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Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
In the present technological revolution, power is very precious and the power system
is becoming more and more complex with each passing day. As such it becomes
necessary to transmit each unit of power generated over increasing distances with
minimum loss of power. However, with increasing number of inductive loads, large
variation in load etc. the losses have also increased manifold. Hence, it has become
prudent to find out the causes of power loss and improve the power system. Due to
increasing use of inductive loads, the load power factor decreases considerably which
increases the losses in the system and hence power system losses its efficiency.
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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS, SCET
PROJECT’17 Automatic Power Factor Correction
increases. Therefore, the use of microcontroller based power factor corrector results in
reduced overall costs for both the consumers and the suppliers of electrical energy.
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Chapter 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
Pavg = VIcosφ
Where, φ is the phase angle between the voltage and current. The term cosφ is called
the power factor. Power factor is the ration between the KW and the KVA drawn by
an electrical load where the KW is the actual load power and the KVA is the apparent
load power. It is a measure of how effectively the current is being converted into
useful work output and more particularly is a good indicator of the effect of the load
current on the efficiency of the supply system.
Apparent Reactive
Power Power
Active Power
Fig 2.1: Power Triangle
A load with a power factor of 1.0 result in the most efficient loading of the supply and
a load with a power factor of 0.5 will result in much higher losses in the supply
system. A poor power factor can be the result of either a significant phase difference
between the voltage and current at the load terminals or it can be due to a high
harmonic content or distorted/discontinuous current waveform. Poor load current
phase angle is generally the result of an inductive load such as an induction motor,
power transformer, lighting ballasts, welder or induction furnace. A distorted current
waveform can be the result of a rectifier, variable speed drive, switched mode power
supply, discharge lighting or other electronic load.
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MOTOR
CURRENT
MAGNETIZING
CURRENT
WORK CURRENT
Chapter 3
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT
3.1BLOCK DIAGRAM
The above given circuit for Automatic Power Factor detection and correction operates
on the principal of constantly monitoring the power factor of the system and to initiate
the required correction in case the power factor is less than the set value of power
factor
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PROJECT’17 Automatic Power Factor Correction
The voltage signal obtained is converted into the digital by comparator circuit since
micro controller accepts the digitized format only. This is given to the microcontroller
as one input. Similarly, for current signal, from the current transformer is converted
into voltage signal by rectification. As previously digitized the voltage signal, this
current signal in the form of voltage is also digitized by the comparator circuit.
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PROJECT’17 Automatic Power Factor Correction
These two digitized signals i.e. voltage and currents are sent to the
microcontroller as the inputs. According to the program written microcontroller
calculates the time difference between the zero crossings of these two signals. This
time difference is indirectly proportional to the system power factor. The information
about this power factor and the power loss is displayed on the LCD display. And
according to the range calculated by the microcontroller program; this drives the
relays which switches the shunt capacitors across the load.
While increasing of the inductive load by connecting the other loads like motors to
this circuit results in reduced power factor. This will make the microcontroller to
drive the more number of relays resulting in more shunt capacitors to be connected.
A zero crossing is a point where the sign of a mathematical function changes (e.g.
from positive to negative), represented by the crossing of the axis (zero value) in the
graph of the function. It is a commonly used term in electronics, mathematics, sound
and image processing. In alternating current, the zero-crossing is the instantaneous
point at which there is no voltage present. Ina a sine wave this condition normally
occurs twice in a cycle.
what direction an input signal crosses zero volts. If input voltage is a low frequency
signal, then output voltage will be less quick to switch from one saturation point to
another. And if there is noise in between the two input nodes, the output may fluctuate
between positive and negative saturation voltage ‗Vsat‘. .Here IC LM358 is used as a
zero crossing detector.
Required Capacitor
kVAR = P (Tan θ1 – Tan θ2)
We know that; IC = V/ XC
Whereas XC = 1 / 2 π F C
IC = V / (1 / 2 π F C)
IC = V 2 F C
And,
kVAR = (V x IC) / 1000 … [kVAR = (V x I)/ 1000]
We have already calculated the required Capacity of Capacitor in kVAR, so we can
easily convert it into Farads by using this simple formula
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The potential transformer here is being used for voltage sensing in the line. They are
designed to present negligible load to the supply being measured and have an accurate
voltage ratio and phase relationship to enable accurate secondary connected metering.
