The lacrimal drainage system

• Tears secreted by the main and accessory lacrimal glands pass across the ocular
surface.

• Tears flow along the upper and lower marginal strips, pooling in the lacus lacrimalis
medial to the lower puncta, then entering the upper and lower canaliculi by a
combination of capillarity and suction.

• With each blink, the pretarsal orbicularis oculi muscle compresses the ampullae,
shortens and compresses the horizontal canaliculi, and closes and moves the puncta
medially, resisting reflux. Simultaneously, contraction of the lacrimal part of the
orbicularis oculi creates a positive pressure that forces tears down the nasolacrimal
duct and into the nose,

• When the eyes open, the canaliculi and sac expand, creating negative pressure that
draws tears from the canaliculi into the sac

KORNEA

1. The epithelium is stratified squamous and non-keratinized,

2. The Bowman layer is the acellular superficial layer of the stroma, and is formed
from collagen fibres.

3. The stroma makes up 90% of corneal thickness. The stroma can scar, but cannot
regenerate following damage.

4. Descemet membrane is a discrete sheet composed of a fine latticework of

collagen fibrils that are distinct from the collagen of the stroma.
 5. The endothelium consists of a monolayer of polygonal cells. Endothelial cells
maintain corneal deturgescence throughout life by pumping excess fluid out of
the stroma.

Epitel : skuamosa bertingkat dan non-keratin (5-7 lapis)

Membran Bowman : cukup resisten terhadap inskesi dan cedera, tetappi sekali mengalami
kerusakan, tidak mampu beregenerasi

Stroma : lapisan kornea yang paling tebal dan menyusun lebih dari 90% ketebalan kornea

Membran Descement : lamina basal dari sel endotel dan sangat resisten terhadap bahan
kimia, trauma, infeksi, proses patologik serta degenerasi enzim

Lapisan endotel : mengatur kadar air kornea, yang harus terjaga u? Mempertahankan
kejernihannya

IRIS

When bright light stimulates the eye, parasympathetic fibers of the oculomotor (III)
nerve stimulate the circular muscles (sphincter pupillae) of the iris to contract, causing
a decrease in the size of the pupil (constriction).

In dim light, sympathetic neurons stimulate the radial muscles (dilator pupillae) of the
iris to contract, causing an increase in the pupil’s size (dilation).

LAYERS RETINA

1. Inner limiting membrane (glial cell fibers separating the retina from the vitreous
body).

2. Layer of optic nerve fibers (axons of the third neuron).

3. Layer of ganglion cells (cell nuclei of the multipolar ganglion cells of the third
neuron; “data acquisition system”).

4. Inner plexiform layer (synapses between the axons of the second neuron and dendrites
of the third neuron).

5. Inner nuclear layer (cell nuclei of the bipolar nerve cells of the second neuron,
horizontal cells, and amacrine cells).

6. Outer plexiform layer (synapses between the axons of the first neuron and dendrites
of the second neuron).

7. Outer nuclear layer (cell nuclei of the rods and cones = first neuron).
 8. Outer limiting membrane (sieve-like plate of processes of glial cells through which
rods and cones project).

9. Layer of rods and cones (the actual photoreceptors).

10. Retinal pigment epithelium (a single cubic layer of heavily pigmented epithelial
cells).

Saraf optik: Ini termasuk semua ikatan serat optik mata.

Optic chiasm: Di sinilah crossover karakteristik dari serabut saraf dari kedua saraf optik
terjadi.

Saluran optik: Ini termasuk semua serat saraf optik ipsilateral dan yang melintasi garis
tengah.

Tubuh geniculate lateral: Saluran optik berakhir di sini.

Radiasi optik (saluran geniculocalcarine)

Area visual primer (striate cortex atau area 17 dari korteks visual Brodmann):

FUNGSI AIR MATA:

1. Membasahi Epitel Kornea & Konjungtiva

2. Meratakan Permukaan Kornea

3. Mencegah Kerusakan Sel Epitel

4. Menghambat Pertumbuhan Mikroorganisme

5. Mempermudah Penetrasi Obat

6. Mencegah Evaporasi Tears