1.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: Accessory Glands (Histo) 16

INTRODUC TION o About 1.5 liters of 2saliva
is
produced per day
 This transcription contains Doc Ed’s o It is a clear, viscous fluid
Lecture on the Accessory Glands of the o Contents:
Digestive System.  Digestive Enzymes
 Lingual Lipase
TABLE OF CONTENTS  Ptyalin or Salivary
Amylase
1. Digestive System (p. 1)
 Glycoproteins, Mucins,
 Major Salivary Glands (pp. 1 – 5)
Immunoglobulins,
 Pancreas (pp. 5 – 6)
 Liver (pp. 6 – 11) Lysozymes, Proteins, and
Inorganic Ions
 Gallbladder (pp. 11 – 12)
 Salivary Corpuscles
 Degenerating
Lymphocytes and
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Granulocytes
Functions: o Functions:
 Aids in digestion
 Digestion – breaking down of food into  Solvent for substances that
simpler substances. stimulate taste buds
 Absorption – assimilation of nutrients  Facilitates speech
from digested materials.  Antibacterial
 Excretion – elimination of indigestible
materials. o Classifications:
Components:
Minor Salivary Glands Major Salivary Glands
 Digestive Tract (Alimentary Tract)
 Digestive Glands •Sma ll glands (not •Outs i de the oral cavity but
cons idered as a ccessory s ecretions empty i nto the
gl a nds of GIT) mouth vi a ducts
•Found in the lamina propria •Secrete only i n response to
Digestive Glands: a nd s ubmucosa of the oral a ppropriate stimuli (eg.
ca vi ty (eg. Buccal, Labial, naglalaway mga lalaki
 Exocrine glands that secrete substances a nd Palatine Glands) kapag nakakita ng sexy na
and enzymes responsible for chemical •Secrete continuously babae; or just thinking
digestion of food either: about food makes you
o Embedded in wall of various salivate)
segments of the digestive tract; or
o Distinct organs connected to the
digestive tract by ducts; MAJOR SALIVARY GLANDS
collectively called as Accessory
 These glands are paired
Glands of the Digestive System.
 Compound Tubuloalveolar Glands
 With well-developed duct system
Accessory Glands (component organs):
 Comprises of:
 Major Salivary Glands o Parotid Glands
 Exocrine portion of the Pancreas o Submandibular (Submaxillary)
 Liver Glands
 Gallbladder o Sublingual Glands
 Produces:
Salivary Glands: o Salivary Enzymes
o Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) –
 Ducts open into the oral cavity more than the duodenum
 Collective secretion is called Saliva

TRANSCRIBERS: Group 17B (Team MEMArk) 1

SUBTRANSHEAD: RJ Beltran
 EGF stimulates cell growth,  Striated (Secretory) Duct
proliferation, and  Union of intercalated ducts
differentiation  Simple Cuboidal or
 It inhibits HCl secretion by Columnar epithelium
the stomach  Cells exhibit basal striations
 Histologic Structure: on LM (infoldings of the
o Stroma basal plasmalemma)
 Made up of Connective  Terminal parts are
Tissue sometimes without
 Capsule striations; simply termed as
 Septa – divides the glands intralobular ducts
into:
 Lobes
 Lobules – contain
secretory alveoli
and/or tubes; have
connective tissue
elements
o Parenchyma
 Glandular Epithelium
 Duct System:

Figure 3. Striated (Secretory) Duct

 Functions of both:
 Passageway for secretions
 Modify and contribute to the
composition of saliva

Figure 1. Intralobular Ducts

o Intralobular Ducts – within the

lobule
 Intercalated Duct
 Directly drains secretory
acinus or tubule
 Squamous or Low Figure 4. Lacrimal Gland:
Cuboidal epithelium 1 – Alveoli; 2 – Duct; 3 – Myoepithelial Cell

Both are associated with


Myoepithelial Cells
 Flattened, stellate cells
 Found between secretory cells
and basal lamina
 Its processes embrace the
secretory alveoli
 Contain contractile actin
and myosin filaments
 Contractions help eject
secretions of the acini into the
ducts
o Excretory Ducts – outside the lobule
 Interlobular Duct
 Union of striated ducts
Figure 2. Intercalated Duct

