Modeling of non linear loads and estimation

Of harmonics in domestic appliances 2018-2019

CONTENT
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 LINEAR AND NON LINEAR LOADS

1.2 HARMONICS
1.21 EFFECTS OF HARMONICS

1.22 CORRECTIVE ACTIONS

1.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 TITLE : DG penetration for household
non-linear loads as a solution
2.2 TITLE: The harmonic calculation model non-

linear load

2.3 TITLE : Harmonics estimation and modeling of

residential and commercial loads

2.4 TITLE : Harmonics – Effects, Causes And

Minimization

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER 4
4.1 APPLICATION
4.2 ADVANTAGES
4.3 DISADVANTAGES
CHAPTER 5 REFERENCES

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ABSTRACT

In recent years, power quality has become a predominant issue for research ,contributing a
majority from residential loads. As the new technologies in house hold appliances are developed
with solid state switching devices, it introduces non linearity into a system causing harmonics,
voltage fluctuation, poor power factor etc. This can be eliminated to a remarkable extent by using a
standalone solar system with a battery backup to supply lighting and frequently used essential low
power device. Penetration of Distributed Generation (DG) into the system improves the reliability
of power supply, possibly at lower cost over a period of time. The effectiveness of the use of
standalone DG for household applications is discussed in this project with a view to decrease the
Total Harmonic Distortion on the line when they are operated with ac supply.
This project aims to study the effect of residential non-linear loads in terms of harmonics. Few non-
linear loads THD are measured practical and the same load are implemented with the equivalent
circuits on MATLAB/Simulink platform. Stand alone solar power fed Dc supply were proposed to
overcome the effects of harmonics from non-linear loads.

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Modeling of non linear loads and estimation
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

RECENT days there are various types of house hold appliances like personal computer, laptop charger, LED,
CFL lamps etc. which work on low voltage dc supply. The number of electrical appliances used in a typical
household has grown year by year rapidly. All these type of nonlinear loads introduces harmonics into the system.
Earlier, harmonics produced by domestic loads in a grid are ignored because of very low disturbances. But, these
new loads becoming advanced and increasing in number from the past few years. However significant number of
such devices and large number of household will have a negative influences causing distortion, dips and
harmonics in electricity network . Harmonics are existing from the earlier days of industry and still are caused by
the nonlinear magnetizing impedances of transformers, reactors, fluorescent lamp ballasts, etc.
In addition, power electronic devices have become abundant today and because of their capabilities for precise
process control and energy savings benefits.

1.1 LINEAR AND NON LINEAR LOADS

For linear load applied voltage is directly proportional to current & its impedance is maintained constant along the
whole alternating period .If load is considered as non-linear if its impedance changes with the applied voltage. The
changing impedance means that the current drawn by the non-linear load will not be sinusoidal even when it is
connected to a sinusoidal voltage. These non-sinusoidal currents contain harmonic currents that interact with the
impedance of the power distribution system to create voltage distortion that can affect both the distribution system
equipment and the loads connected to it. In the past, non-linear loads were primarily found in heavy industrial
applications such as arc furnaces, large variable frequency drives (VFD), heavy rectifiers for electrolytic refining,
etc.

Voltage and current waveforms for linear loads Voltage and current waveforms for non-linear loads

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1.2 Harmonics
Day by day, Harmonic problems are now common in not only industrial applications but in domestic applications
as well. This is due primarily to new power conversion technologies, such as the Switch-mode Power Supply
(SMPS), which can be found in virtually every power electronic device (computers, servers, monitors, printers,
photocopiers, telecom systems, broadcasting equipment, banking machines, etc.). The SMPS is an excellent power
supply, but it is also a highly non-linear load. Their proliferation has made them a substantial portion of the total
load in most commercial buildings.

In the power electronics devices the deviation of the voltage & current waveform from sinusoidal is described in
the terms of waveform distortion , often expressed as harmonic distortion. Harmonics are created where non-linear
load from non-sinusoidal current from a sinusoidal voltage source are generated by purpose of active components
.Harmonics distortion is caused by non-linear devices in power system where driven frequency is the power
system fundamental component.

