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Contents
1. Introduction
2. Components and Format of the Balance Sheet
3. Current Assets and Current Liabilities
4. Non-Current Assets
5. Non-Current Liabilities
6. Equity
7. Analysis of the Balance Sheet
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1. Introduction
• IFRS: Statement of Financial Position versus U.S. GAAP: Balance
Sheet
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2. Components and Format of the Balance Sheet
• Assets (A) are what the company owns. They are the resources controlled by the
company as a result of past events and from which future economics benefits are
expected to flow to the entity.
• Liabilities (L) are what company owes. They represent the obligations of a company
arising from past events, the settlement of which is expected to result in an outflow
of economic benefits from the entity.
• Equity (E) represents the owner’s residual interest in the company’s assets after
deducting its liabilities. Also known as shareholders’ equity. The accounting
equation for determining equity is E = A – L.
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Balance Sheet Components and Classification
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Classified Balance Sheet
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3.1 Current Assets
Current Assets: Those assets held primarily for trading or expected to be sold, used up
or otherwise realized in cash within one year or in one operating business cycle.
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3.2 Current Liabilities
Current Liabilities: Those liabilities which are expected to be settled within one
year or in one operating business cycle.
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4. Non-Current Assets
Non-Current Asset: All assets not classified as current. Also called long-term or long-
lived assets.
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PPE, Investment Property, Intangible Assets
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Goodwill
Goodwill arises when one company is purchased by another company. If the
purchase price is greater than fair value at acquisition then goodwill is created in
the acquirers’ balance sheet. Goodwill is subject to impairment.
Example: Company A buys Company T for $100 million. Book value of Company
T’s assets and liabilities: $125 million and $75 million. Fair value of Company T’s
assets and liabilities: $160 million and $75 million. What is the goodwill?
Goodwill = 15 million
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Financial Assets
Financial Assets: IFRS define a financial instrument as a contract that gives rise to a
financial asset of one company and a financial liability or equity instrument of another
entity. Measurement basis depends on how financial asset is categorized.
Category Treatment
Held-for-trading (HFT) Measured at fair value
Unrealized gains shown on Income Statement
Available-for-sale (AFS) Measured at fair value
Unrealized gains/losses shown in OCI
Held-to-maturity (HTM) Measured at cost or amortized cost
Unrealized gains not recorded anywhere
Realized gains shown on income Mark-to-market is the process whereby the value of a
statement for all categories financial instrument is adjusted to reflect current value
based on market prices
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Financial Assets - Example
Company owners contribute 100,000 which is invested in a 20-year bond with a 5% coupon paid semi-
annually. After six months company receives the first coupon payment of 2,500. At this stage the
market price has increased to 102,000. Show the balance sheet and income statement treatment
under each of the following categorizations: HFT, AFS, HTM.
HFT AFS HTM
Balance Sheet
Cash
Cost of securities
Unrealized gains/losses
PIC
RE
OCI
Income Statement
Interest income
Unrealized gain
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Solution
Company owners contribute 100,000 which is invested in a 20-year bond with a 5% coupon paid semi-
annually. After six months company receives the first coupon payment of 2,500. At this stage the
market price has increased to 102,000. Show the balance sheet and income statement treatment
under each of the following categorizations: HFT, AFS, HTM.
HFT AFS HTM
Balance Sheet
Cash 2,500 2,500 2,500
Cost of securities 100,000 100,000 100,000
Unrealized gains/losses 2,000 2,000
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Summary of how financial assets are classified and measured
Derivatives whether stand-alone or embedded in Loans to and receivables from another company
non-derivative instruments
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5. Non-Current Liabilities
Non-current liability: all liabilities not classified as current
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6. Equity
Equity is the owner’s residual claim on a company’s
assets after subtracting its liabilities. Components of
equity:
1. Capital contributed by owners (common stock, issued
capital); may have a par (stated) value; disclose
number of shares authorized, issued and outstanding
2. Treasury shares
3. Retained earnings
4. Accumulated other comprehensive income
5. Noncontrolling interest (minority interest)
6. Preferred shares: classified as equity or financial
liabilities depending on characteristics
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Equity Components – Simple Illustration
At start of Year 1 owners contribute 100. Among other assets, the company purchases financial
assets categorized as AFS worth 10. During Year 1 the net income is 20 which is retained. Value of
financial assets goes up to 12. During Year 2 there is a treasury stock operation worth 30. Net
income is 40, which retained. Financial assets goes up to 15. Show the relevant equity
components at the end of Year 1 and Year 2.
Total Equity
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Solution
At start of Year 1 owners contribute 100. Among other assets, the company purchases financial
assets categorized as AFS worth 10. During Year 1 the net income is 20 which is retained. Value of
financial assets goes up to 12. During Year 2 there is a treasury stock operation worth 30. Net
income is 40, which retained. Financial assets goes up to 15. Show the relevant equity
components at the end of Year 1 and Year 2.
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Statement of Changes in Equity
The statement of changes in equity presents information about the increases or decreases in a
company’s equity over a period. IFRS requires the following information in the statement of
changes in equity:
Total comprehensive income for the period;
The effects of any accounting changes that have been retrospectively applied to previous
periods;
Capital transactions with owners and distributions to owners; and
Reconciliation of the carrying amounts of each component of equity at the beginning and end
of the year.
U.S. GAAP requirement is for companies to provide an analysis of changes in each component of
equity as shown in the balance sheet.
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Excerpt from Apple Inc.’s Consolidated Changes in Shareholders Equity
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7. Analysis of the Balance Sheet
• Balance sheet analysis can help us evaluate a company’s liquidity and solvency
• Analysis tools: Common-Size Analysis and Balance Sheet Ratios
• Common-Size Analysis: All balance sheet items are expressed as a % of total assets
Source: Principlesofaccounting.com
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Liquidity Ratios
Liquidity ratios tell us about a company’s ability to meet current liabilities
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Solvency Ratios
Solvency ratios help us evaluate a company’s:
1. ability to meet long-term and other liabilities
2. financial risk and leverage
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General Remarks about Ratio Analysis
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Summary
• Current and Non-Current Assets
Valuation based on categorization of financial assets
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Conclusion
• Read summary
• Examples
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