non- The mean blood pressure of Asian µ1 ≠ µ2
Directional Males is significantly different from
the Caucasian Males
or Two-
The proportion of students who Ρ1 ≠ Ρ2
Tailed
passed the board exam last year is
not equal to that of the students
this year
Directional The mean GWA of NCM 102 of µ1 > µ2 or
or One- batch Eximius is lower than batch
Vita Exaleron µ1 < µ2
Tailed
The prevalence of malnutrition is Ρ1 > Ρ2 or
higher in Sitio Catmon compared to
Sitio Wawa Ρ1 < Ρ2
 Example: Mean
Step 4

Confidence Interval (C.I.) Decision

Hypothesized 30 sec. REJECT the
value H0
95% C.I. 31.14 to 39.77 sec.
The Hypothesized value 30 sec is not within the
confidence interval 31.14 to 39.77 sec.
 Rare Event Rule

If, under a given assumption, the

probability of a particular observed event
is exceptionally small, we conclude that
the assumption is probably not correct.
(Triola)
 Components of a Hypothesis
“Drinking 1 serving of Coffee once a day for a month
has the same risk with drinking 1 serving of Soda
and Energy drinks on developing premature birth in
3rd trimester pregnant women.”

Target Population : Pregnant

Cause/RF : Coffee
Outcome/Result : Premature birth
Dose-Response : 1 serving/day
Time-Response : 1 month
 Step 4. Make the Statistical
Decision
Decision: Reject or Not reject the H0

Analysis Reject Not Reject

Confidence Hypothesized Hypothesized
Interval value is outside value is within the
the C.I. C.I.
p-value p-value is below p-value is above
the stated α the stated α
 Step 5. Interpret
Reject H0 Do not Reject H0
Rejection of H0 Non Rejection of H0
leads to a doesn’t mean it is
conclusion as stated accepted, instead, it
in Ha. means there is no
sufficient evidence
to conclude
whatever is stated
in Ha.
 Example: Mean
Case 1:

A Medical Director wants to evaluate the utilization

of health services in the hospital. The hospital
policy states that nurses should respond to the
patient immediately when called, 30 seconds or
less. He surveyed 100 patients to know the
average response time (in seconds) of ward nurses
when patients press the call button and found out
that the mean was 35.46 seconds. He wants to
conclude if the nurses broke the policy or not.
 Example: Mean
Step 1
H0: µ = 30 sec.
“the mean response time of nurses is the same with
the hospital policy”

Ha: µ > 30 sec.

“the mean response time of nurses is above than the
hospital policy.”

Step 2
Level of Significance: α = 0.05
 Example: Mean
Step 3
 Example: Mean
Step 3 : Confidence Interval
 Example: Mean
Step 3 : Confidence Interval
 Example: Mean
Step 3 : p-value
 Example: Mean
Step 3 : p-value
 Example: Mean
Step 4

Confidence Interval (C.I.) Decision

Hypothesized 30 sec. REJECT the
value H0
95% C.I. 31.14 to 39.77 sec.
The Hypothesized value 30 sec is not within the
confidence interval 31.14 to 39.77 sec.
 Example: Mean
Step 5

Interpretation:
“The average response time of nurses of
35.46 sec. is significantly above the Hospital
Policy of 30 sec.”
 Example: Mean
Step 1
H0: µ = 1.90
“the mean GWA for Anatomy/Physiology of batch
Valere is significantly the same with batch Kalinga.”

Ha: µ < 1.90

“the mean GWA for Anatomy/Physiology of batch
Valere is significantly lower with batch Kalinga.”

Step 2
Level of Significance: α = 0.05
 Example: Mean
Step 3
 Example: Mean
Step 3 : Confidence Interval
 Example: Mean
Step 3 : Confidence Interval
 Example: Mean
Step 3 : p-value
 Example: Mean
Step 3 : p-value
 Example: Mean
Step 4

Confidence Interval (C.I.) Decision

Hypothesized 1.90 DO NOT
value REJECT the
95% C.I. 1.68 to 2.22. H0
The Hypothesized value 1.90 is not within the
confidence interval 1.68 to 2.22.
 Example: Mean
Step 4

Probability Value (p-value) Decision DNR

Level of α = 0.05 DO NOT
Significance REJECT the
p-value 0.667 H0
The p-value 0.667 is greater than α = 0.05
 Example: Mean
Step 5

Interpretation:
“There is no sufficient evidence to say that
the Anatomy and Physiology GWA of batch
Valere is significantly below than that of
batch Kalinga.”
 Other References
Lecture notes on Introduction to Hypothesis Testing for
Biostatistics 201 from UPM CPH DEBS, 2013

Lecture notes on Hypothesis Testing: One Mean for

Biostatistics 201 from UPM CPH DEBS, 2013.

Lecture notes on Hypothesis Testing: One Proportion for

Biostatistics 201 from UPM CPH DEBS, 2013.

Lecture notes on Strategies of Epidemiology for

Epidemiology 201 by M.C. Tolabing, 2013.