TOPIC: 1. Digestive System: Accessory Glands 2

LECTURER: Dr. E. Gonzales
  Found in the interlobular
connective tissue
 Epithelium is usually
Stratified Cuboidal in the
intial segment; but becomes
Stratified Columnar as the
ducts get bigger
 Lobar Duct
 Union of interlobular ducts
 Drains an entire lobe
 Found in the interlobar
connective tissue
 Epithelium is Stratified
Columnar
 Main Excretory Duct
 Union of lobar ducts Figure 6. Parotid Gland Histological Section ( x400)
 Opens into oral cavity
 Epithelium is Stratified or
Pseudostratified
Columnar; but Stratified
Squamous in the terminal
segment

MAJOR SALIVARY GLANDS

Figure 7. Submandibular (Submaxillary) Gland

2. Submandibular (Submaxillary)
Gland
 in submandibular fossa of inner
Figure 5. Parotid Gland aspect of mandible, below floor of
oral cavity
 smaller than parotid glands
1. Parotid Gland
 capsule is thinner
 Largest of the salivary glands  Wharton’s duct
 located below and anterior to pinna of
o main excretory duct
ear at region of angle of mandible
o opens into oral cavity
 lobes and lobules are well delineated by
underneath the tongue, on side
connective tissue septa which contrain
of frenulum lingua
adipose cells
 mixed gland
 purely serous (darkly stained)
o most alveoli are serous
 well developed duct system
secreting
 main duct ( Stensen’s duct )
o mucus secreting acini
o opens into vestibule of oral cavity
 few
opposite upper second molar
 some have serous
 Involved in mumps (infection)
demilunes (of Giannuzzi)

TOPIC: 1. Digestive System: Accessory Glands 3

LECTURER: Dr. E. Gonzales
 o ducts of Rivinus
 smaller ducts
 some open independently
into sublingual papilla under
tongue
 others empty into Wharton’s
duct (of submandibular
gland)

o duct of Bartholin (larger

sublingual duct)
 union of two or more bigger
excretory duct
 drains into Wharton’s duct

Figure 8. Submandibular Gland Histological Section

(x400)

Figure 10. Major Salivary Glands

NOTE: Parotid Gland is located below and anterior to

Figure 9. Submandibular Gland Histological Section
(x400)
pinna of ear at region of angle of mandible .
Subm andibular Gland is located in submandibular
fossa of inner aspect of mandible, below floor of oral
cavity. Sublingual Gland is located on floor of the
mouth, underneath the tongue .

3. Sublingual Gland
 smallest of all major salivary
glands
 almond-shaped
 on floor of the mouth, underneath
the tongue
 mixed gland
o most acini are mucous secreting
o very few purely serous-secreting
acini
o serous-secreting cells are mostly
in forms of serous demilunes

 duct system
o not as extensive as parotid and
maxillary
Figure 11. Sublingual Gland Histological Section(x100)
o few striated and intercalated
duct

 each gland has between 8-20

main excretory ducts

TOPIC: 1. Digestive System: Accessory Glands 4

LECTURER: Dr. E. Gonzales
 PANCREAS thin layer of connective tissue
the framework that envelops the
 a vital organ for digestion of proteins and gland
lipids  “Interlobar/lobar connective
 purely serous gland (just like the parotid tissue” (the whole pancreas is
gland) considered just a single lobe)
 Septae
 “Lobular connective tissue”
 divide gland into indistinct lobules

Note: the connective tissues of the pancreas are

mostly reticular.

o Parenchyma
 Glandular epithelium
 both an exocrine and an endocrine gland
 both endocrine and exocrine components
(secretory portions) are in the lobules
 Pancreas: Endocrine portion
o Islets of Langerhans
 endocrine portion (produce
hormones)
 small aggregrations of pale
staining cells (H&E)
 over 1 M, but combined
volume only 2% of pancreas
Figure 12. Pancreas  Pancreas: Exocrine portion
o occupies 98% of lobule
o abdominal salivary gland
 Grossly:
o histologically similar to parotid
o Pinkish, soft organ (In fresh
gland
specimen)
o compound tubuloalveolar
 Length: 12-15 cm
(tubuloacinous) gland
 Weight: 60-140 g
o secretes pancreatic juice
o Parts:
 about 1.2 L/day
 Head – related to the
 contains digestive enzymes
duodenum
for protein, carbohydrate,
 Body – spans the posterior
and fat digestion
of the abdominal wall
 secretory portions are called
 Tail – related to the hilum of
pancreatic acini
the spleen
 Pancreas: Lobules

Figure 13. Pancreas Histological Section (x100)

