Conceptual Literature

The study aims to determine the effectiveness of hagonoy as an

alternative medicine for wound treatment, wherein the independent variable

is hagonoy, and the dependent variable is wound treatment.

Vijayaraghavan et. al. (n.d.) stated that wounds are physical injuries to

the skin that take various forms including lacerated wounds, bruises, burns,

etc. Based on the physiology of wound healing and its various phases, wounds

can be classified as open or closed wounds, and acute or chronic wounds

(Meenakshi et al. 2006; Nagori and Solanki 2011). The proper healing of

wounds is essential for restoration of disrupted anatomical integrity and

altered function of the affected area (Edlich et al. 2005). Healing is a complex

and difficult process initiated in response to an injury that serves to restore

the function and integrity of the damaged tissues (Wietecha and DiPietro

2013). Chronic wounds, in particular, are a major concern for animals,

humans and clinicians, as they affect a large number of patients, leading to a

significant reduction in their quality of life (Hostetler et al. 2006; Belmont et

al. 2010).

Mercandetti (2013) asserted that wound healing is a complex and

dynamic process of replacing devitalized and missing cellular structures and

layers of tissue. The human adult wound healing process can be divided into

3 or 4 distinct phases. Earlier authors referred to 3 phases — inflammatory,

fibroblastic, and maturation, which has also been denoted as inflammatory,

proliferation, and remodeling — and this is maintained by some authors. In

the 4-phases concept, there are the hemostasis phase, the inflammatory

phase, the proliferation phase, and the remodeling phase. In the 3-phases

approach, the hemostasis phase is contained within the inflammatory phase.

Not only do authors vary the number of phases, but authors also denote

differences in the phase descriptors used as: hemostasis phase, inflammatory

phase, proliferation phase, and remodeling phase or hemostasis phase,

inflammatory phase, granulation phase, and maturation phase. Therefore,

certain phases have more than one name, such as remodeling or maturation

and proliferation or granulation.

According to Patel DK (2014) wound healing process start from damage

of skin. A wound completely healing depends on degree of injury, human

resistance capacity, infection potential of pathogens and early effective

treatment procedure. Above process completing following several steps

events. During cutting of skin it is prime need to stop bleeding from body.

Many plants are showing better performance for this purpose like Aloe vera,

Tridex procumbens etc. Wound healing ethno- pharmacological potentials of

selected medicinal plants used by malayali tribals was noticed by

Subramaninan et al. (n.d.). Healing...is not a science but the intuitive art of

wooing nature. (Simon, 2018)

 As stated in “The invasive weed with healing properties: A review on

chromolaena odorata” (2012), Hagonoy (Chromolaena Odorata) is regarded

as one of the most invasive weeds present on earth. The weed goes by many

common names including Siam weed, devil weed, French weed, communist

weed, hagonoy, co hoy etc. Chromolaena is being used traditionally for its

many medicinal properties, especially for external uses as in wounds, skin

infections, inflammation etc. Studies have demonstrated that the leaf extract

has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, cytoprotective

and many other medicinally significant properties. The phytochemical studies

have revealed the presence of a wide range of chemical entities in the plant.

In traditional medicine, a decoction of the leaf is used as a cough remedy and

as an ingredient with lemon grass and guava leaves for the treatment of

malaria. Other traditional medicinal uses include anti-diarrheal, astringent,

antispasmodic, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, tonic,

antipyretic and heart tonic. The fresh leaves and extract of Hagonoy are a

traditional herbal treatment in some developing countries for burns, soft tissue

wounds and skin infections . A formulation prepared from the aqueous extract

of the leaves has been licensed for clinical use in Vietnam.

Chromolaena odorata is found to be a highly efficacious medicinal herb

according to the traditional and folk medicinal systems. The same is proved

by its pharmacological evaluation performed by scientific community across

the world. The most established and discussed aspect of Chromolaena is its
role in wound healing. Extracts from the leaves of Chromolaena odorata have

been shown to be beneficial for treatment of wounds. In traditional usage, the

leaf is ground into a paste and is applied topically on affected places to heal

wounds. The process of wound healing is also enhanced by the antimicrobial

activity of the Chromolaena. The ability of wound healing is attributed to the

antioxidant property of the drug which helps in conserving the fibroblast and

keratinocyte proliferation on the site.

The anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities of the

Chromolaena are evident from its traditional usage in rheumatic fever and

similar conditions. In one of the recent studies, the pharmacological evaluation

of the drug extract was performed by using standard experimental models.

The result shows that the extract produced consistent analgesic, anti-

inflammatory and antipyretic activities. Other studies have shown that the

anti-inflammatory activity is accounted by the presence of flavonoids in the

extract. The antimicrobial activity of Chromolaena was evaluated and proved

in a number of experiments.

Chromolaena Odorata exhibits its wound healing property using multiple

mechanisms. From the literature reviews, these mechanisms can be

summarized as follows: (1) C. odorata extract contains many antioxidant

compounds that enhance wound healing property. (2) C. odorata reduces the

bleeding and clotting time may be the first line of action in the physiology of

wound healing. (3) C. odorata can protect the cells from destruction by
inhibiting the inflammatory mediators, (4) C. odorata has the antibacterial

activities against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, suggesting

that it may reduce the wound infections. This review article has attempted to

compile the new medicinal plant C. odorata, to be one of choices in the wound

healing treatment. (Sirinthipaporn & Jiraungkoorskul, 2017)

Research Literature

Chromolaena or Siam weed in spite of its traditional medicinal use, it

never acquired the status of a medicinal herb. Rather, it is considered as a

noxious weed and tremendous efforts were always made to eradicate this so-

called invasive weed. During the study in rodent model with orally intaken

Chromolaena or Siam weed, the presence of considerable flavonoid and

phenol, especially tannins, indicates that the following phytochemicals might

play crucial role in arresting internal bleeding from stomach ulcer, increasing

the platelet count or protecting these thrombocytes from destroying, and

minimizing the bleeding diathesis in heparin-induced mouse tail-bleeding

model.The presence of polyphenols attributes to the crucial role of C.

odorata in arresting internal bleeding from stomach ulcer, protecting the

thrombocytes from destroying, and minimizing the bleeding diathesis in

mice.(Paul et al., 2018)

The chemical analyses of both aqueous and methanolic extracts of the

leaves of Chromolaena adorata (Siam weed) was carried out to assess the

possible utilization of the plant leaf as food supplement and medicine. The

results obtained showed that the leaves contained carbohydrate, Protein,

Lipid, fiber, Ash and moisture content. An energy content of 220.20 kcal was

recorded. The leaves also constituted a rich source of mineral elements such

as Ca, Na, K, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, P, and Mg. The leaves also yielded alkaloids,
Flavonoids, saponins, cyanogenic glycosides, Tannins and Phytic acid. The

anti-bacterial effects of the methanolic extracts were positive for Bacillus

subtilis, Klebsiella Pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and negative for

Pseudomonas pyrogenes and Escherichia coli. Anti-fungal activities were

observed against Candida albicans, Aspergillus Saccharomyces cerevisiae and

Rhizopus sp. Both the aqueous and methanolic extracts showed anti-fungal

effects on Penicillium sp. Based on these results, the leaves of C. odorata may

be useful sources antimicrobial drugs as well as food supplement. (Nwinuka,

2010)

An aqueous ethanol extract of leaves of Chromolaena odorata and some

of its fractions were examined for their antifungal properties by dilution

methods on solid and liquid media, using yeasts and filamentous fungi. Extract

and fractions inhibit the in vitro growth of Cryptococcus neoformans,

Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton

rubrum with a minimal inhibitory concentration range from 62.5 to 500

microg/ml for the extract and from 25 to 100 microg/ml for fractions. A

qualitative chemical analysis of the extract and fractions showed the presence

of biologically active constituents such as some coumarins, flavonoids,

phenols, tannins and sterols. No toxic effect was observed in mice treated per

os with the extract. This study provides a scientific confirmation of the use of

Chromolaena odorata in traditional medicine.(Ngane et al., 2006)

 Chromolaena odorata (L.) King and Robinson (Siam weed) extract has

been used to stop bleeding and in wound healing in many tropical countries.

