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UJ
MICHAEL A. HAMILTON
UNCLASSIFIED ADB951717
Weapon
DEC 1968
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contrac t with the Department of th e Army . llumnnO's mission
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•
17. OISTRIBUTIOH STATEM ENT 70.
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Staff Paper
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J EVALUATION OF THE DURATION OF FLY THROUOH
~~ OB~IrlED WHEN TRACKING WITH
I ON THE M-55 WEAPoN
I by
Albert L. Kubala
[ and
Harol d E. Christensen
OeCe'7l1BE1R.. I &i6q
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2: This Staff Paper has been prepared for dissemin.t1cn
•
, [ internal to the organization. It does not necessarily
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PREFACE
.,. -' The data presented in the paper were collected in connection
','ith research being conducted under HumRRO Work 'Jnit SKYFlRE•
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I.CCESSION lor
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BY ,. ,
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~ INTRODUCTION
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'(,0"
! rings have been labeled in the f;gure for clal·ity. The rings are not
i '~ , labeled on the sight itself. When only azi~uth is being conSidered,
- the center line of sight is equal to the bore sight ("enter of sight)
of the weapon. The ang~e between tha center line of ,-igh. and the
lin~ of sight through any speed ring is a1>lays a constant value.
_$l J. The purpose of the speed ring is, of course, to det~rmine the
amount of lead anrle necessary to compensate for the differences
,
-~, .
between the time of flight of both target and round so that the
rounds fired "ill have an optimum chance of hittir,g the target.
UnfortunateLY, no constant lead angle can be op~iml~ at all pOints
along the target's path. As the target approaches crvssover, for
example, the angular velocity of the target, relatiVe to the glli1
[ position, increases. Stated another way, as the targot approaches
crossover, it travels a continually decreasing amcu~t of actual
distance when passing through a given angular distance relative
I:
to the weapon. In pr..lctice, as a target is acquired, the gunner
may select a certain fixed lead angle (speed ring). Ilben he first
begins to fire at the target, the lead ap.,le se lecte': r.t'l:; cause the
.'';..f [ fire to lead the target. Assuming the target continues at the same
speed and direction, it should reach a point at "h i ·o;' the lead apgle
selected will place the fire (theoretically, at le~ot ) risht on the
nose of the target . As the target continues, the preni cted point
[ of fire will follow down the target until it reaches tbe tail and
eventually, as the target continue" toward crossover (midpoi.nt),
the firing point may lag the target. This same pre:ess is essentially
[ repeated in reverse as the gunner continues to track the target after
crossover . Thus, whell the speed ring sight is used, the rounds fired
would be predicted to hit the target during only a limited amount of
the time in which the target can be tracked . This period, during
1: which target hits would be predicted, is termed a "fly through". The
term "adequate . fly through" is used in this study te indicate a fly
through whic'h occurs within the effective range of the weapon.
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,," 100 200 300 400
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~. [ On +!.e ~1-18 sight, the :niles per hour values. of the speed rings
arp ..at to be interpreted direct~. Firing doctrine states that
~argets should be tracked with · a speed ring equal to 3/4 of the target
speed.lI There is, however, some question as to whether an adequate
[ f~ through can be ·obtained at all ranges following this doctrine. .
r
The question as to how much latitude is allowable in the estima
tion of target speed also further complicates the firing problem.
If, for example, there are some situations in which only a l'elati'le~
[
a f ly through, this would impose serious limitations . .
, ...
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YDepartment of the Army, Field Manual 44-57, Service of the Piece
Multiple Caliber .50 ~Achine Gun, 7 September 1951, p. 100 .
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3
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where R = Crossover ::ange.
~ = angle between crossover and line of sight using '
the chosen speed ring (when tracking the nose of
the target).
•
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.
.
V = velocity of target •
t
T = time required for round fired to reach predicted
R intercept.
',..
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L The first half of the equation--R(Tan ~ - Tan Q) --represents the
distance which the target must travel from fire to intercept as
I.~
determined by the l ead angle of the speed ring sight. The second
;1 half of the equation- -V,,(T ) - - represents ,the distance which the
target will travel based onR target speed and weapon ballistic data.
Using assumed values of target spe,ed, crossover range and speed
o. ring, the value for angle Q was obtained. The value of Q was used
to determine the distance from crossover at which the fly through
would be predicted to cvromence . To predict the end of the fly
j:. through, the quantity of 16 yds. (representing the target length)
'., was added to the product on the left side of the equation. The
value 16 yds . is, of course, arbitrary and is not intended to imply
any actual .aircraft length. It should be noted that computations
! were based on tracking the nose of ·the target, while weapon doctrine
advocates tracking center of mass . This was done because center of
mass is not an easily measurable quantity, differing as it does from
.{ '
I. one aircraft type to another . Angular areas of fly through using
this study. \
I. T;.e angles between speed rings and the center line of sight were
; deternined empirically by two diff~rent observers. The speed ring
300 11.9200
[ 400 16.918
0
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4
Crossover ranges were selected (within the effective range of
, the weapon) and fly through 'paths computed for a sample of speed
ring-target speed combinations,
I
RESULTS
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J.. 300 speed ring to track targets at a crossover range of 500 meters .
