Aa¨vq t 1  Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i ¸iæZ¡

1. ‣`bw›`b Rxe‡b Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i wKQz e¨envi D‡jøL Ki|

DËi t •`bw›`b Rxe‡b Avgiv e¨vcKfv‡e Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ e¨envi KiwQ| KviY Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ Avgv‡`i A‡bK KvR‡K mnR K‡i w`‡q‡Q| •`bw›`b
Rxe‡b cÖvq me †ÿ‡ÎB GLb Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i cÖfve Av‡Q| Zvi g‡a¨ K‡qKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ e¨envi D‡jøL Kiv n‡jvt
(K) we‡`k †_‡K mn‡RB †gvevBj †dv‡bi gva¨‡g UvKv cvVv‡bv|
(L) ‡gvevBj †dv‡bB cixÿvi djvdj †R‡b †bIqv |
(M) N‡i e‡mB B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g PvKwii `iLv¯Í Kiv|
(N) ‡gvevB‡ji gva¨‡gB †Æ‡bi wU‡KU KvUv|
(O) cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ I ZvrÿwYKfv‡e B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g †R‡b †bIqv|
G iKg cÖf„wZ †ÿ‡Î Avgiv Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³‡K e¨envi KiwQ|
2. Kg©m„Rb I Kg©cvÖ w߇Z Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Ki|
DËi t eZ©gv‡b Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ mg„× we‡k¦ Kg©m„Rb I Kg© cÖvwß GK bZzb gvÎv †c‡q‡Q| Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i wecyj weKv‡ki d‡j mgv‡Ri wewfbœ ¯Í‡i
wewfbœ ai‡bi cwieZ©‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© GKwU n‡jv bZzb Kv‡Ri my‡hvM m„wó| Z_¨ cÖhyw³i weKv‡ki d‡j wKQz mbvZbx KvR wejyß n‡q‡Q ev †ek wKQz Kv‡Ri my‡hvM m„wó
n‡q‡Q| GK M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q, cÖwZ GK nvRvi B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hv‡Mi d‡j bZzb 80wU Kv‡Ri my‡hvM m„wó n‡q‡Q| gvbyl GLb N‡i e‡mI Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i
Kj¨v‡Y Avq Ki‡Z cvi‡Q| myZivs ejv hvq, Kg©m„Rb I Kg© cÖvw߇Z Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i f~wgKv AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
3. N‡i e‡m Kxfv‡e Avq Kiv hvq- e¨vL¨v Ki|A_ev,AvDU‡mvwm©s Kx? e¨vL¨v Ki|
DËi t B›Uvi‡b‡Ui weKv‡ki d‡j eZ©gv‡b Z„Zxq we‡k¦i †`k¸‡jvi Rb¨ N‡i e‡m Ab¨ †`‡ki KvR K‡i †`Iqvq my‡hvM m„wó n‡q‡Q| we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡ki wewfbœ
cÖwZôvb Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i A‡bK KvR, †hgb-I‡qemvBU Dbœqb, iÿYv‡eÿY, gvwmK †eZb fvZvi wej cÖ¯ÍyZKiY, I‡qemvB‡U Z_¨ †hvM Kivi mdUIq¨vi •Zwi BZ¨vw`
Ab¨ †`‡ki Kg©xi gva¨‡g m¤úbœ K‡i _v‡K| GwU‡K ejv nq AvDU‡mvwm©s| B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM _vK‡j †h †KD G ai‡bi Kv‡Ri m‡½ hy³ n‡Z cv‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î Kv‡Ri
`ÿZvi cvkvcvwk fvlv `ÿZvI mgvbfv‡e cÖ‡qvRb nq| GB mKj KvR B›Uvi‡b‡U A‡bK mvB‡U cvIqv hvq| Gi g‡a¨ RbwcÖq K‡qKwU n‡jv
I‡W¯‥(www.odesk.com), wd«j¨vÝ(www.freelancer. com), Bj¨vÝ(www.elance.com) BZ¨vw`| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvq wZwik mn¯ªvwaK gy³
†ckvRxex GB mKj mvB‡Ui gva¨‡g AvšÍKg©ms¯’v‡b mÿg n‡q‡Q A_©vr, N‡i e‡m Avq Ki‡Q|
4. e¨emv-evwY‡R¨ Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i cÖfve D‡jøL K‡iv|
DËi t Rxe‡bi Ab¨ mKj †ÿ‡Îi g‡Zv Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ ev AvBwmwUi cÖ‡qvM e¨emv-evwY‡R¨ Avg~j cwieZ©‡bi m~Pbv K‡i‡Q| †h‡Kv‡bv e¨emvq g~j D‡Ïk¨
_v‡K Kg mg‡q Ges Kg Li‡P cY¨ ev †mev Drcv`b Kiv Ges `ªæZZg mg‡q Zv †fv³vi Kv‡Q †c․‡Q †`Iqv| c‡Y¨i Rb¨ KvuPvgvj msMÖn †_‡K kiæ K‡i Drcv`‡bi
Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ Kgx©‡`i e¨e¯’vcbv, Zv‡`i `ÿZvi gvb Dbœqb, Drcv`b e¨e¯’vcbv, wecYb Ges me‡k‡l cb¨ ev †mevi wewbgq g~j¨ cÖvwßi †ÿ‡Î Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM
cÖhyw³ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb †i‡L P‡j‡Q| nvW©Iq¨vi, mdUIq¨v‡ii mgwš^Z Ges D™¢vebx cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g e¨emvqxMY Zv‡`i e¨emvi Dbœq‡bi cvkvcvwk gybvdv evov‡Z