 Histologically:
o Stroma
 Capsule Figure 14. Pancreatic Acini

TOPIC: 1. Digestive System: Accessory Glands 5

LECTURER: Dr. E. Gonzales
  Duct of Wirsung
o Pancreatic acinus  main excretory duct
 Grapelike clusters of  usually, joins
epithelial cells common bile duct to
 40-50 epithelial cells/acnius form ampulla (of
 Closely-packed low Vater), which opens
columnar or pyramidal in duodenum
cells  sometimes opens
 Surround a narrow lumen directly into
 Rest on basal lamina duodenum
 Synthesize enzymatic  Duct of Santorini
components of pancreatic  accessory excretory
juice in rER. duct
o Nucleus  sometimes open
 round directly into
 basally located duodenum
 with one or more nucleoli  sometimes drains
o Cytoplasm into main excretory
 Supranuclear: eosinophilic duct (of Wirsung)
because of zymogen
granules
 Infranuclear (Basal):
intensely basophilic dye to
rER & ribosomes
 Developed golgi complex
 Mitochondria is elongated
and sometimes impart
striations to basal region

 Pancreas: Ducts
o Intralobular duct
 Intercalated duct
 Drains an acinus
 Simple squamous
or low cuboidal
epithelium
Figure 15. Pancreatic Duct
 Modify and add to
secretion
 Centroacinar cells LIVER
o Cells of duct  largest gland in body
that usually  in adult, weighs about 1.5kg
telescope into  occupies right upper quadrant of abdomen
acinus  Functions:
o Paler-staining o Exocrine
than acinar  produces bile that emulsifies fat
cells o Endocrine
 secretes hormones including
Note: There are no striated ducts in pancreas. erythropoetin and thrombopoietin
 Erythropoetin: main regulator
o Interlobular ducts of erythropoesis
 Union of intercalated ducts  Thrombopoetin: blood volume
 Lined by simple processes
columnar/cuboidal
epithelium o Metabolic
o Pancreatic ducts  processes dietary amino acids,
 Union of interlobular ducts carbohydrates, lipids and vitamins
 Lined by simple columnar  synthesizes plasma proteins
epithelium

TOPIC: 1. Digestive System: Accessory Glands 6

LECTURER: Dr. E. Gonzales
  stores carbohydrates in form of
glycogen and releases same in form of
glucose
 detoxifies and excretes through bile
endogenous and exogenous toxic
substances
 eliminates particulate materials from
blood by phagocytosis
 Main Blood Vessels:
o Two vessels supply liver with blood
o Both enter at Porta Hepatis
 Area at interior surface where
vessels enter the liver
 Exit of common hepatic duct
 Portal vein - drains venous blood
in the liver
o Supply Vessels
 Portal Vein
 brings venous blood
from GIT for
processing
 accounts for 60-70%
of blood flow from
the liver
 Hepatic Artery
 supplies liver
parenchyma with
arterial blood
 17-20 generations of branches
 Branches accompany each other
together with tributaries of bile
duct
 Capillaries in GI tract create bigger
veins named portal vein
 Hepatic artery enters through
porta hepatis, divides
subdivides. They have same
number with portal vein.
 Terminal branches empty into liver
sinusoids
 Blood from portal vein
hepatic artery intermix ONLY IN
SINUSOIDS
o Drainage Vessels
 Hepatic veins
 blood from hepatic sinusoids
drain into their tributaries
 Inferior vena cava
 drain hepatic veins
 Histologically:
o Stroma
 connective tissue
 Reticular tissue - within
lobules
 Capsule
 a.k.a. Glisson’s capsule
 thin, fibroelastic capsule
 covered with mesothelium,
except for part that is reflected
on inferior surface of
diaphragm
 envelope the lobes and
stretchable
 Septa
 Connective tissue from capsule
penetrate organ at porta
hepatis
 Arborize extensively and divide
liver into lobules
 Polygonal
 Central vein occupies center of
lobule
 Hepatic plates
o Consist of liver cells
o Radiate outwards (radiate
from the central vein like a
spokes of the wheel)
o Interconnects with each
other and made up of
hepatocytes with one or two
cells thick
o In between hepatic plates
are spaces or delumina:
liver sinusoids
 Hepatic Sinusoids
o Fenestrated
o Between hepatic plates
 Branches of hepatic artery
and portal vein and
tributaries of bile duct
accompany each other at
connective tissue septae
o Parenchyma
 liver cells or hepatocytes
and
 Lymph Formation and Lymphatic Vessels
o Lymph
 liver produces > 1/3 of total
lymph in body
and  diffusion of plasma across
sinusoidal wall to space of Disse.
o Space of Disse
 separates sinusoids from hepatic
plates
 contains collagenous and
reticular fibers, and microvilli of
hepatocytes
 also contains perisinusoidal cells
of Ito (lipocytes; interstitial
cells; stellate cells)
 have lipid droplets that
contain vit A.
 synthesize components of
the stroma
o Space of Mall
 space between

