TOPIC

NORTH LIGHT TRUSS AND GIRDERS

 Roofs of Long span structures are made of steel trusses. They are can be
designed with glazing ( inclined glass panels towards north sky) on north
side, since in northern hemisphere there is no direct or harsh sun light in
north. It provides a very consistent light indoors.
 Proper care should be taken for rain water draining at glazed panels.
WHAT ARE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
IN LIGHT COMING IN & OUT ?
 THE PANEL MATERIAL WE USE IN
THE TRUSS.
 ABSORPTION BY ALL MATERIALS.
 DISTANCE.
 TRUSS MEMBER :- IF LARGER
SECTION IS USED THEN WE
SUPPORT IT BY INTERMEDIATE
SECTION WHICH OBSTRACT THE
LIGHT WHICH IS COMING INSIDE.
 TYPES OF NORTH LIGHT ROOF TRUSSES
 SINGLE BAY NORTH LIGHT ROOF TRUSS
 MULTI BAY NORTH LIGHT ROOF TRUSS

SINGLE BAY NORTH LIGHT ROOF TRUSS

 IN THIS THE TRUSS IS LAID IN A SINGLE BAY
 CAN BE USED UPTO A SPAN OF 12M
 MULTI BAY NORTH LIGHT ROOF TRUSS
 WHEN THE SPAN EXCEEDS 12 M IT IS
UNDESIRABLE TO USE SINGLE BAY NORTH
LIGHT TRUSS.

 THEREFORE TO LIMIT THE VOLUME OF

ROOF SPACE THAT CANNOT BE USED AND
BECOMES UNSTABLE, MULTI BAY NORTH
LIGHT TRUSSES ARE USED.

 IT CAN BE CLASSIFIED IN 2 TYPES :-

1. MULTI BAY NORTH LIGHT LATTICE STEEL

ROOF WITH COLUMNS AND VALLEY
BEAM

2. MULTI BAY NORTH LIGHT LATTICE STEEL

ROOF WITH LATTICE GIRDER SUPPORTED ON
INTERNAL COLUMNS
DISADVANTAGE OF MULTI BAY VALLEY BEAM FORM OF NORTH LIGHT ROOF TRUSS
 THE DISADVANTAGE OF THE MULTI –BAY VALLEY BEAM FORM OF CONSTRUCTION IS THAT
THERE IS VERY LIMITED DEPTH ALONG-SIDE THE VALLEY BEAM FOR THE FALL (SLOPE) OF
RAINWATER PIPES FROM VALLEY GUTTER OUTLETS TO RAINWATER DOWN PIPES FIXED TO
INTERNAL COLUMNS.
 THE SHALLOW FALL RAINWATER PIPES THAT ARE RUN ALONGSIDE VALLEY BEAMS WILL
REQUIRE SEALED JOINTS AND THE SHALLOW PIPE WILL MORE READILY BECOME BLOCKED
THAN A SRAIGHT DOWN PIPE FROM VALLEY
OUTLETS
MULTI BAY NORTH LIGHT LATTICE STEEL ROOF
WITH LATTICE GIRDER SUPPORTED ON
INTERNAL COLUMNS
 NORTH LIGHT TRUSSES MAY BE SUPPORTED BY A
LATTICE GIRDER, WITH WIDELY SPACED
INTERNAL COLUMNS TO COVER LARGE AREAS
WITH THE LEAST OBSTRUCTION.
DISADVANTAGES
 THE DISADVANTAGE OF A CANTILEVER ROOF
FORM IS THE GREAT NUMBER OF LATTICE
MEMBERS IN THE ROOF OF BOTH TRUSSES AND
THE LATTICE GIRDERS AS THESE WILL COLLECT
DUST AND DIRT, NEED FREQUENT PAINTING TO
INHIBIT RUST AND WILL, TO SOME EXTENT,
OBSTRUCT NATURAL LIGHT FROM ROOF LIGHTS
 GIRDERS
 A GIRDER IS A SUPPORT BEAM USED IN CONSTRUCTION. A GIRDER IS THE PRIMARY
HORIZONTAL MEMBER CARYING LOADS FROM OTHER BEAMS AND SLABS CONNECTED TO IT.
THAT IS A GIRDER HAS OTHER BEAMS CONNECTING TO IT ON ITS SIDES .TYPICALLY BEAMS
DO NOT HAVE OTHER BEAMS CONNECTING TO IT BUT GENERALLY HAVE ONLY SLABS
TRANSFERRING THE LOADS TO IT. THE CASE IS SIMILAR TO BEAM AND JOIST COMBINATION
WHERE THE CLOSELY SPACED JOISTS (FLOOR JOIST AND CEILING JOIST) TRANSFER THE
LOADS TO THE BEAM BUT USUALLY FROM THE TOP RATHER THAN FROM THE SIDES.
 GIRDERS OFTEN HAVE AN I-BEAM CROSS SECTION FOR STRENGTH, BUT MAY ALSO HAVE A
BOX SHAPE, T SHAPE , TUBULAR FORM, ANGLE SECTION OR L SHAPE.
 GIRDER IS THE TERM USED TO DENOTE THE MAIN HORIZONTAL SUPPORT OF A STRUCTURE
WHICH SUPPORTS SMALLER BEAMS.
 A GIRDER IS COMMONLY USED MANY TIMES
IN THE BUILDING OF BRIDGES, AND PLANES.
 TYPES OF GIRDERS
LATTICE GIRDER
 WHAT IS LATTICE ?
IT IS A CRISS CROSS STRUCTURE HAVING MAXIMUM STABILITY AS IT
IS A 3 DIMENSIONAL ENTITY. EXAMPLE –GEODESIC DOME.
 LATTICE GIRDER IS A BINDING STRUCTURAL MEMBER AND IT
TRANSFER LOAD.
 BY USING LATTICE GIRDER PER UNIT WEIGHT OF STRUCTURE IS
REDUCED.
 LATTICE STRUCTURE IS USED WHERE HIGHER DEGREE OF LOAD IS
THERE.