Harmonics are electric voltage & current or electric power system that can cause power quality problems. Because
equipment & machinery can be malfunctioning or fail in the pressure of high harmonics voltage and current level.
Harmonics are created by electronic equipment with nonlinear loads drawing in current in abrupt short pulses. The
short pulses cause distorted current waveforms, which in turn cause harmonic currents to flow back into other
parts of the power system. Harmonics are especially prevalent when there are many personal computers, laser
printers, fax machines, copiers, or medical test equipment, fluorescent lighting, uninterruptible power supplies
(UPSs), and variable speed drives all on the same electrical system.
Harmonics degrade the level of power quality and its efficiency, particularly in a commercial building or industrial
facility. In general, most buildings can withstand nonlinear loads of up to 15% of the total electrical system
capacity without concern.

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1.21 Effects of Harmonics

1.Power factor
Harmonics increase the distortion factor i.e., increase the apparent power(S) required by the system, while the
”effective” real power at the fundamental frequency.

2.Conductor losses
The magnetic field generated by the harmonics current flowing in the conductor induces on the conductor itself
eddy current, which modify the current distribution displacing it towards the periphery.

3.Skin effect
The magnetic property of confining alternating current towards the outer area of conductor, the higher that AC
current. This “effective” reduced area (compared to real cross-sectional area of the conductor), will mean higher
resistive losses directly proportional to frequency.

4.Motors and Generators

A part from being a possible cause of harmonics, generators themselves can be affected by other harmonic
Sources, in terms of efficiency losses, overheat, derating.
One of the main reasons is the high impedance of generators that will transfer easily current harmonic
distortion into voltage harmonic distortion (i.e., affecting other loads supplied from that source).

5.Transformers
The same effects of core losses and copper losses (windings) described for motors above, appear for the case of
transformers.
Also triplen harmonics in the neutral conductor of a Delta-Wye distribution transformer can dangerously over heat
them. There is also a potential risk of resonance between transformer inductance and supplied capacitive loads, at
the harmonics frequencies. Laminated transformers cores can also vibrate at certain harmonic frequencies, causing
audible noise and overheat. Transformer windings can be affected also by Proximity Effect: two close conductors
carrying alternating current in the same direction, cause more magnetic flux in the area close to both conductors,
causing the current distribution to the more distant areas of these two conductors. This effect of reduced
“effective” area, similarly to Skin Effect, is proportional to frequency, so for higher order harmonics the AC
resistance of winding conductors will be further increased, i.e., added losses.

6.Circuit breakers and fuses

Since thermal-magnetic tripping mechanism in circuit breakers responds proportionally to rms current, a highly
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Then, for the case of non-linear loads, it may be necessary to derate fuse selection.Moreover, higher order
harmonics can cause skin-effect and proximity effect in the internal construction of the fuse, so additional
unwanted overheat.

1.22 CORRECTIVE ACTIONS

1. Transformers
Transformers by themselves, or forming part of active front-ends (as we will see in next section for multi-pulse
Converters), can have the ability to cancel certain load harmonics. In fact, what they do is to discriminate certain
Harmonics to circulate upstream in the installation, rather than eliminate them.

2. Reactors (AC line, or DC link)

Harmonics pollution of non-linear loads (for example a VFD, see Fig.10) can be minimized by placing series
inductor (reactor), either to the AC line, to the DC link circuit, or both, with the ability of filtering upstream
harmonic current, and also decoupling the line voltage distortion from that at the non-linear load side. Either of
these added elements can limit also current peaks.

3. Passive harmonic filter

Passive harmonic filters consist usually of resonant filters composed of Inductors and Capacitors (and sometimes
Damping resistors) tuned to cancel or trap a certain harmonic frequency, usually of low order (5th, 7th, 11th,..). A
Harmonic Passive Filter is added (inductors Ls, capacitors CS), to minimize the current distortion at PCC. Such
effect is obtained by tuning the resonance frequency of LS-CS at that 5th harmonic. If other harmonic frequencies
were needed to cancel in a same installation, additional passive filters (L, C) would need to be added, tuned at
those different harmonics.

