A

PRESENTATION
ON OPTIMAL
LOAD SHEDDING

Submitted By
Akshay Ghotekar
PRN No:180101151001
CONTENTS

q Introduction
qElectrical energy flow
q load shedding schedule
qConventional load shedding
qIntelligent load shedding
qAffects of load shedding
qBenefits of load shedding
qDisadvantage of load shedding
qElectricity saving v/s load shedding
qConclusion
LOAD SHEDDING

ØLoad shedding is a measure of last resort to

prevent the collapse of the power system country-
wide.
ØWhen there is insufficient power station capacity
to supply the demand (load) from all the customers,
the electricity system becomes unbalanced, which
can cause it to trip out country-wide (a blackout),
and which could take days to restore.
Ø As the difference between supply and demand
becomes small, we refer to the system becoming
“tight”.
Ø This implies that action has to be taken to prevent the
system from becoming unstable.
 ELECTRICAL ENERGY FLOW
Power Generation Consumers
(Thermal, Hydro-electric, Nuclear) (Demand or Load)
(Supply) e.g: Lighting
Or -Computer/IT Equipment
Non-conventional -Industrial Processes
(Solar PV, Wind etc)

Transmission and Distribution

Network
(T & D)
Load-shedding
Demand is more than
supply
Ideally...
(Basically a Power
Shortage/Power Cut) Supply=Demand
(Power-generated=Power-consumed)

Supply
Demand
Increasing supply
Rapidly
rapidly is very difficult
increasing
SUPPLY SIDE

è Optimize T&D infrastructure

n Deploy efficient substation automation
n Upgrade to smart metering solutions

è Optimize quality and availability of supplied power

n Measure and improve delivered power quality
n Implement DG in frequently congested areas

è Influence demand consumption

n Introduce new tariff structures and smart revenue
metering
§ Provide customers with accurate and relevant
consumption data
n Establish DR programs
DEMAND SIDE
Ø Act on Users
§ Educate people on efficient use of energy
§ Act on business related procedures

Ø Act on loads
§ Replace, renovate aging loads (lighting, motors, HVAC, …)
§ Implement intelligent load control (variable speed drives,
regulation systems, lighting control, ...)

Ø Optimize quality and availability of on site power

§ Measure and improve on site power quality
§ Implement backup generation
§ Exploit co-generation means

Ø Optimize supply costs

§ Use the right tariffs according to specific load profile
§ Participate in DR programs
§ Resell excess power
 DEMAND RESPONSE

l Time-of-Use, TOU
Price-Based l Real-Time Price, RTP
options l Critical-Peak Pricing, CPP

Demand
Response
(DR)
l Capacity Market Programs/Ancillary
Services Market Programs
Incentive-Based l Demand Bidding/Buyback
options l Emergency DR programs
l Direct Load Control Programs

8
LOAD SHEDDING SCHEDULE
Ø Load shedding schedules are drawn up in advance
to describe the plan for switching off parts of the
network in sequence during the days that load
shedding is necessary.

Ø On days when load shedding is required, the

n e t w o r k s a r e s w i t c h e d o ff a c c o r d i n g t o t h e
predetermined plan, to ensure that, as far as possible,
customers experience load shedding in accordance
with the published load shedding schedules.
Ø In exceptional circumstances, if scheduled load
shedding is not achieving the required load reduction
and/or unexpected emergencies or failures occur, then
System Control Centres will shed load outside the
published schedules by using emergency switching in
order to protect the network.
PURPOSE OF LOAD SHEDDING
SHEDULE

Ø To make the schedules easier to understand and

remember
Ø To improve our ability to adhere to the planned
schedules
Ø To improve the stability and consistency of the
schedules
Ø To improve the predictability of being switched off
Ø To improve the communication of the schedules and
the status of the power system
INTELLIGENT LOAD SHEDDING

An effective load shedding approach requires a

comprehensive understanding of power system
Dynamics and process constraints, combined with
knowledge of system disturbances.
q Pre-disturbance operating conditions
Ø Total system load demand
Ø Generation of each on-site unit
Ø Spinning reserve for each on-site unit
Ø Control settings for each running unit
qB. Post-disturbance operating conditions
Ø New system load demand
Ø Remaining generation from on-site generation
Ø Spinning reserve for each remaining unit
Ø Time duration to bring up the spinning reserve
qC. Nature and duration of the disturbance:
Ø Electrical and/or Mechanical faults
Ø Complete or partial loss of power grid connection
Ø Complete or partial loss of on-site generation
Ø Location of disturbance
Ø Duration of disturbance and its termination (self
clearance, fault isolation, protection device tripping,
etc.)
qD. System transient response to a disturbance
Ø System frequency response (decay, rate of change,
final frequency)
Ø System voltage response
Ø Rotor angle stability of each remaining unit
Ø Operation of protective devices
Ø A load shedding system, which can incorporate the
above parameters into its calculation and decision
making process, must possess certain intelligence.

