William M. Steen Laser Material Processing With 206 Figures Springer-Verlag London Berlin Heidelberg New York Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona BudapestWilliam M. Steen James Bibby Professor of Engineering Manufacture, Mechanical Engineering-Department, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK ISBN 3-540-19670-6 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN 0-387-19670-6 Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Steen, W. M. Laser material processing. I Title 620.112 ISBN 3540196706 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Steen, William M., 1933- Laser material processing / by William M. Steen. Pom. ISBN 0-387-19670-6 1. Lasers—Industrial applications. I. Title. TA 1677.S73 1991 621.36’6—dc20 91-31113 CIP Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. © Springer-Verlag London Limited 1991 Printed in Germany The use of registered names, trademarks etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. 6913830 543210 Printed on acid-free paperTo Margaret, Pip and Mim The stimuli for this emission