cv‡i| ZvB ejv hvq e¨emv-evwY‡R¨ Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i cÖfve mg‡qvc‡hvMx I ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
5. miKvix Kvh©Kv‡Û Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Ki|
DËi t iv‡óªi AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© GKwU A½ n‡jv miKvi| †h‡Kvb †`‡ki miKvi RbM‡Yi Rb¨ wbivc`, m„Rbkxj D™¢ve‡bi weKvk, Kg©ms¯’vb Ges m‡ev©cwi gvbyl‡K
`vwi`ª †_‡K gy³ Kivi I bvbvwea D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| miKv‡ii mvaviY Kvh©µ‡gi gZ i‡q‡Q AvBb I bxwZ cÖYqb Ges Zvi ev¯Íevqb, wewfbœ gš¿Yvjq, `ßi I
ms¯’vi gva¨‡g Kvh©µg ev¯Íevqb Ges m‡ev©cwi AvšÍ©RvwZK cwigÛ‡j wbR †`k‡K mwVKfv‡e Dc¯’vcb| GB mKj Kg© ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ miKvi †`‡ki g‡a¨ Ki I ï®‥
e¨e¯’vcbvi g‡a¨ Ges we‡`k †_‡K Aby`vb I F‡Yi gva¨‡g A_© msMÖn K‡i Ges wewfbœ ms¯’vi gva¨‡g cwiKíbvmg~n ev¯Íevqb K‡i| cÖ‡qvR‡b †emiKvix ms¯’v ev
e¨w³‡K wb‡qvM †`Iqv nq| Avi cÖwZwU KvRB Kiv nq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i mvnv‡h¨| miKvwi mKj Kv‡RB Z_¨ †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖ‡qvM i‡q‡Q|
6. wPwKrmvq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Ki| DËi t wPwKrmv ‡ÿ‡Î Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i e¨env‡ii d‡j Kw¤úDUv‡ii Øviv †ivM wbY©q I Ily‡ai gvb
wbqš¿‡Yi KvR Kiv nq| d‡j f~j nevi m¤¢vebv Kg _v‡K| †ivM wbY©‡qi Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi mdUIq¨vi cvIqv hvq| †ivMxi me jÿY I i³, g~Î BZ¨vw` cixÿvi dj
Kw¤úDUv‡i BbcyU w`‡j Kw¤úDUvi wbqwš¿Z ¯‥¨vb¨vi gw¯Í®‥ I kix‡ii Ab¨vb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© BDwbU m~²fv‡e wePvi K‡i †Kv_vI †Kv‡bv A¯^vfvweKZv Av‡Q wKbv ev _vK‡j
Kx ai‡bi A¯^vfvweKZv Av‡Q †Zv e‡j w`‡Z cv‡i| wPwKrmv QvovI nvmcvZvj I wK¬wb‡Ki cÖkvmwbK `ÿZv wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ Kw¤úDUvi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
eZ©gv‡b K¨vÝvi †iv‡Mi wPwKrmv I wUDgv‡ii MVb cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ M‡elYv KvR Kiv nq| GQvov †Pv‡Li ÿgZv wbY©q, G·-‡i BZ¨vw` A‡bK
cixÿvq KvR Kw¤úDUvi wbqwš¿Z h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ Kiv nq| m¤úªwZ wfwWI Kbdv‡ibwms, B›Uvi‡bU BZ¨vw` cÖhyw³i mvnv‡h¨ eû `~ieZ©x ¯’vb †_‡KI wPwKrmv my‡hvM cÖ`vb
I MÖnY Kiv ïiæ n‡q‡Q|
7. Kx K‡i nvRvi gvBj `~‡i †_‡KI Amy¯’ †ivMxi RwUj Acv‡ikb Kiv hvq-e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
DËi t eZ©gv‡b Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wPwKrmv‡ÿ·K GK Abb¨ D”PZvq wb‡q †M‡Q| WvUv‡e‡mi e¨envi, †Uwj‡gwWwm‡bi RbwcÖqZv I wR‡bv‡gi Avwe¯‥vi
wPwKrmv‡ÿ‡Î •ecøweK cwieZ©b G‡b‡Q| wPwKrmv‡ÿ‡Î Avgiv Av‡M †h welq¸‡jv KíbvI Ki‡Z cviZvg bv, GLb †m iKg A‡bK wKQz Avgv‡`i nv‡Zi bvMv‡j P‡j
G‡m‡Q|
eZ©gv‡b wPwKrmv‡ÿ‡Îi GKwU AmvaviY welq n‡”Q `~i †_‡K Amy¯’ †ivMxi RwUj Acv‡ikb Kiv| Wv³vi‡`i Abycw¯’wZ‡Z †iveU w`‡q Acv‡ik Kivi cÖhyw³ ïiæ n‡q
†M‡Q DbœZ we‡k¦| G c×wZ‡Z Wv³viiv `~i †_‡K Acv‡ikb mvB‡Wi w_ªwW wfD †`‡L †ive‡Ui gva¨‡g Acv‡ikb Kwi‡q †bb| d‡j AwfÁ †Kvb mvR©‡bi kvixwiK
Abycw¯’wZ‡ZI Avgiv Zvi wPwKrmv †mev †c‡Z cvwi| GK †`‡ki †ivMx Av‡iK †`‡ki Wv³vi Øviv Acv‡ikb Kiv‡Z cvi‡Q| †hLv‡b mgq I A_© `y‡UvB mvkÖq n‡”Q|
Z‡e G c×wZi cÖ‡qvM DbœZ we‡k¦ n‡jI Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i Kj¨v‡Y `ªæZ GwU mviv c„w_ex‡Z Qwo‡q ci‡e e‡j Avkv Kiv hvq|
8. M‡elbvq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Ki|
DËi t Z_¨ cÖhyw³i Kvi‡Y M‡elYvi RM‡Z ïay †h GKUv wekvj DbœwZ n‡q‡Q Zv bq ejv †h‡Z cv‡i GLv‡b m¤ú~Y© bZzb GKUv gvÎv †hvM n‡q‡Q| gvbyl GLb mvwnZ¨,
wk‡í ev mgvRweÁvb A_ev MwYZ, cÖhyw³ Avi weÁvb, hv wb‡qB M‡elYv KiæK bv †Kb Zviv Kw¤úDUvi Ges Z_¨cÖhyw³i mvnvh¨ Qvov †mB M‡elYvi K_v wPšÍvI Ki‡Z
cv‡i bv| eZ©gv‡b mKj •eÁvwbK Kg©KvÛ Kw¤úDUv‡ii Ici wbf©ikxj| c`v‡_©i AYy-cigvYyi MVb cÖK…wZ, ivmvqwbK `ª‡e¨i wePvi we‡køl‡Y, RwUj MvwYwZK wnmve-
wbKv‡k, cÖvwY‡Kv‡li MVb cÖK…wZ we‡køl‡Y, Jl‡ai gvb wbqš¿‡Y, m~‡h©i Av‡jvKgÛj I eY©gÛ‡ji †g․wjK c`v‡_©i Ae¯’vb wbY©‡q Kw¤úDUvi GKwU Aa¨vaywbK cÖhyw³|