However, its detailed mechanisms have not been elucidated. It was examined

that the molecular mechanisms by which Siam weed extract (SWE) affected

hemostatic and wound healing activities. It was also found out that the

accelerating wound healing enzyme (heme oxygenase-1/HO-1), was

increased at the transcriptional and translational levels by SWE treatments.

(Hataichanok et al., 2013)

The anti-inflammatory activity of the aqueous extract of Chromolaena

odorata was investigated in rats using the carrageenan-induced oedema,

cotton pellet granuloma and formalin-induced oedema methods. The extract

was administered orally at doses of 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg. In the

carrageenan method the paw oedema was significantly reduced by all the

doses of the extract administered, with the 200 mg/kg dose producing the

highest oedema inhibition (80.5%). In the cotton pellet method, granuloma

weight was significantly reduced from 14 ± 0.1 to 9.0 ± 0.1 mg, while in the

formaldehyde induced arthritis the extract inhibited the oedema during the

10-day period. In conclusion, the study has established the anti-

inflammatory activity of C. odorata and, thus, justifies the traditional uses of

the plant in the treatment of wounds and inflammation.(Owoyele et al.,

2005)
 A study evaluated ethanol and expressed extracts of leaves of C.

odorata for antibacterial activity against two hospital bacterial isolates viz., E.

coli and S. aureus as indicator of enteric and superficial pathogenic bacteria,

respectively. Ampiclox was used for comparison. Ampiclox showed

significantly higher activity against E. coli compared to the extract. For S.

aureus, the ethanol extract showed higher activity, supporting its use in

traditional medicine for superficial wounds, burns, etc.(Kigigha et al., 2013)

Administration of ethanol extract Chromolaena odorata leaves(ACO)

exhibited significant reduction in glucose, HOMA, lipid profiles and significantly

improved glucose and insulin tolerance, glycogen content, glucose uptake by

skeletal muscle, serum insulin and HDL-c levels. In addition, it also decreased

oxidative stress by improving endogenous antioxidants. Further, treatment of

the ethanol extract showed significantly reduced onset and extent of

cataract.The present data suggested that the treatment of ethanol

extract Chromolaena odorata leaves(ACO) reversed the STZ-induced diabetes

and cataract in rats. The observed beneficial effects may be mediated by

interacting with multiple targets operating in diabetes mellitus and its

complication. Taken together, this study provided the scientific evidence for

the traditional use of Chromolaena odorata.(Onkaramurthy etal., 2013)

The present study on the preliminary screening of the potential anti-

insecticidal property of C. odorata against P. americana showed that the leaf

extract was toxic to the insect vector. This toxicity is an indicative of some

measures of anti-insecticidal activity on the test organism. This goes to

suggest that the plant extracts could serve as an alternative method chemical

control. There is therefore need to study and establish the bioactive substance

in the plant extract which contains the insecticidal property.(Udebuani et

al.,2015)
Concept of the Study

Chromolaena Odorata, commonly known as Hagonoy, is the main feature of

the study as it posseses multiple health benefits that can be used as an

alternative treatment for wounds. This plant is accessible as it can be found

alone roadsides or backyards. This study tends to divulge an herbal medicine

that can be used in our community as a cheap yet effective treatment for

wounds and cuts.

Conceptual Process

This study was conceptualized in making the Hagonoy leaf extracts to heal

mild wounds and cuts. It is developed gaining informations about Hagonoy

from articles and reference related to the study. First, the materials needed

are prepared to exctract the essence of the Hagonoy. If all materials are ready

then, the researcher will start to extract the essence from the hagonoy. After

extracting, the sample product will be evaluated. During the evaluation,

recommendations, and suggestions were taken as inputs for the development

of the hagonoy leaf extracts. If the sample product will be approved, the

researcher will begin the development of the study. If the sample product is

not acceptable, the researcher will begin to conceptualize the study

futhermore.