IMAGE PROCESSING

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
Image segmentation is an important component in many image analysis and
computer vision tasks. Particularly, the problem of efficient interactive
foreground object segmentation in still images is of great practical
importance in image editing and has been the interest of research for a long
time. Classical image segmentation tools use either texture, color or edge
(contrast) information for the purpose of segmentation. Deformable models,
Graph-cut, GrabCut etc. are some prominent methods used for the
segmentation of a foreground object. Object segmentation methods have
helped in many computer vision areas, such as scene representation &
interpretation, content based image retrieval, object tracking in videos,
medical applications etc. Most object segmentation techniques in computer
vision are based on the principle of boundary detection. These segmentation
techniques assume a significant and constant gray level change between the
object(s) of interest and the background. However, this is not true in the case
of textured images. In textured images, there exist many local edges of the
texture micro units (texels), due to the basic nature of a texture image. In
case of textured images, the object boundary is defined as the place where
texture property changes. So to perform the correct segmentation in case of
textured images, there is a need to incorporate the textural information in
the segmentation process. iii Thesis Title: Active Contour Based Foreground
Object Segmentation Author: Surya Prakash Institute: Indian Institute of
Technology Madras, Chennai, India. The objective of this work is to develop
efficient methods for foreground object(s) segmentation in a given image. In

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the first part of the work, we develop techniques for the segmentation of
single or multiple object(s) from an image in presence of foreground and
background textures. We use active contour models for the task of texture
object segmentation by incorporating texture features. We model texture
characteristics of the image by building the scalogram obtained using the
discrete wavelet transform. In the second part of our work, we develop a
technique for efficient segmentation of an object in a color image. This
technique deals with the complex problem of segmentation of an object
which contains holes in it, and in addition, the color distribution of a part of
the object is similar to that of the background. Color object segmentation
techniques, such as GrabCut etc., available in the literature, often requires
user’s post-corrective editing to perform correct segmentation. Our
proposed technique is semi-automatic and only requires the user to define a
rectangle (or polygon) around the object to be segmented, and does not
require postcorrective editing. The proposed method is based on a
probabilistic framework to integrate the outputs of Snake and GrabCut. We
have demonstrated the efficiency and correctness of our proposed methods
using a set of sufficiently difficult simulated and real world images.

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1.1 OVERVIEW
The basic definition of image processing refers to processing of
digital image, i.e removing the noise and any kind of irregularities
present in an image using the digital computer. The noise or
irregularity may creep into the image either during its formation or
during transformation etc.

1.2 OBJECTIVE
 To learn the fundamental concepts of Digital Image
Processing.
 To study basic Image Processing operations.
 To understand image analysis algorithm.
 To expose students to current applications in the field of
Digital Image Processing.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
M. Mansourpour , M.A. Rajabi , J.A.R. Blais proposed the Frost Filter
technique for image preprocessing. This filter assumes multiplicative
noise and stationary noise statistics . A gradient based adaptive
median filter is used for removal of speckle noises in SAR images. This
method is used to reduce/remove the speckle noise, preserves
information, edges and spatial resolution and it was proposed by
S.Manikandan, , Chhabi Nigam, J P Vardhani and A.Vengadarajan .
The Wavelet Coefficient Shrinkage (WCS) filter is based on the use of
Symmetric Daubechies (SD) wavelets . The WCS filter developer by L.
Gagnon and A. Jouan in 1997. Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) has

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been employed in order to preserve the high-frequency components of

the image . In order to achieve a sharper image, an intermediate stage
for estimating the high-frequency sub bands has been proposed by P.
Karunakar, V. Praveen and O. Ravi Kumar.

Maximally Stable Extremal Regions (MSER) algorithm and spectral

clustering (SC) method is proposed by Yang Gui, Xiaohu Zhang and
Yang Shang to provide effective and robust segmentation . Modified
SRG (MSRG) procedure was developed by Young Gi Byun, You Kyung
Han, and Tae Byeong Chae. The Holder exponent is used as a tool to
utilize the spatial and spectral information together to compute the
degree of texture around each pixel in the high-resolution
panchromatic images. This method was proposed by Debasish
Chakraborty, Gautam Kumar Sen and Sugata Hazra in 2009 . Ousseini
Lankoande, Majeed M. Hayat, and Balu Santhanam used a novel
Markov Random Field (MRF) based segmentation algorithm. This is
derived from the statistical properties of speckle noise .