TOPIC: 1. Digestive System: Accessory Glands 7

LECTURER: Dr. E. Gonzales
  lamina limitans (periportal  initial segment lined by
limiting plate) simple cuboidal epithelium
o incomplete wall  distal segment lined by
of hepatic plate simple columnar epithelium
exists around  Liver Architecture
portal area.
o Hepatic Lobule
 tissues of portal area
 Polygonal
 lymph from space of Disse
 Central vein
drains into this space  Occupies center of
o Lymphatic capillaries
lobule
 collect lymph from space of Mall
 First part of venous
 start as blind tubes in interlobular
circulation of liver
septa
 Portal Area
 Bile Passages  Present in three
corners of each of
hepatic lobule
 Interlobular
connective tissue
and Interlobular
branches of the
Portal triad
 Portal triad
o Portal vein
(Interlobular
vein)
o Hepatic artery
Figure 16. Bile Passages of the Liver (Interlobular
artery)
o Bile Canaliculi o Bile duct
(Interlobular
 very small tubes (0.5-
bile duct)
1.5µm in diameter)
 Hepatic Plates
 in between adjoining  Radiate outwards
hepatocytes  Consist of
 wall formed by Hepatocytes that are
invaginations of sides of two 1-2 cells thick each
apposed hepatocytes  Arranged
irregularly and
 desmosomes attach interconnect with
membranes of apposed cells each other
 receive bile secreted by
hepatocytes
o Cholangioles (Terminal
ductules; Canal of Hering)
 receives bile from bile
canaliculi at periphery of
hepatic lobule
 initial segment lined by
simple squamous epithelium
Figure 17. Hepatic Plate
 distal segment epithelium is
simple cuboidal.  Hepatocytes
o Interlobular ducts  80% of Liver’s cell
population
 part of portal triad in portal
 Metabolic and
area secretory (exocrine
 receives bile from and endocrine)
cholangioles functions

TOPIC: 1. Digestive System: Accessory Glands 8

LECTURER: Dr. E. Gonzales
  Nucleus  Clean up the
o 1 or 2; Round blood passing
to Polypoid through the
o 1 to 2 sinusoids
prominent
Nucleoli
 Cytoplasm
o Abundant,
grainy,
eosinophilic
o Numerous
organelles
 Lateral surfaces of
adjoining
Hepatocytes form
Bile canaliculus
 Sinusoidal surfaces Figure 19. Hepatic Sinusoid
are in contact with
Hepatic sinusoids

Figure 20. E - Endothelial; and K - (von) Kupffer Cells

Blood Supply of Sinusoids

 Receive both venous and arterial blood
from branches of portal vein and hepatic
artery in portal area

Portal vein → Interlobular vein → Terminal

portal venules (Perilobular venules) → Inlet
venules → Sinusoids

Figure 18. Hepatic Sinusoids

Hepatic artery → Interlobular artery
 Hepatic Sinusoids o Some branches empty directly to
 Fenestrated sinusoids
 Between Hepatic o Some branches form Capillary
plates Plexus around Bile Ductule →
 Lined by Sinusoids
endothelium that has
two types of cells:
o Endothelial
Cells
 Flattened
cells that
maintain the
integrity of
the wall
o (von) Kupffer
Cells
 Fixed
macrophages Figure 21. Blood Supply ofSinusoids
 Larger than
endothelial
cells

TOPIC: 1. Digestive System: Accessory Glands 9

LECTURER: Dr. E. Gonzales
Venous drainage of Sinusoids

Central → Sublobular → Collecting → Hepatic →

IVC

 Central veins
o Sinusoids drain into these vessel at
center of lobule
o First part of venous side of liver
circulation
 Sublobular (Intercalated) veins
o Union of neighboring Central veins
o Generally at right angles to Central
veins
 Collecting veins
o Union of several Sublobular veins
 Hepatic veins
o Union of several Collecting veins
o Empty into Inferior vena cava

The Liver can be regarded as consisting of

Classical Hepatic Lobules, Portal Lobules, or
Hepatic Acni. Figure 22. Portal Lobule (Triangle)