gnvKvkhvb wWRvBb, cvVv‡bvi cwiKíbv I ev¯Íveqb Kw¤úDUvi Øviv `ªæZ mgvavb Kiv nq|

Aa¨vq t 2  Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK©

1. U‡cvjwR Kx? wPÎmn evm U‡cvjwR eY©bv Ki|
DËi t †bUIqv‡K© Kw¤úDUvimg~‡ni mshyw³i wfbœ wfbœ c×wZ ev aib‡K ejv nq U‡cvjwR|
evm U‡cvjwR‡Z GKUv g~j e¨vK‡evb ev g~j jvB‡bi mv‡_ me Kw¤úDUvi‡K Ry‡o †`Iqv nq|
 evm U‡cvjwR‡Z †Kv‡bv GKwU Kw¤úDUvi‡K hw` Ab¨ Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z Pvq Zvn‡j me Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kv‡QB †mB Z_¨ †c․‡Q w`‡Z nq| ïay mwZ¨
mwZ¨ hvi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Kivi K_v †mB Kw¤úDUvi Z_¨ MÖnY K‡i| Ab¨ me Kw¤úDUvi Z_¨¸‡jv‡K D‡cÿv K‡i|
2. wPÎmn ÷vi U‡cvjwR eY©bv Ki|
DËi t ÷vi U‡cvjwR‡Z cÖ‡Z¨KwU Kw¤úDUvi GKwU nve ev myB‡Pi gva¨‡g mivmwi hy³ _v‡K|

gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv nv‡ei gva¨‡g G‡K A‡b¨i mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM iÿv K‡i Ges WvUv Av`vb-cÖ`vb K‡i| G c×wZ‡Z GKUv Kw¤úDUvi bó n‡jI ‡bUIqvK© mPj
_v‡K| GwU Zzjbvg~jK mnR c×wZ| GB U‡cvjwR‡Z Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv GKwU †K›`ªxq nv‡ei mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K| Z‡e ÷vi U‡cvjwR‡Z †K›`ªxq nve ev my BP bó n‡j cy‡iv
†bUIqvK© APj n‡q c‡o|
3. wPÎmn wUª U‡cvjwR eY©bv Ki|
DËit g~jZ ÷vi U‡cvjwRi m¤úªmvwiZ iƒc wUª U‡cvjwR|

GB U‡cvjwR‡Z GKvwaK nve e¨envi K‡i Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv‡K GKwU we‡kl ¯’v‡b mshy³ Kiv nq hv‡K e‡j iæU|
4. wPÎmn ‡gk U‡cvjwR eY©bv Ki|
DËi t †gk U‡cvjwRi †ÿ‡Î †bUIqv‡K©i Aaxb¯Í cÖ‡Z¨KwU Kw¤úDUvi G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ GKvwaK c‡_ hy³ _v‡K|

5. ivDUv‡ii KvR Kivi c×wZ eY©bv Ki|

DËi t ivDUvi (Router) kãwU G‡m‡Q Route kã †_‡K| ivDUvi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© hš¿, hv nvW©Iqvi I mdUIq¨v‡ii mgš^‡q •Zwi K‡i| GwU †bUIqvK© •Zwii
Kv‡R e¨envi Kiv nq| B›Uvi‡b‡Ui AmsL¨ †bUIqvK©‡K mgš^q K‡i| GKB ‡cÖv‡UvK‡ji Aax‡b Kvh©iZ `ywU †bUIqvK©‡K mshy³ Kivi Rb¨ ivDUvi e¨eüZ nq|
eZ©gv‡b B›Uvi‡b‡U AmsL¨ ivDUvi i‡q‡Q| ivDUv‡ii cÖavb KvR WvUv ev DcvˇK c_ wb‡`©kbv †`Iqv| awi A‡÷ªwjqvq Aew¯’Z †Kv‡bv eÜz‡K B-‡gB‡ji gva¨‡g †KD
GKwU Qwe cvVv‡Z Pvq| QwewU K‡qKwU WvUv c¨v‡K‡U wef³ n‡q B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g †mB eÜzi Kw¤úDUv‡i †c․Qv‡e| cÖwZwU WvUv c¨v‡K‡U MšÍe¨¯’‡ji wVKvbv mshy³
 _v‡K| B›Uvi‡bU †h‡nZz Rv‡ji g‡Zv †MvUv c„w_ex Ry‡o we¯Í…Z, ZvB wewfbœ WvUv c¨v‡KU wewfbœ c‡_ MšÍ‡e¨ †c․Qv‡Z cv‡i| GKwU WvUv c¨v‡KU †Kv‡bv GKwU ivDUv‡i
†c․Qv‡j cieZ©x †Kvb c‡_ AMÖmi n‡j WvUv mn‡R Ges `ªæZ MšÍ‡e¨ †c․Qv‡e Zvi c_wb‡`©k †`q H ivDUvi|
6. ‡Zvgvi we`¨vj‡qi `kwU Kw¤úDUvi I GKwU wcÖ›Uvi e¨env‡ii Rb¨ GKwU U‡cvjwR hyw³mn mycvwik Ki|
DËi t Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© e¨env‡ii GKwU eo myweav n‡jv wi‡mvm© †kqvwis| A_©vr †bUIqv‡K©i mv‡_ mshy³ wcÖ›Uvi ev ¯‥¨vbvi¸‡jv †bUIqvK©fy³ cÖwZwU Kw¤úDUvi
e¨envi KiZ cv‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î cÖwZwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii Rb¨ Avjv`v ¯‥¨vbvi ev wcÖ›Uv‡ii cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|
‡Zgwb Avgv‡`i we`¨vj‡qi `kwU Kw¤úDUvi I GKwU wcÖ›Uvi e¨envi K‡i hw` GKwU †bUIqvK© MVb Kiv hvq Z‡e †mB `kwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii GKwU wcÖ›UviB h‡_ó| `kwU
Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K wcÖ›U Ki‡Z `kwU wcÖ›Uv‡ii cÖ‡qvRb n‡e bv| G‡Z UvKv mvkÖq n‡e Ges ¯’vb msKzjvb wb‡qI Sv‡gjv n‡e bv| Avi G‡ÿ‡Î Avgiv ÷vi U‡cvjwR
e¨envi Ki‡Z cvwi, †hLv‡b †K›`ªxq Kw¤úDUviwUi mv‡_ wcÖ›UviwU mshy³ _vK‡e| GB U‡cvjwR e¨env‡ii hyw³ n‡jv- GwU Lye `ªæZ •Zwi Kiv hvq| U‡cvjwRi †Kvb
Kw¤úDUvi bó n‡jI †bUIqvK© Pvjy _v‡K| Avi †K›`ªxq Kw¤úDUvi ev nve bó n‡j †mwU wVK Ki‡jB †bUIqvK© mPj n‡q hvq|
Aa¨vq t 3  Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i wbivc` I •bwZK e¨envi
1. g¨vjIq¨vi Kx? g¨vjIq¨vi Kxfv‡e KvR K‡i?