John F. Vesecky, Martha P. Smith and Ramin Samadani report image

processing techniques for extracting the characteristics of pressure
ridge features in SAR images of sea ice. Bright filamentary features are
identified and broken into segments bounded by either junction
between linear features or ends of features. Ridge statistics are
computed using the filamentary segment properties . Karvonen, J. and
Kaarna.A have studied the feature extraction from sea ice SAR images
based on non-negative factorization methods. The methods are the
sparsenessconstrained non-negative matrix factorization (SC-NMF)
and Non-negative tensor factorization (NTF). The Neural Network
algorithm uses both backscatter data and textural characteristics of the
images .
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CHAPTER 3
SYSTEM ANALYSIS

System analysis is a phase that defines the system to be built in terms

of the problem domain object model, the requirements model and
analysis model. The Merriam-Webster dictionary define system
analysis as "the process of studying a procedure or business in order
to identify its goals and purposes and create systems and procedures
that will achieve them in an efficient way". Another view sees
system analysis as a problem-solving technique that breaks down
system into its component pieces for the purpose of the studying how
well those component parts work and interact to accomplish their
purpose. System analysis is conducted for the purpose of studying a
system or its parts in order identify its objectives. It is a problem
solving technique that improves the system and ensure that all the
components of the system work efficiently to accomplish their
purpose. Analysis specifies what the system should do
3.1 EXISTING PROGRAM
Major Issues in Image Processing are

1. Image Filtering
2. Image Restoration
3. Image Registration
4. Image Fusion
5. Image Segmentation
6. Image Classification
Most of these Techniques are very essential in solving current
research problems. For example in Satellite image processing for

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different electronic sensors like Multispectral/Hyperspectral/Radar-

Polarimetric/Radar - Interferometric/LIDAR.

Some more complicated issues of Image processing occur when you

are working with tightly inter related and multi discipline. For
example Image processing with computer vision with Automobile
industry or Medical Industry or Mobile computing Industry. For
example; Image rectification, stereo pair matching, depth map
generation, Point cloud generation, object tracking, motion. Further it
will be much difficult problems when you have to use optimization
and where to use it.

3.2 PROPOSED PROGRAM

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3.3 FEASIBILITY STUDY

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CHAPTER 4
SYSTEM REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION

The system requirement specification is the software requirements necessary

to implement the program.

4.1 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

 Operating System: Windows 7 or later versions.
 Technologies used:Python v2.7
 Python Modules such as PIL,Numpy,Matplotlib
4.2 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
 Hard Disk:-80 GB
 RAM:-512 MB
 Processor:-1Ghz
 Multimedia Key Board and Mouse

CHAPTER 5
SYSTEM DESIGN
As a special type of digital image, remotely sensed images are
playing increasingly important roles in our daily lives. Because of the
enormous amounts of data involved, and the difficulties of data
processing and transfer, an important issue for current computer and
geo-science experts is developing internet technology to implement
rapid remotely sensed image processing. Computational grids are able
to solve this problem effectively. These networks of computer

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workstations enable the sharing of data and resources, and are used
by computer experts to solve imbalances of network resources and
lopsided usage. In China, computational grids combined with spatial-
information-processing technology have formed a new technology:
namely, spatial-information grids. In the field of remotely sensed
images, spatial-information grids work more effectively for network
computing, data processing, resource sharing, task cooperation and
so on. This paper focuses mainly on the application of computational
grids to digital-image processing. Firstly, we describe the architecture
of digital-image processing on the basis of computational grids, its
implementation is then discussed in detail with respect to the
technology of middleware. The whole network-based intelligent
image-processing system is evaluated on the basis of the experimental
analysis of remotely sensed image-processing tasks; the results
confirm the feasibility of the application of computational grids to
digital-image processing.

CHAPTER 6

Fundamental Steps of Digital Image Processing

There are some fundamental steps but as they are fundamental, all these
steps may have sub-steps. The fundamental steps are described below
with a neat diagram.

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(i) Image Acquisition : This is the first step or process of the

fundamental steps of digital image processing. Image acquisition could be
as simple as being given an image that is already in digital form. Generally,
the image acquisition stage involves preprocessing, such as scaling etc.

(ii) Image Enhancement : Image enhancement is among the simplest

and most appealing areas of digital image processing. Basically, the idea
behind enhancement techniques is to bring out detail that is obscured, or
simply to highlight certain features of interest in an image. Such as,
changing brightness & contrast etc.