The potential transformer is used to supply a voltage of about 12V to the Zero
Crossing Detectors for zero crossing detection. The outputs of the potential
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transformer are taken from one of the peripheral terminals and the central terminal as
only a voltage of about 12V is sufficient for the operation of Zero crossing detector
circuit.
Like any other transformer, a current transformer has a single turn wire of a very large
cross-section as its primary winding and the secondary winding has a large number of
turns, thereby reducing the current in the secondary to a fraction of that in the
primary. Thus, it has a primary winding, a magnetic core and a secondary winding.
The alternating current in the primary produces an alternating magnetic field in the
magnetic core, which then induces an alternating current in the secondary winding
circuit.
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3.4.4 LM358
the integrated circuits containing the operational needs two power supplies, a positive
and a negative, the LM358 can be connected to one positive supply while the negative
supply is replaced by the mass . However, depending on the needs, it can also introduce
the negative power supply by connecting the leg called ground to the appropriate
generator. In feeding regime double the voltage range is ± 1.5 ÷ 16 V.
They provide the system designer with a means for implementation of the
EXCLUSIVE OR function. Logic gates utilize silicon gate CMOS technology to
achieve operating speeds similar to LSTTL gates with the low power consumption of
standard CMOS integrated circuits. All devices have the ability to drive STTL loads.
The HCT logic family is functionally pin compatible with the standard LS logic
family.
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These versatile devices are useful for driving a wide range of loads including solenoids,
relays, DC motors, LED displays filament lamps, thermal print heads and high power
buffers. The ULN2001A/2002A/2003A and 2004A are supplied in 16 pin plastic DIP
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packages with a copper lead frame to reduce thermal resistance. They are available also
in small outline package (SO-16) as ULN2001D/2002D/2003D/2004D
3.4.7 RELAY
The relays used in the control circuit are high-quality Single Pole-Double Throw
(SPDT), sealed 6V Sugar Cube Relays. These relays operate by virtue of an
electromagnetic field generated in a solenoid as current is made to flow in its winding.
The control circuit of the relay is usually low power (here, a 6V supply is used) and the
controlled circuit is a power circuit with voltage around 230V ac.
The relays are individually driven by the relay driver through a 6V power supply.
Initially the relay contacts are in the Normally Open ‘state. When a relay operates, the
electromagnetic field forces the solenoid to move up and thus the contacts of the
external power circuit are made. As the contact is made, the associated capacitor is
connected in parallel with the load and across the line. The relay coil is rated up to 8V,
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with a minimum switching voltage of 5V. The contacts of the relay are rated up to 7A
@ 270C AC and 7A @ 24V DC.
Fig:3.4.7 relay
LCD panel consist of two patterned glass panels in which crystal is filled
under vacuum. The thickness of glass varies according to end use. Most of the LCD
modules have glass thickness in the range of 0.70 to 1.1mm.
Normally these liquid crystal molecules are placed between glass plates to form a
spiral stair case to twist the light. These LCD cannot display any information directly.
These act as an interface between electronics and electronics circuit to give a visual
output. The values are displayed in the 2x16 LCD modules after converting suitably.
The liquid crystal display (LCD), as the name suggests is a technology based on the
use of liquid crystal. It is a transparent material but after applying voltage it becomes
opaque. This property is the fundamental operating principle of LCDs.
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The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328. It has 14 digital
input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz
ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button.
It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a
computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get
started.
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The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-
serial driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2)
programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.
The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power
supply. The power source is selected automatically.
External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or
battery.
Microcontroller ATmega328
Operating Voltage 5V
SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328)
EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328)
The Arduino Uno can be programmed with the Arduino software (download). Select
"Arduino Uno from the Tools > Board menu (according to the microcontroller on your
board). For details, see the reference and tutorials. The ATmega328 on the Arduino
Uno comes pre burned with a bootloader that allows you to upload new code to it
without the use of an external hardware programmer. It communicates using the
original STK500 protocol (reference, C header files).You can also bypass the
bootloader and program the microcontroller through the ICSP (In-Circuit Serial
Programming) header; see these instructions for details.