DËi t g¨vjIq¨vi GKwU ÿwZKviK †cÖvMÖvg ev mdUIq¨vi hv Kw¤úDUv‡i e¨eüZ Ab¨ mdUIq¨v‡ii Kvw•LZ Kg© m¤úv`‡b evavi m„wó K‡i|
‡h mKj Kw¤úDUv‡i wm‡÷g mdUIq¨v‡ii wbivcËv e¨e¯’vi ÎæwU _v‡K, †mme †ÿ‡Î g¨vjIq¨vi mgm¨v m„wó nq| †Kej wbivcËv ÎywU bq wWRvB‡b Mj` _vK‡jI
mdUIq¨viwU‡K AKvh©Ki Kivi Rb¨ g¨vjIq¨vi •Zwi Kiv m¤¢e nq| eZ©gv‡b we‡k¦ cÖPwjZ Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi g‡a¨ DB‡ÛvR Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi g¨vjIq¨v‡ii msL¨v
Ab¨vb¨ Avcv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi Zzjbvq †ewk| Gi GKwU KviY we‡k¦ DB‡ÛvR e¨enviKvixi msL¨v †ewk| DB‡ÛvR Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi †fZ‡ii Lei †KD Rv‡b bv|
Kv‡R †Kv‡bv fyj ev Mj` †KD †ei Ki‡Z cvi‡j ‡m †mwU‡K e¨envi K‡i g¨vjIq¨vi ‣Zwi Ki‡Z cv‡i| B›Uvi‡b‡Ui weKv‡ki Av‡M g¨vjIq¨v‡ii msL¨v LyeB Kg
wQj| hLb †_‡K B›Uvi‡b‡Ui weKv‡ki Av‡M g¨vjIqvi‡K Qwo‡q †`Iqv m¤¢e n‡”Q, ZLb †_‡KB g¨vjIq¨v‡ii msL¨v e„w× cv‡”Q|
2. g¨vjIq¨v‡ii cÖKvi‡f` eY©bv Ki|
DËi t g¨vjIq¨vi mvaviYZ wZb cÖKvi| h_v-
1. Kw¤úDUv‡i fvBivm
2. Kw¤úDUvi Iqvg©
3. ‡UªvRvb nm©
(K) Kw¤úDUvi fvBivm t Kw¤úDUvi fvBivm n‡jv GK ai‡bi ÿwZKviK †cÖvMÖvg ev md&UIq¨vi| Kw¤úDUvi fvBivm nvW©Iq¨v‡ii md&UIq¨vi B›Uvi‡dm bó K‡i, wW¯‥
dvBj bó K‡i, A‣eafv‡e wm‡÷‡g AbycÖ‡ek K‡i|
(L) Kw¤úDUvi Iqvg© t Kw¤úDUvi Iqvg© n‡jv GKai‡bi ÿwZKviK †cÖvMªvg ev wb‡R †_‡KB †bUIqvK© †_‡K †bUIqv‡K© Qwo‡q c‡o Ges †bUIqvK©fz³
Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv‡K AvµvšÍ K‡i Kv‡Ri ÿwZ K‡i|
(M) †UªvRvb nm© t †UªvRvb nm© n‡jv GK ai‡bi ÿwZKviK QÙ‡ekx mdUIq¨vi| e¨enviKvix hLb mij wek¦v‡m QÙ‡ekx md&UIq¨viwU Pvjy K‡i ZLb mv‡_ mv‡_
Kw¤úDUv‡i jyKvwqZ †UªvRvbwU Kvh©Ki n‡q hvq| d‡j †UªvRvbwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii wewfbœ dvBj aŸsm K‡i bZzb bZzb †UªvRvb Avgv`vwb K‡i|
3. g¨vjIq¨vi †_‡K wKfv‡e wb®‥…wZ cvIqv hvq?
DËi t we‡kl ai‡bi Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvg e¨envi K‡i fvBivm, Iqvg© wKsev †UªvRvb nm© BZ¨vw` †_‡K wb®‥…wZ cvIqv hvq| G¸‡jv‡K ejv nq Gw›U-fvBivm ev Gw›U
g¨vjIq¨vi mdUIq¨vi| evRv‡ii wewfbœ ai‡bi Gw›U-fvBivm mdUIq¨vi wewfbœ g¨vjIq¨v‡ii weiæ‡× Kvh©Kix| mKj fvBivm †cÖvMÖv‡gi wKQz mywbw`©ó aib ev c¨vUvb©
i‡q‡Q| Gw›U mdUIq¨vi G ai‡bi c¨vUv‡b©i GKwU ZvwjKv msiÿb K‡i| hLb Gw›U-g¨vjIq¨vi mdUIq¨vi‡K KvR Ki‡Z †`Iqv nq ZLb †mwU Kw¤úDUvi wm‡÷‡g‡i
wewfbœ dvB‡j we‡kl bKkv Luy‡R †ei K‡i Ges Zvi wbR¯^ ZvwjKvi m‡½ Zzjbv K‡i| hw` GwU wg‡j hvq Z‡e GwU‡K fvBivm/g¨vjIq¨vi wn‡m‡e mbv³ K‡i Ges
fvBivmwU‡K A‡K‡Rv K‡i iv‡L ev gy‡Q †d‡j|
4. ‡Zvgvi Kw¤úDUvi fvBivm Øviv AvµvšÍ n‡j Zzwg Kx e¨e¯’v MÖnY Ki‡e?
DËi t Kw¤úDUvi fvBivm n‡jv GK ai‡bi ÿwZKviK mdUIq¨vi ev g¨vjIq¨vi hv cybiƒrcv`‡b mÿg Ges GK Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K Ab¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i msµwgZ n‡Z
cv‡i| Kw¤úDUvi fvBivm AvµvšÍ n‡j Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g cybivq Bb÷j Kiv Qvov Zv e¨envi Kiv wec`&RbK| Z‡e fvBivm AvµvšÍ Kw¤úDUvi‡K mvwi‡q †Zvjvi Rb¨
†ek K‡qKwU c×wZ i‡q‡Q| Gi GKwU n‡jv Gw›UfvBivm e¨envi K‡i fvBivmwU‡K A‡K‡Rv K‡i ivLv ev gy‡Q †djv| hw` †Kvb Kw¤úDUv‡i Ggb †Kvb fvBivm _v‡K hv
Gw›UfvBivm mdUIq¨v‡ii c‡ÿ gy‡Q †djv m¤¢e bv, Z‡e Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g cybivq Bb÷j Kiv Riæwi|
5. Kw¤úDUvi n¨vwKs/n¨vKvi Kx? Zv‡`i cÖKvi‡f` e¨vL¨v Ki|
DËi t n¨vwKs ej‡Z †evSv‡bv nq mswkøó KZ©„c‡ÿi ev e¨enviKvixi webv AbygwZ‡Z Zvi Kw¤úDUvi wm‡÷g ev †bUIqv‡K© cÖ‡ek Kiv| hviv GB KvR K‡i Zv‡`i‡K
ejv nq Kw¤úDUvi n¨vKvi| bvbvwea Kvi‡b GKRb n¨vKvi A‡b¨i Kw¤úDUvi wm‡÷‡g Abyc‡Ö ek Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gi g‡a¨ UvKv Kvgv‡bv, cÖwZeva wKsev P¨v‡jÄ Kivi
welqI i‡q‡Q|
n¨vKvi m¤úª`vq wb‡R‡`i bvbvb `‡j fvM K‡i _v‡K| Gi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q n¨vU n¨vKvi, eø¨vK n¨vU n¨vKvi, †MÖ n¨vU n¨vKvi BZ¨vw`|
†h mKj n¨vKvi †Kv‡bv wm‡÷‡gi DbœwZi Rb¨ D³ wm‡÷‡gi wbivcËv ÎæwUmg~n Lyu‡R †ei K‡i Zv‡K Gw_K¨vj n¨vKviI e‡j|
