OSI & TCP/IP

Model(s)
By Muhammad Hanif
Quotes of the Day
 “Seek knowledge from the cradle to the
grave.”
 Hazrat Muhammad (P.B.U.H)

 “Education is the most powerful weapon

which you can use to change the world.”
 Nelson Mandela

 “When you know better you do better.”

 Maya Angelou

 “Intelligence plus character-that is the

goal of true education.”
 Martin Luther King Jr.
 Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) is a set of
internationally recognized standards for
networking and for operating system involved in
networking functions.
 In 1978, the International Standards Organization
(ISO) began to develop its OSI framework
architecture.
 The concept of a 7 layer model was provided by
the work of Charles Bachman.
 OSI Model
Data unit Layer Function
7.Application Network process to application
Data representation, encryption
Data 6. Presentation
Host and decryption
layers 5. Session Inter host communication
End-to-end connections and
Segments 4.Transport
reliability, Flow control
Path determination and logical
Packet 3. Network
addressing
Media
Frame 2. Data Link Physical addressing
layers
Media, signal and binary
Bit 1. Physical
transmission

Going from layer 1 to 7: Please Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza Away

Going from layer 7 to 1: All People Seems To Need Data Processing
 7 Layers
7. Application Layer All
6. Presentation Layer People
5. Session Layer Seems
4. Transport Layer To
3. Network Layer Need
2. Data Link Layer Data
1. Physical Layer Processing
Tasks involved in sending letter
LAYER 7 – The APPLICATION Layer

• The top layer of the OSI model

• Provides a set of interfaces for sending and
receiving applications to gain access to and
use network services, such as: network file
transfer, message handling and database
query processing
• Protocols are HTTP, Telnet, FTP etc
LAYER 7 – The APPLICATION Layer

• The application layer provides set of

Interfaces and is responsible for
providing services to the user.
LAYER 6 – The PRESENTATION Layer
• Manages data-format information for networked
communications (the network’s translator)
• For outgoing messages, it converts data into a generic
format for network transmission.
• For incoming messages, it converts data from the
generic network format to a format that the receiving
application can understand
• This layer is also responsible for
• Certain protocol conversions
• Data encryption/decryption,
• Data compression/decompression
LAYER 6 – The PRESENTATION Layer

• The presentation layer is responsible

for translation, compression, and
encryption.
 LAYER 5 – The SESSION Layer
• Enables two networked resources to hold ongoing
communications (called a session) across a
network
• Applications on either end of the session are able
to exchange data for the duration of the session.
• This layer is responsible for initiating, maintaining
and terminating sessions
LAYER 5 – The SESSION Layer
 The session layer is responsible for
dialog control and synchronization.
LAYER 4 – The TRANSPORT Layer
• Manages the transmission of data across a network
• Manages the flow of data between parties by
segmenting long data streams into smaller data
chunks called segments. (based on allowed
“packet” size for a given transmission medium)
• Reassembles segments into their original sequence
at the receiving end
• Provides acknowledgements of successful
transmissions and requests resends for packets
which arrive with errors
LAYER 4 – The TRANSPORT Layer
• Establishes End-to-End Connectivity
• Can ensures reliable delivery
• i.e. error detection and retransmission
• Typical Layer 4 Protocols
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
• User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
LAYER 4 – The TRANSPORT Layer
• The transport layer is responsible for
the delivery of a message from one
process to another.
LAYER 3 – The NETWORK Layer
• Handles logical network addresses for delivery
• Responsible for deciding how to route
transmissions between computers
• This layer also handles the decisions needed to get
data from one point to the next point along a
network path
• This layer also handles packet switching and
network congestion control
LAYER 3 – The NETWORK Layer
• Provides connectivity and path selection
• E.g. Routing

• Typical Layer 3 Devices and Protocols

• Routers, IPv4, IPv6

• For logical address go to command Prompt

• Ipconfig/all
LAYER 3 – The NETWORK Layer
• The network layer is responsible for the
delivery of individual packets from the
source host to the destination host.
 LAYER 2 – The DATA LINK Layer
• Handles special data frames (packets) between the
Network layer and the Physical layer
• At the sending end this layer handles conversion of
data into raw formats that can be handled by the
Physical Layer
• At the receiving end, this layer packages raw data
from the physical layer into data frames for
delivery to the Network layer
 LAYER 2 – The DATA LINK Layer
• Defines data format for transmission
• E.g. Ethernet, Frame Relay, PPP

• Controls access to Physical media

• Defines Physical Addressing
• E.g. Ethernet MAC address

• Typically has error detection

• E.g. Cyclical Redundancy Check (CRC)

• Typical Layer 2 Devices and Protocols

• Bridges, Switches, Wireless Access Points, Ethernet, PPP
LAYER 2 – The DATA LINK Layer
• The data link layer is responsible for
moving frames from one hop (node) to the
next.
LAYER 1 – The PHYSICAL Layer
• Converts bits into electronic signals for outgoing
messages
• Converts electronic signals into bits for incoming
messages
• This layer manages the interface between the computer
and the network medium (coax, twisted pair, etc.)
• This layer tells the driver software for the MAU (media
attachment unit, ex. network interface cards (NICs,
modems, etc.)) what needs to be sent across the medium
• The bottom layer of the OSI model
LAYER 1 – The PHYSICAL Layer
• Defines physical media properties
• Electrical Functions
• Physical Data Rates
• Physical Connectors
• Cable Distances
• Optical Wavelengths
• Wireless Frequencies
• Typical Layer 1 Devices
• Cat5 Cables, Fiber Optics Coaxial cable, etc
LAYER 1 – The PHYSICAL Layer
 Thephysical layer is responsible for
movements of individual bits from one hop
(node) to the next.
Remember
 A convenient aid for remembering the OSI layer
names is to use the first letter of each word in
the phrase:
 All People Seems To Need Data Processing
OSI Model at a Glance
Introduction TCP/IP
 The Internet Protocol Suite (commonly
known as TCP/IP) is the set of
communications protocols used for the
Internet and other similar networks.
 It is named from two of the most important
protocols in it:
 the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and
 the Internet Protocol (IP), which were the first
two networking protocols defined in this
standard.
 OSI V/S TCP/IP Layers
OSI TCP/IP
Application Layer
Presentation Layer Application Layer
Session Layer

Transport Layer Transport Layer

Network Layer Internet Layer

Data Link Layer

Link Layer
Physical Layer
TCP/IP Stack
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
Layer Protocol
DNS,TFTP,TLS/SSL, FTP, Gopher, HTTP, IMAP, IRC, NNTP, POP3,
Application
SIP, SMTP, SMPP, SNMP, SSH,Telnet, Echo, RTP, PNRP, rlogin, ENRP
Transport TCP, UDP, DCCP, SCTP, IL, RUDP, RSVP
IP (IPv4, IPv6), ICMP, IGMP, and ICMPv6
Internet Routing protocols like BGP and RIP which run over TCP/UDP,
may also be considered part of the Internet Layer.

Link ARP, RARP, OSPF (IPv4/IPv6), IS-IS, NDP

Assignment No. 1
 Write detail note on OSI model.

 Submission:
 Monday 7th April, 2014
Thanks