Laminar Flow is the smooth, uninterrupted flow of air over the contour of the wings, fuselage, or

other parts of an aircraft in flight. Laminar flow is most often found at the front of a streamlined body
and is an important factor in flight. If the smooth flow of air is interrupted over a wing section,
turbulence is created which results in a loss of lift and a high degree of drag. An airfoil designed for
minimum drag and uninterrupted flow of the boundary layer is called a laminar airfoil.

In thermodynamics, an adiabatic process is one that occurs without transfer of heat or matter
between a thermodynamic system and its surroundings. In anadiabatic process, energy is transferred
to its surroundings only as work.

Pitot probe, is a pressure measurement instrument used to measure fluid flow velocity. The pitot
tube was invented by the French engineer Henri Pitot in the early 18th century[1] and was modified to
its modern form in the mid-19th century by French scientist Henry Darcy.[2] It is widely used to
determine the airspeed of an aircraft, water speed of a boat, and to measure liquid, air and gas flow
velocities in certain industrial applications. The pitot tube is used to measure the local flow velocity at
a given point in the flow stream and not the average flow velocity in the pipe or conduit.

In fluid dynamics, a vortex is a region in a fluid in which the flow rotates around an axis line, which
may be straight or curved.[1][2] The plural of vortex is either vortices or vortexes.[3][4] Vortices form in
stirred fluids, and may be observed in phenomena such as smoke rings, whirlpools in the wake of
boat, or the winds surrounding a tornado or dust devil.

The geometric angle of attack is the angle between the chord line and freestream direction.
Span efficiency factor appears in the lifting-line theory of Prandtl describing Lift and vortex drag of a
finite wing. According to this theory, the most efficient wing is an elliptical one and, roughly speaking,
the span efficiency factor defines an efficiency of a given wing planform relatively to elliptic wing.

As the angle of attack is increased, in an effort to create more lift, an additional amount of drag is
created and known as induced drag. We can see in the picture below that the total aerodynamic
force for a wing at a low angle of attack is directed almost completely vertical. However, as the wing is
tilted upward, and the relative air flow begins to strike the lower airfoil surface, an increase in drag
will cause the aerodynamic force to change direction and begin pointing further horizontal than
vertical.

A swept wing is a wing which angles either backward or, occasionally, forward, from its root rather
than in a straight sideways direction. Wing sweep has the effect of delaying the shock waves and
accompanying aerodynamic drag rise caused by fluid compressibility near the speed of sound,
improving performance. Swept wings are therefore often used on jet aircraft designed to fly at these
speeds. Swept wings are also sometimes used for other reasons, such as structural convenience or
visibility.

Calibrated airspeed (CAS) is indicated airspeed corrected for instrument and position error.

Equivalent airspeed (EAS) is the airspeed at sea level in the International Standard Atmosphere at
which the dynamic pressure is the same as the dynamic pressure at the true airspeed (TAS) and
altitude at which the aircraft is flying.[1][2] In low-speed flight, it is the speed which would be shown by
an airspeed indicator with zero error.[3] It is useful for predicting aircraft handling, aerodynamic loads,
stalling etc.

Stall strips are small obstructions that impede the smooth flow of air over the wing at high angles of
attack. As the wing increases its angle of attack, airflow is eventually disturbed by the stall strip. This
causes this part of the wing to stall at a lower angle of attack than it would otherwise.

Angle of incidence - the angle between the chord of the wing and the longitudinal axis of the fuselage