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CERAMIC
RESISTOR 4.7K 4 1
CAPACITOR .1uf 3 3
CERAMIC
TRANSFORMER 240/9V 1 55
PT
REGULATOR 7805,7812 2 10
RELAY 6V ,240V 5A 4 15
TRANSFORMER 5A 1 35
CT
DIODE IN4007 4 2
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PROJECT’17 Automatic Power Factor Correction
Chapter 4
RESULT ANALYSIS
4.1 RESULT
The expected outcome of this project is to measuring the power factor value
displaying it in the LCD and to improve power factor using capacitor bank and reduce
current draw by the load using microcontroller and proper algorithm to turn on
capacitor automatically, determine and trigger sufficient switching of capacitor in
order to compensate excessive reactive components, thus bringing power factor near
to unity ,there by improving the efficiency of the system and reducing the electricity
bill.
Fig:4.1
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Chapter 5
FUTURE SCOPE
The automotive power factor correction using capacitive load banks is very efficient
as it reduces the cost by decreasing the power drawn from the supply. As it operates
automatically, manpower is not required and this Automated Power Factor Correction
using capacitive load banks can be used for the industries purpose in the future
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PROJECT’17 Automatic Power Factor Correction
Chapter 6
CONCLUSION
The Automatic Power Factor Detection and Correction provides an efficient technique
to improve the power factor of a power system by an economical way. Static capacitors
are invariably used for power factor improvement in factories or distribution line.
However, this system makes use of capacitors only when power factor is low otherwise
they are cut off from line. Thus, it not only improves the power factor but also increases
the life time of static capacitors. The power factor of any distribution line can also be
improved easily by low cost small rating capacitor.
It can be concluded that power factor correction techniques can be applied to the
industries, power systems and also households to make them stable and due to that the
system becomes stable and efficiency of the system as well as the apparatus increases.
The use of microcontroller reduces the costs. Due to use of microcontroller multiple
parameters can be controlled and the use of extra hard wares such as timer, RAM,
ROM and input output ports reduces.
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REFERENCE
P. N. Enjeti and R Martinez, ―A high performance single phase rectifier with input
power factor correction, IEEE Trans. Power Electron.vol.11, No. 2, Mar.2003.pp
311-317
J.G. Cho, J.W. Won, H.S. Lee, ―Reduced conduction loss zero-voltage-transition
power factor correction converter with low cost, IEEE Trans. Industrial Electron.
vol.45, no 3, Jun. 2000, pp395-400
V.K Mehta and Rohit Mehta, ―Principles of power system‖, S. Chand & Company
Ltd,
International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT) Volume 3,
Issue 4, October 2013 272 Power Factor Correction Using PIC Microcontroller
www.arduino.cc
Design and Implementation of Microcontroller-Based Controlling of Power Factor
Using Capacitor Banks with Load Monitoring, Global Journal of Researches in
Engineering Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Volume 13, Issue 2, Version
1.0 Year 2013 Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal
Publisher: Global Journals Inc. (USA) Online ISSN: 2249-4596 & Print ISSN:
0975-5861
Electric power industry reconstructing in India, Present scenario and future
prospects, S.N. Singh, senior member, IEEE and S.C. Srivastava, Senior Member,
IEEE.
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ANNEXURES
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PROGRAM
Introduced in 2005, at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea, in Ivrea, Italy, it was
designed to give students an inexpensive and easy way to program interactive objects.
It comes with a simple Integrated Development Environment (IDE) that runs on
regular personal computers and allows writing programs for Arduino using a
combination of simple Java and C or C++
int x,y,r=0;
float z;//time,angle,pf,radians,pf2 relay
#define echoPin 11 // Echo Pin
#define pf1 9
#define pf2 8
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8);//LCD RS-12,En-11,D4-5,D5- 4,D6-
3,D7-2,
void setup()
{
relayinit();
usinit();
lcdstart();
digitalWrite(pf1,LOW);
}
void loop()
{
uscheck();
void usinit(void)
{
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pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);
}
void uscheck(void)
{
if(x>500)
{
delay(500);
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("THE BEST PROJECT");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("POWERFACTOR=");
lcd.print(z);
}
}
void relayinit(void)
{
pinMode(pf1,OUTPUT);
pinMode(pf2,OUTPUT);
// pinMode(overvoltrelay,OUTPUT);
}
void lcdstart(void)
{
lcd.begin(16, 2);// set up the LCD's number of columns and rows:
lcd.clear();
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ANNEXURE 2
PCB DESIGN
We are here using the software "gEDA" for designing the PCB. gEDA is a powerful
package for designing single-sided and double sided PCBs.
It provides a comprehensive range of tools including schematic drawing, schematic
capture, component placement, automatic routing, Bill of Materials reporting and
file generation for manufacturing
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