Ø In addition, power system modelling and simulation

software tools have been significantly improved to
perform various system analyses from a simple load
flow study to more advanced studies such as transient
stability analysis.
OBJECTIVE OF INTELLIGENT LOAD
SHEDDING

Ø Automatic recall of system configuration, operating

condition, and system response to disturbances
Ø Pattern recognition capability to predict system
response to disturbances
Ø Systems knowledgebase trainable by user defined
cases
Ø Self-learning capability to new system changes
Ø Shed the minimum amount of load to maintain
system stability
BENEFIT OF INTELLIGENT LOAD
SHEDDING
Ø Optimize load preservation
Ø Eliminate unnecessary load shedding
Ø Reduction of spinning reserve requirements
Ø Reliable load preservation system
AFFECT OF LOAD SHEDDING

The following will not be available when the electricity

supply to your home is switched off:
Ø Electric geyser and electrically heated water supplies
Ø Electric stoves, electric kettles, microwave ovens and
refrigerators Lights
Ø TV and hi-fi equipment
Ø Electrically motorised security gates and garage
doors Pool pumps
Ø Personal computers
Ø Electric air conditioning
Ø Electric alarm clocks
Ø Household electric pumps for irrigation or
plumbing systems
ØElectrically operated ignition systems on
certain gas appliances
CONSIDERATION DURING LOAD
SHEDDING
Ø Remember to reset the time control clocks on
cooking ovens, pool pumps, geysers and other
automatically controlled appliances, unless these are
battery operated.
Ø remember that householders are responsible for all
electricity usage and appliances in their homes.
Ø Ensure that your cell phone is always fully charged
when power is available.
Ø Think about transport and communication
Ø Ensure that your vehicle (car, motorcycle, etc.)
always has fuel in the tank because petrol stations
cannot pump fuel during power outages.
Ø Ensure that you have enough cash because ATMs
cannot operate without electricity.
Ø Think about access, security and safety and release
automatic electric garage door mechanisms so that
you can gain access to your property during a power
outage.
Ø Release electric security gates and switch to manual
operation to avoid being either locked out of or into
your home.
Ø Keep temporary lighting readily available, e.g.
battery powered torches and candles and make sure
you put these items in places where they will be easy
to find in the dark.
BENEFIT OF LOAD SHEDDING

Ø Demand control
Demand control involves making precisely timed load
reductions to prevent energy spikes. Savings come
from lower peak demand charges.
Ø Time-of-use management
With this approach, often called “load shifting,”
savings come from managing operations to shift
power use to nonpeak times.
qReal-time pricing (RTP) optimization
Ø Utilities that use this pricing method change their
rates frequently based on the market price of
electricity.
Ø Participating in an RTP program means that much of
the time rates are 20 to 40 percent lower, but peak
rates can be astronomical even as high as 100 times
the usual rate for short periods.
Ø Saving money involves shifting your facility’s
energy use as much as possible to lower-priced
periods and away from super-peak periods.
qDemand response
Demand response programs, which let you earn
money for reducing electricity use on demand, come
in two main favours.
Ø standby/reliability
With standby/reliability programs, you commit to
specific load reductions when the grid is under stress.
These events are infrequent and typically last two to
four hours.
q reserves/market-based
With reserves/market-based programs, participation is
usually voluntary. Instead of committing in advance
to cutting a certain number of kilowatts, you agree to
cut usage for a quoted price. Participants can decide
on a daily basis or with even shorter notice whether
they want to participate and for what amount.
DISADVANTAGE OF LOAD SHEDDING

Even though people are trying to cope with this

situation with the help of alternate energy resources
there are lots of drawbacks and disadvantages.
Ø Industries having to consume huge amounts of power
to run their machinery for bulk production of
materials cannot depend upon the alternate resources.
Ø We can look at the examples of factories being closed
down or shut down in the past due to electrical supply
not being able to meet the demand that is created.
Ø One another major problem in our society created by
load shedding is safety.
Ø People in our society not only work at day but have
night shifts as well.
Ø These people face serious threat from attackers at
night specially walking down dark narrow lanes with
no light.
ELECTRICITY SAVING

Ø Load shedding is therefore done to protect the

national power system from collapsing.
Ø Saving electricity (by using energy-efficient
appliances, switching off equipment when not in use,
using alternative sources of energy such as solar
geysers) has benefits such as reduced cost, less
pollution, the better use of natural resources (coal,
water and fuel) and less wear and tear on the power
stations, transmission and distribution systems and it
saves customers money.
Ø In these times of capacity constraints, saving
electricity also means that the load on the national
power system is reduced.
Ø This helps to stabilise the balance between the
available generation and the demand, in this way
reducing the risk of load shedding.
Ø This is why saving electricity can help to prevent the
need for load shedding, especially if customers
switch off unnecessary appliances and loads during
peak periods, and also at other times when the risk of
load shedding is high (when the Power Alert goes
into Orange, Red or Brown).
FAULT VS LOAD SHEDDING

Ø When the power goes off, it is not possible to know if

it is a fault, emergency load shedding or a scheduled
load shedding except by looking at the published
schedules.
Ø If an outage occurs at a different time to the published
schedule, or goes on for longer than the published
time, and emergency load shedding is not being
publicised in the media, it should be treated as a fault.
Ø Customers must always check the load shedding
schedules, and any outage that does not coincide with
these must be reported as a fault.
CONCLUSION

Ø Automatic load shedding is basically a last resort

backup measure. As such, it will be called on to
operate only when a highly improbable, potentially
catastrophic disturbance occurs.
Ø Our method is based on extracting a set of features
from the traffic streams to build an on-line prediction
model of the query resource requirements, which is
used to anticipate overload situations and effectively
control the overall system CPU usage, with minimum
impact on the accuracy of the results.
Ø We also intend to develop smarter load shedding
strategies that allow the system to maximize its
overall utility according to utility functions defined
by each query.
Just switch off the lights and electrical appliances
when they are not required.

THANK YOU