(Classical) Hepatic Lobule Hepatic Acini

 Polygonal  Regarded by many as true anatomical and
 Central vein – occupies center of lobule functional unit of liver
 Hepatic plates – radiate outwards  Smaller than classical hepatic lobule and
o Consists of epithelial cells called portal lobule
liver cells or hepatocytes  Ellipsoidal structure that lies between two
o 1-2 cells (in thickness) each central veins
o Arranged irregularly and  Portal area is in the periphery of hepatic
interconnect with each other acinus
o Between plates are hepatic  Mass of hepatic plates aligned around a
sinusoids backbone that is made up of the branches
o Hepatocytes of hepatic artery and portal vein just as
 Comprise 80% if cell these vessels emptsy into sinusoids
population of the liver  Emphasizes the pathophysiological aspect
 Perform all metabolic and of the liver
secretory (exocrine and  Divided into 3 zones or regions:
endocrine) functions of liver o Zone I - closest to the blood
 Hepatic sinusoids – between adjacent vessel backbone
hepatic plates  Most resistant to damage in
disease states
Portal Lobule  Cells are first to encounter
 Triangular in shape blood-borne toxins and
 Stresses the fact: The liver is an exocrine particulate materials
gland. o Zone II - sandwiched by zones I
 Bounded by 3 imaginary straight lines that and III
join central veins of 3 adjacent classical o Zone III – farthest from the blood
hepatic lobules vessel backbone
 Central area is occupied by the portal area  Most susceptible to damage
where the portal triad is located due to anoxia
 Within the portal lobule, blood flows from  Last to recover from
the center to periphery; while glandular damage
secretion (bile) flows from periphery to 
center of lobule GALLBLADDERGALLBLADDER

TOPIC: 1. Digestive System: Accessory Glands 10

LECTURER: Dr. E. Gonzales
  Simple tall columnar
with microvilli
 No goblet cells
 Lamina propria
 Devoid of true glands
except simple
tubuloalveolar glands
that secrete mucus
in the neck of
gallbladder
 Rokitansky-Aschoff
sinuses
 Some epithelial
Figure 23. Gallbladder invaginations
 Inpocketings or
 Pear-shaped, hollow viscus diverticuli (not
 Lies in the shallow depression (gallbladder glands) – does not
fossa) on the right edge of visceral surface produce anything
of liver o Muscular layer
 Stores, concentrates and acidifies, then  Poorly defined
when stimulated, it releases bile into the  Inner, mostly
duodenum longitudinally
 Parts oriented fibers (I-L)
o Fundus  Outer mostly
o Body circularly oriented
o Neck (O-C)
 Sphincter of oddi  Cholecystokinin (CCK)
o Guards the opening of ampulla of  Hormone produced
Vater (formed by union of common by enteroendocrine
bile duct and main pancreatic duct cells of small
of Wirsung) intestine
 Induces contraction
of smooth muscles
o Serosa/ adventitia
 Serosa - Outermost coat,
over the posterior and
anterior surfaces; most of
gallbladder
 Adventitia - over the
surface of gallbladder that is
related to the liver
 Ducts of Luschka
 In subserosal CT
 Located in or near
gallbladder neck
 Small tubular
channels that are not
connected to lumen
of gallbladder
 Probably aberrant
Figure 24. Sphincter of Oddi bile ducts

 Wall
o Mucosa
 Grossly with anastomosing
folds
 Epithelium

TOPIC: 1. Digestive System: Accessory Glands 11

LECTURER: Dr. E. Gonzales
 Figure 25. Gallbladder Wall Figure 26. Extrahepatic Ducts

Extrahepatic Ducts
 Hepatic ducts (right and left) Notes:
 Common hepatic duct
 Cystic duct AVOUWEVOUWEVOUWEVOUWEVOUWE OSAS.
o Main excretory duct of gallbladder
 Common bile duct
o Union of cystic and common REFERENCES:
hepatic duct
o Empties into duodenum 1. Esteban and Gonzales’ Book of Histology
o Guarded by sphincter of Oddi 2. Doc Ed Gonzales’ PPT
 Take note! 3. TillMD Trans
Usually the main pancreatic duct 4. 2019 Trans
unites with common bile duct to form
ampulla of Vater before the latter empties TEAM
into duodenum.
 All are identical histologically, except for
luminal diameter
o Mucosa
 With mucosal folds that RK
have core of connective
tissue
 No submucosa
 Epithelium
 Simple columnar
 Prominent basal
lamina
 Lamina propria
 Thin layer of mucus-
secreting cells and
sometimes serous-
secreting glands
 No muscularis
mucosae
o Muscularis externa
 Thin layer of smooth muscle
cells
o Serosa/adventitia

TOPIC: 1. Digestive System: Accessory Glands 12

LECTURER: Dr. E. Gonzales