eø¨vK n¨vU n¨vKv‡ii KvR n‡”Q A‣eafv‡e †Kv‡bv e¨enviKvixi Kw¤úDUvi wm‡÷g ev †bUIqv‡K© cÖ‡ek K‡i Amr D‡Ïk¨ mvab Kiv|
wewfbœ †`‡k n¨vwKs‡K Aciva wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq| evsjv‡`‡k Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ AvBb 2006 (ms‡kvwaZ 2009) Abymv‡i n¨vwKs Gi Rb¨ 3 †_‡K 7 eQ‡ii
Kviv`‡Ûi weavb i‡q‡Q|
6. cvmIqvW© e¨env‡ii cvuPwU myweav wjL|
DËi t B›Uvi‡b‡U wewfbœ I‡qe mvBU e¨env‡ii ¸iæZ¡c~Y© GKwU welq n‡jv cvmIqvW©| GwU e¨env‡i wewfbœ myweav i‡q‡Q| cvmIqvW© e¨env‡ii cvuPwU myweav D‡jøL Kiv
n‡jvÑ
(K) cvmIqvW© e¨envi K‡i wb‡Ri GKvD›UwU myiwÿZ ivLv hvq| Zv bv n‡j †h †KD †mB AvBwWwU e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
(L) n¨vKvi‡`i nvZ †_‡K evuPv hvq|
(M) wb‡Ri AbjvBb cwiPq †Mvcb ivLv hvq|
(N) mvBevi Acviv‡ai nvZ †_‡K iÿv cvIqv hvq|
(O) Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i wbivc` I •bwZK e¨envi wbwðZ nq|
7. mvBevi hy× ej‡Z Kx eyS? ms‡ÿ‡c eY©bv K‡iv|
DËi t `yB †Kv¤úvwbi ga¨Kvi cvi¯úwiK msNvZ‡K ejv nq mvBevi hy×| AbjvB‡b ïay †Kv¤úvwbi g‡a¨ bq e¨w³MZ ch©v‡qi msNvZ †_‡K ïiæ K‡i A‡bK mgq
msNvZ eo AvKvi aviY K‡i GKwU `j ev †Mvôx wKsev GKwU ‡`‡ki mv‡_ Ab¨ †`‡ki hy× †j‡M †h‡Z cv‡i|
mvBevi Aciva GKwU bZzb ai‡bi Aciva Ges GB Aciva‡K Kxfv‡e wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z n‡e †m e¨vcv‡i eZ©gvb we‡k¦ e¨vcKfv‡e M‡elYv Kiv n‡”Q| GQvov mvBevi
Aciv‡ai Rb¨ Kxiƒc kvw¯Í n‡e Zv fwel¨‡Z Rvbv hv‡e| wKš‘z GB ai‡bi msNvZ wbim‡bi Rb¨ AbjvB‡b me cÿ‡K Ac‡ii weiæ‡× MVbg~jK mgv‡jvPbv Kiv DwPZ
Ges D¯‥vwbg~jK cÖPviYv †_‡K weiZ _vKv DwPZ|
8. cvmIqv‡W©i †MvcbxqZv Kxfv‡e iÿv Kiv hvq?
 DËi t B-‡gBj, eøM wKsev †dmey‡K wb‡Ri GKvD›U †hb Ab¨Rb e¨envi Ki‡Z bv cv‡i †mRb¨ mZK© _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| G‡ÿ‡Î cÖ‡Z¨K mvB‡U †XvKvi †ÿ‡Î †h
cvmIqvW©wU e¨envi Kiv nq, †mwUi †MvcbxqZv iÿv KivI Riæwi| cvmIqv‡W©i †MvcbxqZv iÿv Kivi Rb¨ K‡qKwU wUcm n‡jvÑ
(K) mswÿß cvmIqv‡W©i cwie‡Z© `xN© cvmIqvW© e¨envi Kiv| cÖ‡qvR‡b †Kv‡bv wcÖq evK¨I e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
(L) wewfbœ ai‡bi eY© e¨envi Kiv A_©vr †Kej †QvU nv‡Zi Aÿi e¨envi bv K‡i eo nv‡Zi Ges †QvU nv‡Zi eY© e¨envi Kiv|
(M) ‡ewki fvM AbjvBb mvB‡U cvmIqv‡W©i kw³gËv hvPvB‡qi my‡hvM _v‡K| wbqwgZ †m my‡hvM Kv‡R jvwM‡q cvmIqv‡W©i kw³gËv hvPvB Kiv Ges kw³gËv Kg n‡j Zv
evwo‡q †bIqv|
(N) A‡b‡KB e¨envi K‡ib (†hgb mvBevi K¨v‡d, BDwbqb Z_¨ I †mev †K›`ª) Ggb wm‡÷g e¨envi Ki‡j Avmb Z¨v‡Mi c~‡e© mswkøó mvBU †_‡K jM AvDU Kiv|
(O) A‡b‡KB cvmIqvW© g¨v‡bRvi e¨envi K‡ib| †hgb Iastpass, Keepass BZ¨vw` G¸‡jv e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
(P) wbqwgZ cvmIqvW© cwieZ©‡bi Af¨vm M‡o †Zvjv|
9. mvBevi Aciva Kx? K‡qKwU mvBevi Aciva eY©bv Ki|
DËi t Z_¨cÖhyw³ I B›Uvi‡bU e¨envi K‡i †h Aciva Kiv nq Zv‡K mvBevi Aciva e‡j| G Aciva GKwU bZzb ai‡bi Aciva|
G gyn~‡Z©i cÖPwjZ K‡qKwU mvBevi Aciva wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv :
¯ú¨vg : ¯ú¨vg n‡”Q hš¿ w`‡q •Zwi Kiv AcÖ‡qvRbxq, D‡Ïk¨g~jK wKsev AvcwËg~jK B-‡gBj, hv cÖwZgyn~‡Z© Avgv‡`i Kv‡Q cvVv‡bv n‡”Q|
cÖZvibv : mvBevi Aciv‡ai GKwU eo Ask n‡”Q cÖZvibv| fzj cwiPq ev fzj Z_¨ w`‡q mvaviY gvby‡li Kv‡Q bvbv fv‡e †hvMv‡hvM Kiv nq Ges Zv‡`i‡K bvbv fv‡e
cÖZvwiZ Kiv nq|
AcwËKi Z_¨ cÖKvk : A‡bK mgq BbUvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g A‡bK gvbyl m¤ú‡K© fzj ev AvcwËKi Z_¨ cÖKvk K‡i ‡`Iqv nq| †mUv †h‡Kv‡bv Amr D‡Ï‡k¨ n‡Z cv‡i|
AvcwËKi Z_¨ cÖKvk Kivq evsjv‡`‡k K‡qKevi B›Ui‡b‡U †dmeyK ev BDwUD‡ei gZ RbwcÖq †mev eÜ ivL‡Z n‡qwQj|
ûgwK cÖ`k©b : B›Uvi‡b‡Ui B-‡gBj ev mvgvwRK mvB‡U A‡b‡K wewfbœfv‡e wewfbœRb‡K R¡vjvZb K‡i| †h‡n‡Zz B›Uvi‡b‡U GKRb‡K Av‡iKR‡bi gy‡LvgyLx n‡Z nq bv
ZvB GRb¨ PvB‡jB Ab¨‡K ûgwK cÖ`k©b Kiv hvq|
mvBevi hy× : e¨w³MZ ch©v‡q GKR‡bi mv‡_ Av‡iKR‡bi msNvZ A‡bK mgq Av‡iv eo AvKvi wb‡Z cv‡i| GKwU `j ev †Mvôx GgbwK GKwU †`k bvbv Kvi‡bi
msNe× n‡q Ab¨ GKwU `j, †Mvôx ev `‡ki weiæ‡× GK ai‡bi mvBevi hy× †NvlYv Ki‡Z cv‡i| G‡K mvBevi hy× e‡j|
