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9. What is trim?
ANS: Trim is composed of stem, seat surfaces, back seat bushing and other small internal parts
that normally contact the surface fluid.
17. Which Piping code is used for Power piping and which code is used for Process Piping
design?
ANS:
18. What are the main differences between ASME B 31.1 and ASME B 31.3?
ANS: The main differences are listed below:
In Constant Spring hanger the load remains constant throughout its travel range. But In
variable spring hanger the load varies with displacement.
Spring hangers are used when thermal displacements are upwards and piping system is
lifted off from the support position. Variable spring hanger is preferable as this is less
costly.
Constant springs are used:
When thermal displacement exceeds 50 mm
When variability exceeds 25%
Sometimes when piping is connected to strain sensitive equipment like steam turbines,
centrifugal compressors etc and it becomes very difficult to qualify nozzle loads by
variable spring hangers, constant spring hangers can be used.
21. What do you mean by variability? What is the industry approved limit for variability?
ANS: Variability= (Hot Load-Cold load)/Hot load = (Spring Constant × displacement)/Hot load.
Limit for variability for variable spring hangers is 25%.
22. What are the major parameters you must address while making a Spring Data-sheet?
ANS: Major parameters are: Spring TAG, Cold load/Installed load, Vertical and horizontal
movement, Piping design temperature, Piping Material, Insulation thickness, Hydro-test load,
Line number etc.
24. Can you select a proper spring hanger if you do not make it program defined in your
software?
What is the procedure?
ANS: In your system first decide the location where you want to install the spring. Then remove
all nearby supports which are not taking load in thermal operating case. Now run the program
and the sustained load on that support node is your hot load. The thermal movement in that
location is your thermal movement for your spring. Now assume variability for your spring. So
calculate
Spring constant = (Hot load × variability)/displacement. Now with spring constant and hot load
enter any vendor catalog to select spring inside the travel range.
25. What is the software available for performing piping stress analysis?
ANS: Caesar II, AutoPipe etc.
26. What are the types of compressors?
ANS: Positive Displacement, Centrifugal and Axial, rotary screw, rotary vane, rotary lobe,
dynamic, liquid ring compressors.
29. What are types of steam turbine and why are they popular?
ANS: Condensing and non-condensing, Popular because can convert large amounts of heat
energy into mechanical work very efficiently.
52. Why horizontal displacement is specified in data-sheet? What will you do if the angle due to
displacement is more than 4 degree?
ANS: For bottom mounted springs it is mentioned to avoid large spring bending by frictional
force and displacement. So that additional measures can be taken to lower frictional force by
providing PTFE/graphite slide plate.
For top mounted spring hangers horizontal displacement is mentioned to check angularity of 4
degree to reduce transmission of horizontal force to piping systems as spring hangers are
designed to take the vertical load only.
If angle becomes more than 4 degree due to large horizontal movement then install the spring
hanger in a offset position so that after movement the angle becomes less than 4 degree.
53. Which spring will you select for your system: Spring with low stiffness or higher stiffness
and why?
ANS: Springs with lower stiffness provides less load variation for same travel. So this spring is a
better choice than a spring hanger with higher stiffness.
54. What do you mean by Stress? What are the types of Stresses that are generated in a Piping?
ANS: Whenever a force is applied to any object it applies a reaction force against the
deformation by that force. That reaction force per unit area is the measure for the generated
stress.
There has to be an external force to create stress. In a piping system there are various reasons for
the generation of stress like Piping Weight, Internal and External pressure, Change in
temperature, Seismic and Wind forces, PSV reaction force etc.
The stresses generated in a piping system are as follows:
Axial Stresses
Tangential or Hoop stress
Longitudinal Stress
Radial Stress
Expansion Stress
Stress due to occasional events like Seismic and Wind effects.