 Dispersed phase

I. UNIT OF MEASUREMENT  Dispersing medium

 Qualitative observations
 Quantitative measurements Properties of colloidal system:
 Le Systeme International d’ unites 1. Tyndall effect- scattering of light
- The International system for units(SI) 2. Brownian movement- change speed and
 Temperature direction erratically
 Celsius temperature scale 3. Electrical properties-uniform electrical
 Kelvin temperature scale charges
- William Thompson (Lord Kelvin) 4. Stability and Unstability- remain a true
- Absolute zero solution and coagulated by heating
- 273.15K 5. Adsoptive Property- large surface area
 Length
 Volume  Elements
 Mass  Compounds
 Dietary calorie(C)  Ions- electrically charged atoms
 Calorie(cal)
3 types:
II. MAKING MEASUREMENTS 1. Monoatomic Cations-loses electron
 Precision 2. Monoatomic Anions-gains electron
 Accuracy 3. Polyatomic Ions-electric charge
- Standard Deviation
- Percent Error  Molecules- smallest discrete units
 Physical Properties:
III. MATHEMATICS OF CHEMISTRY 1. Color
 Dimensional Analysis 2. State of Matter
3. Boiling point
4. Melting point
BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY
5. Density
6. Solubility
I. CLASSIFYING MATTER
7. Electric Conductivity
 State
8. Ductility-drawn into wire
 Kinetic-Molecular Theory
9. Viscosity-flow
3 levels of matter:
 Extensive Properties
1. Particulate- imagination
 Intensive Properties
2. Macroscopic- unaided human senses
 Physical Changes
3. Symbolic- symbols-represent
 Chemical Changes
 Energy-capacity to do work
 Pure substances
 Kinetic Energy-associated with motion
 Purified
 Potential Energy-energy stored
2 types of mixture:  Law of Conservation of Energy- created nor
1. Heterogeneous-uneven texture destroyed & total energy of the universe is
2. Homogeneous-“solutions” constant

 Colloid- homogeneous appearance II. METHODS OF SEPERATING

MIXTURES
2 separate phases:  Decantation
 - Residue & Supernatant Liquid  Non Metals
 Filtration  Metalloids- physical properties of metal but
- Residue & Filtrate chemical properties of non metals
 Evaporation  Allotropes-nonmetals distinct forms
- Residue & Evaporate
 Distillation  Formulas
- Residue & Distillate  Molecular Formula
 Absorption  Condensed Formula
- Absorbate & Absorbent  Structural Formula
 Sublimation- solid->gas  Molecular Models
 Ball-and-Stick model
ATOMS, MOLECULES AND IONS  Space-Filling model
 Dalton’s atomic theory- elements  Ionic Compounds
composed of tiny particles (Atoms) - Crystal Lattice- 3d network
1. Law of Multiple Proportions Properties of Ionic Compounds:
2. Law of Conservation of Mass 1. Force of attraction-electrostatic force
3. Law of Definite Proportions 2. Force of Repulsion-electrostatic force
 John Joseph Thompson 3. Coulomb’s Law-force of attraction or
- Electron, Cathode Ray Experiment repulsion between ions
 Ernest Rutherford  Binary Compounds-molecules from two
- Proton & Nucleus, Gold-Foil Experiment nonmetals
 James Chadwick NAMING CATIONS
- Neutron, bombarding a beryllium atom  Monoatomic Cation
with alpha particles producing Metal name + “cation”
electrically neutral particle with mass  Transition Series
slightly greater than proton Metal name(charge) + “cation”
 Robert Andres Millikan NAMING ANIONS
- Charge of electron (-1.60x10^-19), Oil-  Monoatomic Anion
Drop Experiment  Nonmetal stem name+ ide +”ion”
 Mass Number  Polyatomic Ions
A= no. of protons + no. of neutrons - containing oxygen
 Isotopes- different neutron - Oxinanions
 Isotope Abundance - “ate” largest, “ite”smallest
Percent Abundance= (no. of given atoms/
total no. of atoms) x 100% LESSON 2:
 Mass Spectrometry-determines the masses  Hydrate
of isotopes and its abundances (atomic  Law of Conservation of mass
weight)  Lavoiser,1788
 Atomic Weight
Types of chemical reactions:
THE PERIODIC TABLE 1. Combination/ synthesis reaction
 Groups/Families- vertical 2. Decomposition Reaction
1A- Alkali Metals 3. Single Replacement- activity series of
2A- Alkaline Earth Metals metals
7A- Halogens 4. Double Replacement- solubility rules
8A- Noble gases (most stable) 5. Acid-Base Reaction- “neutralization
 Periods reaction” , H2O
 Metals 6. Combustion Reaction