4. Active harmonic filter

Active harmonic filters are power electronic equipments to cancel (or reduce) current harmonic pollution of an
Installation. The working principle consists in measuring the current harmonics of the load, and generate in real-
time the same harmonics but in phase opposition, in such way that the addition of both currents seen from the
electrical installation contains nearly no harmonics, but only the fundamental f1

This yields to THD

lowering, at levels typically below 5%.They also have the capability of reducing reactive power of the load, i.e.,
increasing power factor to nearly 1. Due to its design and working principle, the distortion minimization is
achieved for all load levees (within active filter capacity), and they are not affected by resonances non line
impedances.

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1.3 Block diagram

AC POWER DIGITAL
SUPPLY POWER CONVERTER OSCILLOSCOPE OUTPUT
(Non-linear loads)

Fig 1

Fig 1.1

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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 TITLE : DG penetration for household non-linear loads as a solution
AUTHOR: S. Poongothai and Srianth
YEAR: 2016
DESCRIPTION:
These days various types of power electronic devices, working on low voltage DC supply such as personal
computer, laptop charger, CFL lamps etc are commonly used. Over years of time the utilization of electrical
appliances has increased swiftly.

Distributed Generation (DG) uses smaller size generators where electricity is generated by wind, solar PV, fuel
cells etc.

Grid Integration of solar PV is performed through inverter. This inverter connection can lead to induction of
harmonics and voltage fluctuations in the distribution system, resulting in drop of efficiency. The voltage
fluctuations due to irradiation, cloud cover or shading leads to instability of the PV system for grid connection.
Due to such disadvantages and frequent maintenance, standalone PV systems are preferred.

Standalone PV systems do not depend on the electric grid. They consist of photovoltaic cells, charge controller
which manages the energy flow to the PV system, batteries loads and a battery bank to meet the load demand
when solar energy is not available. Here simulation is carried out on low power DC appliances using
MATLAB/Simulink with solar photovoltaic energy as input. The outcome of simulation analysis is verified using
an experimental setup built up with low power appliances (mobile charger, LED, laptop and printer) with ac and
dc power supply. The measurement of total harmonic distortion is done using power quality analyzer. The result
of the experimental findings showed that the THD reduced to a good extent when the standalone DC system was
used rather than AC supply.

2.2 TITLE: THE HARMONIC CALCULATION MODEL NON-LINEAR LOAD

AUTHOR: Wenbo SU, Zhaxoiang LI , Zhenguo SHAO

YEAR: 2014

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DESCRIPTION:
With more and more nonlinear load the harmonic effect have become adverse. Harmonic current produced by non
linear load spread into power grid affects the voltage quality of the whole system. In recent years there are several
methods of nonlinear load modeling such as transfer matrix independent component analysis , least square
approximation and neural

Network. This model considers more about mechanism of harmonic generated by harmonics source and the
impact of harmonic voltage on harmonic current.

The precision of those models rely heavily on determinate operating condition measured . the model parameters
should be recalculated when the operating condition changes . thus their exist an infinite number of model
parameter . the different types of modeling discussed in this paper are mathematical model , power source model,
current source model & impedance current source model. The nonlinear load model will affect the computing
result of harmonic power to the harmonic

power flow although the harmonic power of single nonlinear load a small the large amount of nonlinear load will
change the distribution of load flow quit large in regional power network therefore difference in load model make
cause great influence on the harmonic flow calculation.

2.3 TITLE : HARMONICS ESTIMATION AND MODELLING OF RESIDENTIAL AND

COMMERCIAL LAODS

AUTHOR: R .D. Patidar & S P. Singh

YEAR: 2009

DESCREPTION:
The harmonics have been present in power system since the inspection of AC system, due to design and
operational constraints of the electrical machines, transformers, etc. These issues where less significance because
of the limited magnitude and duration of harmonics. however now days the issue has become more significant due
to ever increasing use of equipment residential , commercial and industrial which as sensitive to power system
disturbances , energy conditioning , economic aspects , the increase in awareness of power quality .

