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determine the type, size, and

construction material of a storage tank.
4 Tanks When corrosion is expected on the
inside of a tank, a corrosion allowance
4.1 Introduction is typically added to the tank
At e-styrenics there are many tanks; component thickness as part of the
three identical tanks used for styrene original design. In extreme cases,
storage, styrene day tank, EB storage internal lining or coating systems (such
tank and TBC storage tank. as epoxy- or fiberglass-reinforced
At this part we will travel through plastic) may be considered in place of a
tanks to know it different types, parts very large corrosion allowance or the
and apply our knowledge by designing use of alloy materials. The following
the main styrene storage tank. standard types of storage tanks:
 Atmospheric
At our travel will walk through the  Low-temperature
following:  Low-pressure
1. Tank types. 4.2.1 Atmospheric Storage
2. Tank Standards.
Tanks
3. Material selection.
Atmospheric storage tanks are
4. Shell design.
designed to store liquids such as crude
5. Roof design.
oil, gasoline, and other products, and
6. Wind load including wind
water. Atmospheric storage tanks
stiffener.
operate with the internal pressure of
7. Seismic loads.
their vapor space at approximately
8. Tank foundation.
atmospheric pressure (an internal
9. Tank accessories.
pressure that is less than the weight of
10. Tank testing.
the roof). These tanks are typically of
all-welded carbon steel construction;
4.2 Types and Functions of
however, tanks that constructed before
Storage Tanks reliable welding equipment and
Storage tanks are used in refinery, practices were available used bolted or
chemical, and petrochemical, and riveted construction.
operations to store crude oil, This course discusses only welded steel
intermediate and refined products, gas, storage tanks, although most of the
chemicals, and water. Such topics apply to any type of
characteristics of the stored fluid as construction. Atmospheric storage
quantity, volatility, chemical tanks are usually classified by the type
characteristics, and corrosiveness of roof that is installed. The major
combine with such considerations as types of atmospheric storage tanks are
the required storage pressure to as follows:

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• Fixed roof 4.2.1.2 Floating Roof Tanks

•Floating roof are another common type of
•Fixed roof with internal floating roof atmospheric storage tank. The design of
floating roof storage tanks minimizes
4.2.1.1 Fixed Roof Tanks
breathing losses of hydrocarbon vapor
are the simplest type of atmospheric
when the tank is filled and emptied.
storage tank. The roof is usually in the
The floating roof eliminates a vapor
form of a cone or dome. Figures 4-1
space above the stored liquid or
and 2 provide examples of cone roof
maintains a small and constant vapor
and dome roof tanks.
space. The shell and bottom of floating
Cone roof tanks can be up to 90 m (300
roof tanks are similar to cone roof
ft.) in diameter and 20 m (64 ft.) in
storage tanks, but the roof is designed
height. In larger diameter tanks,
to float on the stored liquid. The most
internal structural members that
common type of floating roof is the
consist of girders, rafters, and columns
annular-pontoon-type. The double-
must be used to support the roof. The
deck-type floating roof is used for very
fixed roofs of smaller diameter tanks
large diameter tanks in order to
may be designed to be self-supporting.
increase roof stability. Figures 4-3 and
4-4 provide cross-sectional illustrations
of floating roof storage tanks.

Figure 4- 3 Double-Deck-Type Floating Roof Tank

Figure 4-1 Cone Roof Tank

Figure 4-4 single-Deck-Type Floating Roof Tank

4.2.1.3 Fixed Roof with Internal

Floating Roof Tanks

Usually consist of a cone roof storage

tank with a pan-type, panel-type, or
Figure 4-2 Dome Roof Tank
pontoon-type floating roof located
inside. The floating roof in this case is
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Diameter of Hole in Roof Plate or

Reinforcing Plate =24 5/8 in

Outside Diameter of Reinforcing Plate

=46 in

4.8.2 Roof nozzles

Minimum Height of Nozzle = 6 in

4.8.2.1 Nozzle (N17) Outside Diameter of Reinforcing

NPS =10 in Plate3 = 18 in

Outside Diameter of Pipe Neck= 10 ¾

in
Diameter of Hole in Roof Plate or
Reinforcing Plate = 11 in
Minimum Height of Nozzle = 8 in
Outside Diameter of Reinforcing
Plate3 = 22 in
4.8.2.3 Nozzle (N16, N20)
NPS =3 in
Outside Diameter of Pipe Neck= 3 ½ in
Diameter of Hole in Roof Plate or
Reinforcing Plate = 3 5/8in
Minimum Height of Nozzle = 6 in

Outside Diameter of Reinforcing

4.8.2.2 Nozzle (N16, N20) Plate3 = 9 in
NPS =8 in 4.8.2.4 Nozzle (N16, N20)
Outside Diameter of Pipe Neck= 8 NPS =2 in
5/8in
Outside Diameter of Pipe Neck= 2
Diameter of Hole in Roof Plate or 3/8in
Reinforcing Plate = 8 7/8 in

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