Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
ASSESSMENT 1
a.Business Plan
A business plan is a formal statement of business goals, reasons they are attainable, and plans
for reaching them. It may also contain background information about the organization or team
attempting to reach those goals.
b. Transaction Recording
An accounting transaction is a business event having a monetary impact on the financial
statements of a business. It is recorded in the accounting records of the business. Examples
of accounting transactions are: Sale in cash to a customer.
c.Reconciliation Processes
Reconciliation is an accounting process that uses two sets of records to ensure figures are
correct and in agreement. It confirms whether the money leaving an account matches the
amount that's been spent, ensuring the two are balanced at the end of the recording period.
d.Invoicing
An invoice is a commercial document that itemizes a transaction between a buyer and a seller.
If goods or services were purchased on credit, the invoice usually specifies the terms of the
deal, and provide information on the available methods of payment. An invoice is also known
as a bill or sales invoice.
e.Accounts payable
Accounts payable is money owed by a business to its suppliers shown as a liability on a
company's balance sheet. It is distinct from notes payable liabilities, which are debts created by
formal legal instrument documents.
f.Account receivable
Accounts receivable is a legally enforceable claim for payment held by a business for goods
supplied and/or services rendered that customers/clients have ordered but not paid for.
g.Cash Management
Cash management refers to a broad area of finance involving the collection, handling, and
usage of cash. It involves assessing market liquidity, cash flow, and investments.
h.Security Measures
Measures taken as a precaution against theft or espionage or sabotage etc. a precautionary
measure warding off impending danger or damage or injury etc
i.Banking Procedures
1. Opening the Bank Account
3. Deposit Content
4. Disbursements
5. Bonding
j.Revenue Systems
In accounting, revenue is the income that a business has from its normal business activities,
usually from the sale of goods and services to customers. Revenue is also referred to as sales
or turnover. ... This is to be contrasted with the "bottom line" which denotes net income (gross
revenues minus total expenses).
k.Financial Management System
A financial management system is the methodology and software that an organization uses to
oversee and govern its income, expenses, and assets with the objectives of maximizing profits
and ensuring sustainability.
The ACL applies nationally and in all States and Territories, and to all Australian businesses.
For transactions that occurred prior to 1 January 2011, the previous national, State and Territory
consumer laws continue to apply.
The ACL is administered by the ACCC and state and territory consumer protection agencies
and is enforced by all Australian courts and tribunals, including the courts and tribunals of the
States and Territories.
The protections in the ACL are generally reflected in similar provisions in the Australian
Securities and Investments Commission Act 2001 (ASIC Act), so that financial products and
services are treated in the same way.
The ACL is a cooperative reform of the Australian Government and the States and Territories,
through Council of Australian Governments (COAG). An Intergovernmental Agreement (IGA)
signed by the Council of Australian Governments underpins the establishment of the ACL.
The ACL was the key recommendation of the Productivity Commission’s 2008 Review of
Australia’s Consumer Policy Framework. The Productivity Commission found that the ACL could
deliver between $1.5 and $4.5 billion of benefits to the Australian community.
2. Maritime-Only Terms
CFR—Cost and Freight (named destination port)
The seller clears the goods for export and pays the costs and freight to the named port of
destination. The buyer bears risks of loss or damage.
3.Warsaw Convention
The Convention for the Unification of certain rules relating to international carriage by air,
commonly known as the Warsaw Convention, is an international convention which regulates
liability for international carriage of persons, luggage, or goods performed by aircraft for reward.
An international agreement defining the responsibilities and limiting the liability of air carriers
involved in international transport. Among other things it establishes the international liability of
air carriers and the monetary limits o loss, damage, and delay. The formal name is: The
Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to international Carriage by Air.
4.Trade Agreements
Trade agreements are when two or more nations agree on the terms of trade between them.
They determine the tariffs and duties that countries impose on imports and exports. All trade
agreements affect international trade.
Imports are goods and services produced in a foreign country and bought by domestic
residents. That includes anything shipped into the country even if it by the foreign subsidiary of
a domestic firm.
If the consumer is inside the country's boundaries and the provider is outside, then the good or
service is an import.
Exports are goods and services that are made in a country and sold outside its borders. That
includes anything shipped from a domestic company to its foreign affiliate or branch.
Bilateral trade agreements are between two countries. Both countries agree to loosen trade
restrictions to expand business opportunities between them. They lower tariffs and confer
preferred trade status with each other. The sticking point usually centers around key protected
or subsidized domestic industries.
For most countries, these are in the automotive, oil or food production industries. The United
States has 16 bilateral agreements. The Obama administration was negotiating the world's
largest bilateral agreement. It was the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership with the
European Union.