PLATE GIRDER
 A BEAM BUILT UP OF STEEL PLATES AND SHAPES WHICH MAY BE
WELDED OR BOLTED TOGETHER TO FORM A DEEP BEAM.
 IT IS CAPABLE OF SUPPORTING GREATER LOADS ON LONGER SPANS.
 BY USING PLATE GIRDER ,DEAD LOAD OF A STRUCTURE IS REDUCED.

BOX GIRDER
 A BOX IS A GIRDER THAT FORMS AN ENCLOSED TUBE WITH
MULTIPLE WALLS, RATHER THAN AN I OR H-BEAM.
 ORIGINALLY CONSTRUCTED OF RIVETED WROUGHT IRON, THEY
ARE NOW FOUND IN ROLLED OR WELDED STEEL,
ALUMINIUM EXTRUSIONS OR PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE.
 COMPARED TO AN I-BEAM, THE ADVANTAGE OF A BOX GIRDER IS
THAT IT BETTER RESISTS TORSION.
 SOLID BOX SECTION :
 WIDELY USED IN GATES AND GRILL DESIGNS.
 USED AS A TIE MEMBER.

HOLLOW BOX SECTION :

 WIDELY USED IN GATES AND GRILL DESIGNS.
 USED AS A STRUCTURAL MEMBER.

T-SECTION :
 USED FOR SHORT SPAN.
 USED IN STEEL DOORS AND WINDOWS.
 USED AS A PURLIN IN ROOF TRUSSES.

HOLLOW TUBULAR SECTION :

 USED IN BALUSTERS,HANDRILLS ,GRILLS AND GATES.
 USED AS A STRUCTURAL MEMBER IN GEODESIC DOME.
 USED AS A STRUCTURAL MEMBER IN TEMPORARY
STRUCTURES SUCH AS TENTS ,STEEL SCAFFOLDING ETC.

L-SECTION :
 USED IN WINDOWS ,DOORS ,FURNITURES ,AS PURLIN ,IN
STAIRCASES.
 WIDELY USED AS A CLEAT SECTION.
 SOLID CIRCULAR SECTION :
 USED IN GRILLS ,RAILINGS, AS REINFORCEMENTS BARS
ETC.

I-SECTION :
 MOST WIDELY USED AS A STRUCTURAL MEMBER IN
STEEL STRUTURE AS IT IS THE MOST STABLE SECTIONS
AND CAN TAKE UP BOTH COMPRESSIVE AND TENSILE
STRESSES.
 SOMETIMES USED AS A SUPPLEMENTARY PART WITH
R.C.C MEMBERS.
 USED IN BRIDGES CONSTRUCTIONS.
ADVANTAGES WITH THE USE OF LATTICE GIRDERS

LATTICE GIRDERS PROVIDE THE FOLLOWING ADVANTAGES:

1. IMMEDIATE ROOF SUPPORT OVER THE EXCAVATED SECTION.
2. ACT AS A TEMPLATE ASSURING A MINIMUM THICKNESS WHEN APPLYING SHOTCRETE.
3. BECOME PART OF THE REINFORCEMENT IN THE SHOTCRETE LINING.
PROVIDE SUPPORT FOR SPILLING, IF NEEDED, OVER THE NEXT EXCAVATION.
4. WORK EQUALLY WELL WITH MACHINE MINING
OR DRILL AND SHOOT TUNNELING –
NO NEED FOR MAJOR INVESTMENT
IN SPECIAL EQUIPMENT.
5. ARE PRACTICAL SUPPORTS FOR A WIDE
RANGE OF GROUND CONDITIONS.
6. CAN BE ERECTED WITHIN A FEW MINUTES
BY A SMALL CREW WITHOUT SPECIAL
HANDLING EQUIPMENT.

ADVANTAGES OF GIRDERS

 IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, A LARGE MAIN

SUPPORTING BEAM, COMMONLY OF STEEL
OR REINFORCED CONCRETE, THAT CARRIES A
HEAVY TRANSVERSE (CROSSWISE) LOAD.
 IN A FLOOR SYSTEM, BEAMS AND JOISTS
TRANSFER THEIR LOADS TO THE GIRDERS, WHICH
IN TURN FRAME INTO THE COLUMNS.