Assuming perfect tracking, the figure shows where rounds fired at
various angular distances prior to crossover would be predicted to
lead, lag, or hit the target. For instance, assume a weapon is track
4
I
ing a 404 mph target at this range with the 300 speed ring; at 25
0
1-:'"
th~ speed ring usen will obtain a hit. Under this condition, the pro
jectiles would be predicted to just hit the nose of the target at
crossover (assuming perfect tracking; . :;:he optimum speed for fly
I.
through was defined as that target speed which Yields a complete fly
through surrounding crossover. This is the longest fly' through ob
tainable in terms of both time duration and angular distance. The
, maximum speed for 'fly th:-ough was the maximum target speed at which
L
a fly through can be obtained within the weapon's effective range
which, for the computations performed, was assumed to be Boo meters .
Figure 2 illustrates the minimum, optimum, and maximum target speeds
[
for obtaining fly through under only one set of range-speed ring
conditions. Since variation in range of target had an effect on
fly through, it was felt that, fly through data should, be examined
[
across several target crossover ranges .
~Iinimum, optimum, and maximum target speeds for obtaining fly
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through at several target rangeR are presented in Table 1. In
Figures 3: 4, and 5, the minimum and maximum target speeds which
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AREA OF PREDICTED FLY THROUGH
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APPROXIMATE tIM!! OF THE EFFECTTVtRANG Ur.THE WEAPON
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TABLE 1
l.
Crossing Range Minimum Optimum Haximum Target Speed Which
and Target Target Allows a Fly Through
Speed Ring Speed Speed Within an 800 yd Slant Range
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500M - 2 222 mph 271 mph 358 mph
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'. . 3 355 mph 404 mph 624 mph
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561 mph 697 mph 3500 +mph
100M - 2 245 mpl> 517 mph 3500 +mph
'f: 3 393 mph 665 mph 3500 +mph
r~t' 4 566 mph 838 mph 3500 +mph
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LINE OF I1I1 XINUN
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TARGET SPEED (mph)
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Figure 3 , Minimum, Optimum, and Maximum Targ et Speeds Which Can Produce a
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IDEAL TARGET SP EE D
doctrine
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Figure 5, Minimum, Optimum, dnd Maximum Target Speeds Which Can Produce a
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L are predicted to produce a fly through are plotted as a f~~ction of
target crossover range. These three figures present the information
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separately for the 200, 300, and 400 speed rings.
reduced. .
"
the portion of the target path prior to crossover. A comparable fly
through pattern will also occur after crossover, but the BnBle and
duration will not be .precisely the same as for the fly through which
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•• DISCUSSION
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AREA OF PREDICTED FLY THROUGH
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APPROXIMATE LIMIT OF THE EFFECTIVE RANGE OF THE IIEAPON VI "'.,.
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DIFFERENCE (in meters) BEThlEEN THE PREDICTED POSITIONS OF ROUND Aim TARGET.
12
,
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a. No fly through will result when target speed is too
slow for the speed ring selected. From observing
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the line of minimum fly through speed in Figures 3,
4, and 5, it can be seen that the minimum target speed
to obtain fly through appearn to be linearly related
..
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to range. Although there i s some variation at differ
ent ranges, roughly speaking, fly through will not be
obtained if speed rings are used for targets slower
I. than the folloWing:
t.
•, Speed Ring ~um Target Speed
Recommended Speed£!
··..
"~
l.
200
300
215 mph
370 mph
(26 7 mph)
(400 mph)
"\, 400 530 mph (533 mph)
"
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b. At the opposite extreme, in which target speed is too
' fast for th~ speed ring selected, there is ~o sharp
cutoff point at which the fly through will not OCcur .
,. The limiting factor is generally the slant range to
" the target during fly through. Thus, high speed
targets at greater crossover range are likely to be
.~' beyond effective range when fly through O~curs. As
target speed increases, the fly through will Occur
further away from crossover; thus, underes ti~ating
target speed will be a problem primarill' "'ith high
speed targets flying at the n,ore distar.t crossove r
ranges, while overestimating target speea ~Ay be a
critical error at all ranges. Since urecc:r..mcnded"
.' ideal traokin& speeds (shown in p",·enthesi. above)
:J.:~' are quite ,close to the minimum speeds) 511 . . ".. '='ver
I estimation of target speed may cause the se le ction
I . of a speed ring which will obtain no fl:; through.
I..
In fact, if one Uses the fourth speed ri nE Rceording
; to weapon doctrine, no fly through would b. obta ined
at the crossover ranges '~loser than 400 meters (see
I':
Figure 5) .
C.
a
g/Recommended speed figures are based on the weapon doctrine that
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speed ring equal to 3/ 4 of estimated target speed should b" used .
13
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-- ' ------- - ,- ,._- -- - - -- - -._--
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It was found that both the angular distance and the time
duration of fly through decreased as the distance from
[ • crossover at fly through increased. Fly through duration
was also found to increase as crossover range decreased.
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2. ' Difficulties involved in the use of the speed ring method
to estimate lead angle.
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The findings suggest that at least two general problems .
exist in using the speed ring sight. First, since an
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inter-action between target speed and target range affects
s21ection of the proper speed ring, it may not be possible to
formulate a rule for speed ring selection which is simple
,[ . enough to be usable, yet at the same time comprehensive
enough to apply to the wide variety of potential engagement
conditi ons. Second, the predic~ed duration of fly through
.ill be relatively arrall under most conditions, and the
gunner will have no way of knowing where along the target
path the predicted fly through is supposed to occur. The
gunner will not be able to coordinate his tracking and
firing with the fly through pattern which controls his hit
probability . A consideration of the problems involved in
using the speed ring sight would suggeGt that alternative
methods of adjusting lead angle should be sought and
implemented whenever possible.
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