Multilateral trade agreements are the most difficult to negotiate. These are among three
countries or more. The greater the number of participants, the more difficult the negotiations
are. They are also more complex, since each country has its own needs and requests.
Once negotiated, multilateral agreements are very powerful. They cover a larger geographic
area. That confers a greater competitive advantage on the signatories. All countries also give
each other most favored nation status. They agree to treat each other equally.
The largest multilateral agreement is the North American Free Trade Agreement. It is between
the United States, Canada and Mexico. Their combined economic output is $20 trillion. NAFTA
quadrupled trade to $1.14 trillion in 2015 But it also cost between 500,000 to 750,000 U.S. jobs.
Most were in the manufacturing industry in California, New York, Michigan and Texas. For
more, see Pros and Cons of Free Trade Agreements.
The United States has one other multilateral regional trade agreement. The United States
negotiated the Central American-Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement. It was with Costa
Rica, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and El Salvador. It eliminated
tariffs on more than 80 percent of U.S. exports.
The Trans-Pacific Partnership would have replaced NAFTA as the world's largest agreement. In
2017, President Trump withdrew the United States from it.
The world almost received greater free trade from the next round, known as the Doha Round
Trade Agreement. If successful, Doha would have reduced tariffs across the board for all WTO
members.
Unfortunately, the two most powerful economies refused to budge on a key sticking point. Both
the United States and the EU resisted lowering farm subsidies. These subsidies made their food
export prices lower than those in many emerging market countries. Low food prices would have
put many local farmers out of business. When that happens, they must look for jobs in
overcrowded urban areas. The U.S. and EU refusals to cut subsidies doomed the Doha round.
It is a thorn in the side of all future world multilateral trade agreements.
The failure of Doha allowed China to gain a global trade foothold. It has signed bilateral trade
agreements with dozens of countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Chinese companies
receive rights to develop the country's oil and other commodities. In return, China provides
loans and technical or business support,
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only international institution that oversees the
global rules of trade between nations. The WTO is based on agreements signed by the majority
of the world's trading nations. The main function of the organization is to help producers of
goods and services, exporters and importers protect and manage their businesses.
Proponents of the WTO, particularly multinational corporations, believe that the WTO is
beneficial to business. Skeptics believe that the WTO undermines the principles of organic
democracy and widens the international wealth gap.
5.
The Australian Tax Office (ATO) requires businesses to submit a business activity statement
(BAS) monthly, quarterly or annually (annual GST return, if eligible).
It is used to report and pay goods and services tax (GST), pay as you go (PAYG) instalments,
PAYG withholding tax and other tax obligations.
When you register for an Australian business number (ABN) and GST, the ATO will
automatically send you a BAS when it is time to lodge. All businesses registered for GST must
lodge a BAS before the due date.
An instalment activity statement (IAS) is similar to the BAS but without GST and some other
taxes. Businesses that are not registered for GST would submit an IAS to pay PAYG
instalments.
Financial year reporting
In Australia, the financial year for tax purposes runs from 1 July to 30 June.
Businesses are required to lodge an income tax return for this period. If you operate your
business as a sole trader you can declare your business income as part of your personal
income tax return.
Goods and services tax (GST) is a broad-based tax of 10% on most goods, services and other
items sold or consumed in Australia.
Generally, businesses and other organisations registered for GST will:
● include GST in the price they charge for their goods and services
● claim credits for the GST included in the price of goods and services they buy for their
business.
Company tax
An Australian resident company is subject to company tax, at a rate set by the Australian
Government.
A non-resident company is taxed on its Australian source income at the same rate as a resident
company. Taxable income and the tax rate may vary under limited circumstances, such as
industry or business structure.
Companies
Otherwise 30
Note 1: This includes corporate limited partnerships, strata title bodies corporate, trustees of
corporate unit trusts and public trading trusts.
Pay as You Go
Pay as You Go (PAYG) instalments allow you and your business to meet your income tax
obligations.
Task 1:
Cash paid for purchase of property and equipment - Cash receipts from sale of property and
equipment
-98,300 - 49,700
= 49000
= -64000+33000
= - 31000
4. Net increase in Cash
Net Cash Flow From Operations+Net Cash Flow from Investing Activities+Net Cash flow from
Financing Activities
= 147900+49000 + (-31000)
=165900
= 165900 - 22900
= 143000
Task 2:
$
Total Revenue 13,439,785 Forecasted
2015/16 .52 $ - 2015/16
Room Service
Budget Expenses Analysis
$
Total Revenue 417,442.15 COGS $ 105,345.38 25%
$
Total Food Revenue 386,166.14 93% Staff costs $ 228,397.17 55%
Total Beverage $ Other
Revenue 34,668.69 8% Expenses $ 23,233.82 6%
$
Total Other Revenue 46,976.82 11%
Task 3: After the renovation is complete, the 10% of the unused rooms becomes available. So the staffs
rate which was decreased can be increased to some percent. Staffs are the one who brings out the
assumptions to real digits and if they are satisfied with their wages, then overall it will impact upon the
company’s performance.