(iii) Image Restoration : Image restoration is an area that also deals with
improving the appearance of an image. However, unlike enhancement,
which is subjective, image restoration is objective, in the sense that
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restoration techniques tend to be based on mathematical or probabilistic

models of image degradation.

(iv) Color Image Processing : Color image processing is an area that has
been gaining its importance because of the significant increase in the use
of digital images over the Internet. This may include color modeling and
processing in a digital domain etc.
(v) Wavelets and Multiresolution Processing : Wavelets are the
foundation for representing images in various degrees of resolution. Images
subdivision successively into smaller regions for data compression and for
pyramidal representation.

(vi) Compression : Compression deals with techniques for reducing the

storage required to save an image or the bandwidth to transmit it.
Particularly in the uses of internet it is very much necessary to compress
data.

(vii) Morphological Processing : Morphological processing deals with

tools for extracting image components that are useful in the representation
and description of shape.

(viii) Segmentation : Segmentation procedures partition an image into its

constituent parts or objects. In general, autonomous segmentation is one of
the most difficult tasks in digital image processing. A rugged segmentation

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procedure brings the process a long way toward successful solution of

imaging problems that require objects to be identified individually.

(ix) Representation and Description : Representation and

description almost always follow the output of a segmentation stage, which
usually is raw pixel data, constituting either the boundary of a region or all
the points in the region itself. Choosing a representation is only part of the
solution for transforming raw data into a form suitable for subsequent
computer processing. Description deals with extracting attributes that
result in some quantitative information of interest or are basic for
differentiating one class of objects from another.

(x) Object recognition : Recognition is the process that assigns a label,

such as, “vehicle” to an object based on its descriptors.

(xi) Knowledge Base : Knowledge may be as simple as detailing regions

of an image where the information of interest is known to be located, thus
limiting the search that has to be conducted in seeking that information.
The knowledge base also can be quite complex, such as an interrelated list
of all major possible defects in a materials inspection problem or an image
database containing high-resolution satellite images of a region in
connection with change-detection applications.

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CHAPTER 7
IMPLEMENTATION
The term Implementation has different meanings ranging from the
conversation of a basic application to a complete replacement of a
computer system. The procedures however, are virtually the same.
Implementation includes all those activities that take place to
convert from old systems to new
The new system may be totally new replacing an existing manual or
automated system or it may be major modification to an existing
system. The method of implementation and time scale to be adopted
is found out initially. Neat the system is test properly and at the same
time the users are trained in new procedure. Proper implementation
is essential to provide a reliable system to meet organization
requirement. Successful and efficient utilization in the system can
be achiever only through proper implementation of the system in the
organization. Therefore implementation phase is also important like
other phases such as analysis, design, coding and testing

 Careful planning
 Investigation of the system and its constraints
 Design the methods to achieve the change over
 Training the staff in the change phase
 Ensuring the user has understood and accepted the changes
 Getting complete feedback during test run and ensuring
everything in perfect for the final change over

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CHAPTER 8
TESTING AND RESULTS
8.1 INTRODUCTION
Testing is critical element of the development cycle. The testing is
essential for ensuring the Quality of the software developed and
represents the ultimate view of specification, design and code
generation. Testing is defined as the process by which one detects
the defects in the system. Testing is a set of activities that work
towards the integration of entire computer based system. A good test
case is one that has a high probability of finding an as-yet
undiscovered error. A successful test is one such uncovers or finds
such errors. If testing is conducted successfully, it will uncover
errors in the software. It also demonstrates that software functions
are being performed according to specifications and also behavioral
and performance requirements are satisfied. For this, test plans have
to be prepared. Nothing is complete without testing, as it is vital
success of the system.

8.2 TESTING OBJECTIVES

There are several rules that can serve as testing objectives. They
are:

 Testing is process of executing a program and finding a bug.

A good test case is one that has a high probability of finding
an undiscovered
 A successful test is one that uncovers an undiscovered error.
 If testing is conducted successfully according to the
objectives as stated above, it would uncover errors in the
software.

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 Also testing demonstrates that software functions appear to

the working according to the specification, that performance
requirements appear to have been met.
 To gain the confidence of the customers by providing them a
quality product.
 To prevent defects
 To make sure that the end result meets the business and user
requirements.

SCREENSHOTS

Output screen:

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CHAPTER 9
CONCLUSION
This report has examined various stages of image processing
techniques. An overview of all related image processing methods
such as preprocessing, segmentation, feature extraction and
classification techniques have been presented in this paper. Recent
research in image processing techniques is also presented in this
literature review.

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