10. Z_¨ cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i Kxfv‡e `yb©xwZ wbimb Kiv hvq?
DËi t Z_¨‡K msiÿY, e¨envi Avi cÖwµqv Kivi Rb¨ cy‡ivcywi Z_¨cÖhyw³i AvIZvq Avm‡Z n‡e| †Kv‡bv cÖwZôv‡bi Z_¨‡K msiÿY I cÖwµqv Kivi cy‡iv c×wZUv‡K
Z_¨cÖhyw³i AvIZvq Avbvi d‡j †Kvbv A‣ea Avw_©K †jb‡`b Kiv n‡j †mwU cÖwZôv‡bi g~j Z_¨fvÛv‡i P‡j Avm‡Q Ges ¯^”QZvi Kvi‡Y †mwU Ab¨‡`i †Pv‡Li mvg‡b
P‡j Avm‡Q| †m Kvi‡Y `yb©xwZcivqY ‡jvK ev cÖwZôvb A‡bK mgq Z_¨cÖhyw³ e¨envi Ki‡Z Pvq bv| d‡j Z_¨ cªhyw³ e¨env‡ii Kvi‡Y †h‡Kv‡bv cÖwZôv‡bi `yb©xwZ
wbimb m¤¢e n‡”Q|
11. Z_¨ AvwaKvi I Z_¨ AwaKvi AvBb Kx? e¨vL¨v Ki|
DËi t hLbB wew”Qbœfv‡e cÖvß DcvË mymsMwVZ nq, ZLb †mwU Z‡_¨ cwiYZ nq| e¨w³, cÖwZôvb, miKvwi ev †emiKvwi ms¯’v cÖwZbqZ wewfbœ Z_¨ m„wó K‡i| ivóªxq
Kvh©vewji m‡½ m¤ú„³ Ges RbM‡Yi Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ Rvbvi AwaKviB n‡jv Z_¨ AwaKvi| 2013 mvj ch©šÍ we‡k¦i 93wU †`‡k GB RvZxq Z_¨ Rvbv‡K AvBwb
AwaKvi wnmv‡e ¯^xK…wZ ‡`Iqv n‡q‡Q| G‡K Z_¨ AwaKvi AvBb e‡j| GB Rb¨ †m mKj †`‡k Z_¨ AwaKvi AvBb cÖbxZ I ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k Z_¨ AwaKvi
AvBb 2009 mvj †_‡K ejer i‡q‡Q| Z_¨ AwaKvi AvB‡b Z_¨ cÖvw߇K e¨w³i wPšÍv, we‡eK I evK¯^vaxbZvi c~e©kZ© wnmv‡e wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Z_¨ AwaKvi AvB‡b Z_¨ ej‡Z †Kv‡bv KZ…c‡ÿi MVb, KvVv‡gv I `vßwiK Kg©KvÛ msµvšÍ †h‡Kv‡bv ¯§viK, eB, bKkv, gvbwPÎ, Pzw³, Z_¨-DcvË, jMeB, Av‡`k,
weÁwß, `wjj, bgybv, cÎ, cÖwZ‡e`b, wnmve weeiYx, cÖKí cÖ¯Íve, Av‡jvKwPÎ, AwWI, Aw¼ZwPÎ, wdj¥, B‡jKÆwbK cÖwµqvq cÖ¯ÍyZK…Z †h‡Kv‡bv Bb÷ªy‡g›U, hvwš¿Kfv‡e
cvV‡hvM¨ `wjjvw` Ges †f․wZK MVb I •ewkó¨ wbwe©‡k‡l Ab¨ †h‡Kv‡bv Z_¨en e¯‘ ev G‡`i cÖwZwjwc AšÍfz©³ Kiv n‡q‡Q|

Aa¨vq t 4  ‡¯úªWwk‡Ui e¨envi

1. ‡¯úªW wkU I ‡¯úW wkU †cÖvMÖvg Kx? e¨vL¨v Ki|
DËi t †¯úªWwk‡Ui AvwfavwbK A_© n‡jv Qov‡bv eo gv‡ci KvMR| e¨emvq cÖwZôv‡bi Avw_©K wnmve msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ G ai‡bi KvMR e¨envi Kiv nq| G KvM‡R QK
K‡i (mvwi I Kjvg) GKUv e¨emvq cÖwZôv‡bi c~Yv© ½ Avw_©K wPÎ Zz‡j aiv hvq| eZ©gv‡b KvM‡Ri †¯úªWwk‡Ui ¯’vb `Lj K‡i‡Q mdUIq¨vi wbf©i †¯úªWwkU †cªvMÖvg|
Gi d‡j bvbv Kv‡R †¯úªWwk‡Ui e¨envi RbwcÖq n‡q D‡V‡Q|
mËi `k‡Ki †k‡li w`‡K A¨vcj †Kv¤úvwb me©cÖ_g wfwmK¨vjK (VisiCale) ‡¯úªWwkU mdUIq¨vi D™¢veb K‡i| cieZ©xKv‡j gvB‡µvmdU G‡·j (Microsoft
Excel) , I‡cb Awdm K¨vjK (Open Office Cale) ‡K‡¯úªW (Ksapread) bv‡gi †¯úªWwkU mdUIq¨vi D™¢vweZ nq| eZ©gv‡b eûj e¨eüZ I RbwcÖq
†¯úªWwkU mdUIq¨vi n‡jv gvB‡µvmdU †Kv¤úvwbi G‡·j (Excel)|
‡¯úªWwkU †cÖvMÖvg n‡jv GK ai‡bi Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvg| GwU‡K KL‡bv KL‡bv IqvK©veyK ejv nq| G‡K GKwU †iwR÷vi LvZvi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
GKwU †iwR÷vi LvZvq †hgb A‡bK¸‡jv c„ôv _v‡K, †Zgwb GKwU IqvK©ey‡K A‡bK¸‡jv IqvK©wkU _v‡K| G‡KUv IqvK©wk‡U eû msL¨K mvwi I Kjvg _v‡K|
Kjvg¸‡jv‡K A, B, C...... bvg w`‡q Ges mvwi¸‡jv‡K Bs‡iwR 1, 2, 3..... w`‡q Ges wb‡`©wkZ _v‡K| †QvU †QvU Ni¸‡jv ejv nq †mj (Cell) | GKwU IqvK©wk‡U
AmsL¨ †mj _v‡K| IqvK©wk‡U †Kv‡bvwKQz wjL‡Z n‡j Zv †m‡j wjL‡Z nq|
2. ‡¯úWwkU mdUIq¨vi e¨env‡ii D‡Ïk¨ ¸‡jv wjL|
DËi t wewfbœ wkÿv cÖwZôvb, e¨emvq cÖwZôvb GgbwK wb‡Ri mvsmvwiK wnmve-wbKv‡kI LvZv Kj‡g wnmve Ki‡Z †M‡j ïay mg‡qiB AcPq nq bv, fzj nIqvi
m¤¢vebvI _v‡K A‡bK| eo eo wnmve Ki‡Z †M‡j wewfbœ mgm¨vi m¤§yLxY n‡Z nq| cÿvšÍ‡i †¯úªWwkU mdUIq¨vi e¨envi K‡i wecyj cwigvY DcvË wb‡q KvR `ªæZ I
wbfzj
© fv‡e Kiv hvq| G mdUIq¨vi e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g wnmv‡ei KvR wbfz©jfv‡e Kiv hvq| G mdUIq¨v‡i m~Î e¨env‡ii my‡hvM _vKvq wnmv‡ei KvR ¯^qswµqfv‡e m¤úbœ