Task 4:
1. Ans: The very first things that always matters if food. Whether people are coming for
accommodation or only for food, food is always served and so about the beverages. Main target
should be focused in sanitary and hygienic food. Aslo, varieties of food menus can be explored.
For this, cost of bar , mini bar and food budget should be increased managing other expenses.
Also other expenses should not be increased by decreasing staff’s costs because they are the
one if satisfied can bring out the real assumptions to actual income.
2. Ans: Food Services, beverages could be the factors that could be served and considered if the
accomodation reach to 100% as rooms are full, food and beverages are the way to enhance the
sell and earn profits.
Hotelogix offers a revolutionary new Frontdesk interface to work with at the heart of its PMS.
It is a Dynamic Tape Chart that is designed with years of research, and a closely coordinated
development with some of the best brains the industry has to offer. The result has been a
celebrated new design that hoteliers swear by for its simplicity, and flexibility that its powerful
Graphical interface offers even on a basic dial-up Internet connection.
The up-to-the-moment hotel status is displayed on screen at all times. The nice part is that
this simple status chart lets you work on it directly. So add/edit even the most complex form
of bookings, reservations; or transact check-ins, check-outs or payments on the fly within
seconds.
Hotelogix comes with unlimited built-in POS terminals and an extensively configurable Web
booking engine. The system seamlessly integrates Reservations, Front Desk,
Housekeeping, along with your Restaurants, Spa, Travel Desk etc through its built-in POS
terminals, and also your Marketing/Regional offices, select Corporate customers, and Travel
agents enabling direct transactions on a unified platform
User Management
Rates Management
Reservations Management
Online Bookings
Check-in
● Automatic allocation of rooms to guests on check-in for maximum yield and optimal usage of
Room Inventory
● Accept and post room deposits/key money
● Print guest check-in card (option to do so in bulk in advance)
● Multiple guest names and sharers per room
● Cancel Check-ins (before Night Audit)
● Group check-ins
● Negotiated room rate (with appropriate authority)
● Extending stays
● Direct Interface with online Credit Card payments
● Secure web based credit card processing
● Automatic allocation of breakfasts/meals and other add-on services for inclusive rates
Check-out
● POS system for café, convenience store, laundry, tours, travel desk etc
● POS system enables staff to accept cash sales or to post charges to the room
● POS fully integrated into guest accounts, and sales
● POS with touchscreen support and online credit card processing
● Charge additionally phone calls, movies, broadband internet etc to the guest’s account
● Can be used with almost all PABX or PBX systems (Optional) worldwide.
● Guest messages with delivery confirmations
● Task Management between departments and POS
● Process Credit Cards Throughout the System (Paypal, Authorize.net etc) - Virtual Payment
Terminal
● Sell and manage tours including ticket sales and space available.
● Sell and manage use of meeting/reception rooms in partial hour or hourly increments
● Meeting/reception room bookings. Numbers of participants, seating and table configurations
● Projector/screen/PC hire
● Provision of refreshments for meetings/receptions
● Meeting/reception room charges and billing
Housekeeping
● List of today’s check-ins, checkouts, occupied and vacancies including any repair or
maintenance notes
● Room status: dirty, clean, inspected, under repair
● Manage room status from the housekeeping area.
● Front desk staff can see real time room updated status
● Housekeeper to front desk communications
● Maid assignment to rooms
● Report of assignments
● Daily task lists for housekeepers
● Recording and reporting of defects, repairs & maintenance
● Recording that defects have been remedied, repairs and maintenance undertaken
Hotel Administration
Accounting
● General ledger
● Profit/cost centres
● Automatic direct billing from front desk
● Printing and mailing of room/monthly guest bills to companies. Statement print/email with
past due messages.
● Ability to flag accounts due for payments or payment delays
● Vendor details (mail and email addresses, phone numbers, contact names, products, prices
etc)
● Accounts payable
● Contract/subscription recurrent payables
● Cash requirements forecasting (coming soon)
● Accounts receivable
● Aged debtors
● Provisions for bad debts
● Payment of Travel Agent commission
● Audit trails (who changed, what and when)