The Effective elimination of harmonics from distribution system has become important for the utilities and the end
users to avoid the sever situations. one method for local harmonic control utilizes passive and/or active harmonic

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filters . the survey can provide a fairly better idea about harmonic problem and its location . in this and attempt is
being made identify the harmonics existing in the distribution system and their effects of on loads .

2.4 TITLE : Harmonics – Effects, Causes And Minimization

AUTHOR: Ramon Pinyol

YEAR: 2015

DESCRIPTION:
This paper discusses concepts related to harmonics. It contains information on harmonic indicators and
measurements, adverse effects of harmonics, corrective actions.

2.5 TITLE : Modeling of Nonlinear Loads And Analysis of Harmonics in a Small Scale IT
Parks

AUTHOR: O. Deepu and T.K Sindhu

YEAR: -

DESCRIPTION:
In this paper modeling of some of the harmonic producing loads (CFL, Computer load, Uninterrupted Power
Supply) in the IT sector are discussed. Simulation models of these non linear loads with respect to the voltage and
current waveforms are developed from laboratory testing. Harmonic analysis for the whole system is done on the
basis of Total Harmonic Distortion.

The case study on the harmonic effect of nonlinear loads of a small scale IT Park is carried out in the computer lab
of electrical department at NIT Calicut, Kerala, India.

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CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
Step1: The performance characteristics of non linear loads are carried out using experimental
analysis. The nonlinear loads here used are CFL bulb, printer, laptop charger, mobile charger.
When the nonlinear loads are connected to AC supply power quality is disturbed.

Step2: The percentage of harmonics will be obtained and then verified with simulation analysis
(MATLAB/Simulink). Since the non linear loads such as CFL bulb, printer, laptop charger, mobile
charger do not exist in the library of MATLAB/Simulink its equivalent circuit will be simulated.

Step3: The performance characteristics obtained from both experimental analysis and using
MATLAB will be compared.

Step4: If the result of comparison is obtained in approximate level, then the AC power supply is
replaced by DC power supply.
Practical
analysis of non
linear loads

Stimulation
analysis

Performance
analysis will be
compared

AC power supply
replaced by Standalone
DC
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COMPONENT SPECIFICATION
1. Printer
Rated voltage : 230V
Rated Current : 2A

2. AC Adapter
Input: AC 120V, 60Hz, 15W
Output: DC 12V, 500mA

3. USB mini charger

Input: AC 100-240V 50Hz, 0.2A
Output: DC 5V, 550mA

4. Laptop Charger
Input: AC 100-240mV, 1.5A, 50Hz
Output: DC 19V, 3.42A

5. Mobile charger
Input: AC 100-240V, 50Hz, 0.2A
Output: DC 5V, 0.7A

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CHAPTER 4

4.1. APPLICATION

1. Where ever DC gadgets are used we can use this method to reduce harmonics.

4.2 ADVANTAGES
1. Harmonics are reduced.
2. Efficiency is increased.
3. Power quality is increased.
4. This method can be applied for all non linear loads.

4.3 DISADVANTAGES
1. Relying on solar power supply is not feasible, backup is essential.

5. REFERENCES
1] Sergey Yanchenko and Jan Meyer, “Harmonic Emission of household devices in presence of typical voltage
distortion”, pp. 1-6, IEEE,29 June to 1 July 2015.
[2] Lauri Kutt, Eero Saarijiarvi, Matti Lehtonen, Heigo Molder and Toomas Vinnal, “Harmonic load of residential
distribution network – case study monitoring result”, IEEE, pp.93-98, 2014.
[3] V. Becirovic, B. Nikolic, S. Hanjalie, M. Brkic, “Modeling a group of consumers in order to analyses power
quality”, pp. 1-7, 6-8 June, 2013.
[4] Rakesh Saxena, Karuna Nikum, “Comparative study of different residential illumination appliances based on
power quality”, pp. 1-5, 6-8 Dec 2012.
[5] Lj. Arsov, I. Ilazi, S. Mircevski, M. Cundeva-Blajer, A.Abazi, “Measurement of the influence of household
power electronics on the power quality”, 15 international power electronics and motion control conference, EPE-
PEMC, pp.1-7, 4-6 Sept 2012.

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