nq| GKB m~Î evievi cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq e‡j cÖwµqvKi‡Yi mgq Kg jv‡M| Dcv‡Ëi wPÎiƒc †`IqvI G mdUIq¨v‡i Lye mnR| †¯úªWwkU mdUIq¨v‡ii gva¨‡g WvK
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi wVKvbv I B-‡gBj wVKvbvi e¨e¯’vcbv I msiÿY mn‡R Kiv hvq|
3. ‡¯úW wkU mdUIq¨vi e¨env‡ii †K․kj eY©bv Ki|
DËi t †¯úªWwk‡U IqvK©wk‡Ui wMÖW Kjvg I mvwi AvKv‡i _v‡K| cÖwZwU Kjv‡gi wk‡ivbvg GK ev GKvwaK Bs‡iwR eY© w`‡q Ges cÖwZwU mvwi msL¨v w`‡q wb‡`©wkZ
_v‡K| Gi Øviv cÖwZwU †m‡ji wVKvbv ev †idv‡iÝ w`‡q †evSvq Kvm©iwU Kjv‡g b¤^i mvwi‡Z Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q| †h †Kv‡bv †m‡j Kvm©i †i‡L Aÿi ev msL¨v
UvBc Kiv hvq| wK †ev‡W©i A¨v‡iv wK e¨envi K‡i Av‡k cv‡ki †h‡Kv‡bv †m‡j †bqv hvq| GQvov U¨ve ev G›Uvi wK †P‡cI Kvm©i‡K wewfbœ †m‡j †bqv hvq| Avevi
gvDm e¨envi K‡i GKev‡i †h †Kv‡bv †m‡j Kvm©i‡K †bqv hvq| Gici †mLv‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq eY© ev msL¨v msewjZ DcvË UvBc Kiv hvq|
4. ‡¯úªWwkU G †hvM we‡qvM Kiv myweavRbK †Kb?
DËi t †¯úªWwkU G †hvM we‡qvM Kiv LyeB myweavRbK| KviY †¯úªWwkU G wnmv‡ei KvR `ªæZ I wbfyj
© fv‡e Kiv hvq| G mdUIq¨v‡i m~Î evievi cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq e‡j
cÖwµqvKi‡Yi mgq Kg jv‡M| †hvM I we‡qvM Kiv hvq e‡j cÖwµqvKi‡Yi mgq Kg jv‡M| †hvM I we‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ Avjv`v m~Î Av‡Q| †mB m~Î e¨envi K‡i A‡bK
DcvË wb‡q GKev‡i KvR Kiv hvq| GKevi m~Î e¨envi K‡i †`evi ci DcvË ms‡hvRb ev we‡qvRb Ki‡j djvdj mqswµqfv‡e cwie©wZZ nq| ZvB †¯úªWwkU G Lze
mn‡R Ges `ªæZ †hvM I we‡qv‡Mi KvR Kiv hvq|
5. cixÿvi djvdj msiÿY I cÖKv‡k †¯úªWwkU e¨envi ‡Kb myweavRbK?
DËi t Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvg Øviv †h †Kvb ai‡bi †h †Kvb msL¨K DcvË Aí mg‡q m¤úv`bv Kiv, wnmve Kiv Ges cÖwZ‡e`b •Zwi Kiv hvq| Gi d‡j bvbv Kv‡R
†¯úªWwkU e¨envi RbwcÖq n‡q D‡V‡Q|
cixÿvi djvdj msiÿY I cÖKv‡k †¯úªWwkU e¨envi A‡bK myweavRbK| KviY GKwU ¯‥z‡j A‡bK QvÎ-QvÎx _v‡K| GK wkÿve‡l© Avevi GKvwaK cixÿv _v‡K| G
mKj cixÿvi djvdj Kiv KvMR¸‡jv nvwi‡q †h‡Z cv‡i, bó n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ G‡ÿ‡Î hw` Kw¤úDUvi wbf©i †¯úªWwkU †cÖvMÖvg e¨envi Kiv nq Z‡e mn‡RB me
RwUj wnmve wbKvk K‡i cixÿvi djvdj cÖKvk Kiv hvq| †¯úªWwkU dvBjwU Kw¤úDUv‡i msiÿY Kiv hvq Ges Kg †jvKe‡j mg¯Í cÖwµqvwU m¤úbœ Kiv hvq|
Aa¨vq t 5  wkÿv I •`bw›`b Rxe‡b B›Uvi‡b‡Ui e¨envi

1. ‣`bw›`b Rxe‡b B›Uvi‡b‡Ui myweav/e¨envi eY©bv Ki|

DËi t B›Uvi‡b‡Ui Kj¨v‡Y †MvUv| c„w_ex AvR gvby‡li nv‡Zi gy‡Vvq| Kv‡RB B›Uvi‡b‡Ui myweav wj‡L †kl Kiv hv‡e bv| wb‡P wKQz mywbw`©ó e¨envi D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv-
(K) B›Uvi‡b‡Ui mvnv‡h¨ mve©ÿwYK Avgiv Rvbv©j, g¨vMvwRb, eB, Le‡ii KvMR, bvbv iKg c‡Y¨i weÁvcb, wegvb, †ij BZ¨vw`i mgqm~wP AvenvIqvi Lei, †Ljvi Lei
BZ¨vw` Rvb‡Z cvwi|
(L) B›Uvi‡bU e¨envi K‡i `ªæZ MwZ‡Z c„w_exi †h‡Kvb cÖv‡šÍ K‡qK †m‡K‡Ûi g‡a¨ B‡jKÆwbK wPwV Av`vb-cÖ`vb Kiv m¤¢e|
(M) B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gv`¨‡g AwZ mn‡R wewfbœ wewfbœ iKg Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv hvq|
(N) we‡bv`‡bi †ÿ‡Î BbUvi‡bU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L| Gi mvnv‡h¨ †iwWI, †Uwjwfkb, wm‡bgv BZ¨vw` Dc‡fvM Kiv hvq|
(O) wRwcGm e¨envi K‡i KviI Ae¯’vb m¤ú‡K© Rvbv hvq| d‡j wewfbœ iKg `ybx©wZ cÖwZ‡iva Kiv hvq|
2. wkÿv½‡b/wkÿvq B›Uvi‡b‡Ui cÖfve eY©bv Ki|
DËi t Avgv‡`i Rxe‡bi me‡ÿ‡ÎB †h‡nZz B›Uvi‡b‡Ui GKUv cÖfve Av‡Q, ZvB wkÿv‡ÿ‡ÎI †h Zvi GKUv eo cÖfve _vK‡e Zv‡Z †Kv‡bv m‡›`n †bB| Avgv‡`i ¯‥zj
K‡j‡Ri †h eBwU cowQ, †mwU cÖ¯‘Z Kivi mgq B›Uvi‡bU‡K e¨vcKfv‡e e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| ïay ZvB bq,G eB Ges Ab¨ mKj cvV¨eB GbwmwUwei I‡qemvB‡U ivLv
Av‡Q| †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y eBwU nvwi‡q †M‡j †h‡Kv‡bv gû‡Z© eBwU wb‡Ri e¨env‡ii Rb¨ WvBb‡jvW K‡i ‡bIqv hv‡e|
Avgv‡`i †`‡k wkÿvi e¨vcv‡i B›Uvi‡bU‡K e¨vcKfv‡e e¨envi Kiv nq| cvewjK cixÿv †k‡l cixÿvi djvdj mivmwi B›Uvi‡bU †_‡K cvIqv hvq| cixÿvi ci
fwZ©i Rb¨ B›Uvi‡bU e¨envi Kiv nq| wewfbœ ¯‥zj K‡j‡Ri Z_¨ I B›Uvi‡bU †_‡K cvIqv hvq| †`‡ki AmsL¨ ¯‥zj‡K cwiPvjbv Kivi Rb¨I B›Uvi‡bU‡K e¨envi Kiv
nq| wkÿve¨e¯’v cwiPvjbv Kiv QvovI mivmwi wkÿvi e¨vcv‡i B›Uvi‡b‡Ui eo f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| cvV¨eB‡qi †Kv‡bv GKwU wbw`©ó welq eyS‡Z bv cvi‡j B›Uvi‡b‡Ui
mvnv‡h¨ ‡bIqv hvq|
wkÿvq we‡kl K‡i weÁvb wkÿvq Avgv‡`i bvbv ai‡bi cixÿv ev G·‡cwi‡g›U Ki‡Z nq| A‡bK †ÿ‡Î cixÿvwU Kxfv‡e Kiv hvq Zvi GKwU KvíwbK cÖ`k©b Kiv
m¤¢e| GB welq¸‡jv e¨w³MZfv‡e GKRb ev GKwU cÖwZôv‡bi c‡ÿ M‡o †Zvjv m¤¢e bq| wKš‘ mevi mw¤§wjZfv‡e M‡o †Zvjv ÁvbfvÛvi B›Uvi‡b‡U i‡q‡Q, ZvB
weÁv‡bi A‡bK G·‡cwi‡g›U †hwU Av‡M Kv‡iv c‡ÿ Kiv m¤¢e wQj bv GLb †mwU B›Uvi‡b‡U Lyu‡R cvIqv hv‡e|
3. B-‡gBj Kx? Kxfv‡e B-‡gBj cvVv‡bv nq?
DËi t B-‡gBj K_vwUi gv‡b n‡jv B‡jKUªwbK †gBj ev B‡jKUªwbK wPwV| B-‡gB‡ji gva¨‡g Avgiv †Kvb †jLv ev Qwe Ab¨ †h †Kv‡bv B-‡gBj wVKvbvq
B‡jKUªwbKfv‡e cvVv‡Z cvwi| hv‡`i B-‡gBj wVKvbv _v‡K Zv‡`i cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki GKwU K‡i †gBj e· _v‡K| †Kv‡bv wVKvbv †_‡K †gBj G‡j Zv †gBj e‡· Rgv _v‡K|
B-‡gBj Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi KvR¸‡jv av‡c av‡c Ki‡Z n‡e-
(K) cÖ_‡g Kw¤úDUvi/AvBwmwU hš¿ B›Uvi‡b‡Ui mv‡_ mshy³ Ki‡Z n‡e|
(L) B›Uvi‡bU eªvDRvi Pvjy K‡i †h I‡qemvB‡U B-‡gBj wVKvbv i‡q‡Q †mwU‡Z cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z n‡e|
(M) wb‡Ri B-‡gBj wVKvbv UvBc K‡i I cvmIqvW© w`‡q wb‡Ri wVKvbvq cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z n‡e|
(N) Compose ‡jLv‡Z wK¬K K‡i B-‡gBj †g‡mR •Zwi Ki‡Z n‡e|
(O) ‡gB‡ji mv‡_ Ab¨ †Kv‡bv dvBj cvVv‡Z PvB‡j A¨vUvP wb‡`©k w`‡q Zv A¨vUvP Ki‡Z n‡e|
(P) B-‡gBj cÖvc‡Ki wVKvbv, CC, Bcc BZ¨vw` UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e|
(Q) Send evU‡b wK¬K K‡i †gBjwU cvVv‡bv n‡e|
4. B‡gBj wKfv‡e GUvP‡g›U cvVv‡bv nq?
DËi t cÖ_‡g B-‡gBj †g‡mR •Zwi Ki‡Z n‡e| AZtci A¨vUvP‡g›U †jLv ev Gi AvBK‡bi Ici wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| Zvn‡j GKwU I‡cb c„ôv Avm‡e| †h dvBjwU
A¨vUvP Ki‡Z PvB Zv wm‡j± K‡i gvDm w`‡q Open Gi Ici wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| Zvn‡j dvBjwU †gB‡ji mv‡_ A¨vUvP n‡q hv‡e|
5. Ôcø‡Uv MÖn bqÓ- G wel‡q Rvb‡Z Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ Kxfv‡e mvnvh¨ Ki‡e eY©bv Ki|
DËi t B›Uvi‡b‡U cÖvq mKj welq m¤ú‡K©B Z_¨ msiwÿZ _v‡K| GLb †KD hw` cøy‡Uv m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z Pvq Zvn‡j †m mn‡RB B›Uvi‡b‡U G m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Z_¨
cv‡e| B›Uvi‡bU †N‡U †m Rvb‡Z cvi‡e †h, MÖn n‡Z †h mg¯Í •ewk‡ó¨i cÖ‡qvRb nq Zvi me¸‡jv cøy‡Uvi †bB| ZvB 2006 mv‡j Zv‡K ‡m․iRM‡Zi MÖn ZvwjKv †_‡K
ev` †`evi wmÜvšÍ nq| Z‡e cøy‡Uv‡K evgb MÖn (Minor plants)-Gi ¯^xK…wZ †`qv n‡q‡Q|
myZivs Ôcøy‡Uv MÖn bqÕ-G welqwU Rvb‡Z Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ Avgv‡`i mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i|