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Iρ ⎡ ⎛ l ⎞ ⎛ 2 t +1 / 2 ⎞ ⎛ 2t −1 / 2 ⎞ ⎤
= 2 Arsh ⎜ ⎟ + Arsh ⎜ ⎟ − Arsh ⎜ ⎟⎥
Single vertical rod with diameter d , length l and 4π l ⎢⎣ ⎝ 2x ⎠ ⎝ x ⎠ ⎝ x ⎠⎦
resistivity ρ3 is fixed in the ground with depth t , surround it
the chemical environment with resistivity ρ1 and the soil
with Arsh( x )=ln ( x )+ x +1 . [ 2
] After some
transformations, we receive:
environment with resistivity ρ2 (see Fig .1)
Iρ ⎡⎢ ⎛⎜ l + 4x + l ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ (4t +l )2 +4x2 +4t +l ⎞⎟⎤⎥
2 2
(3)
ϕ ( x) = 2 ln +ln
Choosing coordinates system as in Fig.1 and considering 4π l ⎢ ⎜ 2x ⎟ ⎜ (4t −l )2 +4x2 +4t −l ⎟⎠⎥⎦
⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝
the potential at point (x,z), according to [4], we have
1.1.1.1 Grounding resistance of vertical rod with the soil
Iρdz improved chemical substance
ϕ ( z, x) = ∫ (1)
This resistance consists of three components (see Fig. 2):
4πl z 2 + x 2
ln⎜
(
⎛ l 2 + 4C 2 + l ⎞ 1 ⎛
⎟ − ln⎜ ) (4t + l )2 + 4C 2 + 4t + l ⎞⎟⎤⎥
⎜ 2C ⎟ 2 ⎜ (4t − l )2 + 4C 2 + 4t − l ⎟⎠⎥⎦
⎝ ⎠ ⎝
Δ ϕ 2 Fig .3 Grounding rod and its image
R 2 =
I Total resistance: RC = R’1 + R’3
ρ 2 ⎡ ⎛ 2l ⎞ 1 ⎛ 4t + l ⎞ 1 ⎡ ⎛ (4t + l )4l 2 ⎞ ⎛ 2l ⎞⎤ (15)
R2 = ln⎜ ⎟ + ln⎜ ⎟−
2πl ⎢⎣ ⎝ d ⎠ 2 ⎝ 4t − l ⎠ (9) RC = ⎢ (ρ 1 / 2 ) ln ⎜⎜ ⎟ + ρ 3 ln ⎜⎜
2 ⎟
⎟⎟ ⎥
2π l ⎣ ⎝ ( 4 t − l ) D C ⎠ ⎝ DC ⎠⎦
⎛
ln⎜
(l 2
)
+ 4C 2 + l ⎞⎟ 1 ⎛⎜
− ln
(4t + l )2 + 4C 2 + 4t + l ⎞⎟⎤⎥ From (12) and (15), we receive
⎜ 2C ⎟ 2 ⎜ (4t − l )2 + 4C 2 + 4t − l ⎟⎠⎥⎦
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎛ ρ2 + ρ3 ⎞ ⎛ ρ1 − ρ 2 ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
c. The component in the soil environment DC = d ⎝ ρ 3 + ρ1 ⎠
( 2C ) ⎝ ρ 3 + ρ1 ⎠
(16)
Δϕ 3 = ϕ (C ) − ϕ (∞) with ρ =
The potential function
Hence, we can convert single grounding vertical rod
ρ1. Because of ϕ(∞) = 0, Δϕ 3 = ϕ (C ) . So: ( d , l ,ρ3) with the chemical substance (C, l , ρ2) into another
(10) (see Fig.4) with the length l , the resistivity ρ3 and the
Iρ1 ⎡ ⎛⎜ l 2 + 4C 2 + l ⎞⎟ ⎛ (4t + l )2 + 4C 2 + 4t + l ⎞⎟⎤⎥
Δϕ3 = ϕ(C) = ⎢2 ln + ln⎜ diameter DC is calculated by equation (16).
⎜
4πl ⎢ ⎜⎝
⎣
2C ⎟
⎠ ⎝ (4t − l )2 + 4C 2 + 4t − l ⎟⎠⎥⎦
Δϕ3 ρ1 ⎡ ⎛⎜ l 2 + 4C 2 + l ⎞⎟ 1 ⎛⎜
(4t + l )2 + 4C 2 + 4t + l ⎞⎟⎤⎥ (11)
R3 = = ⎢ln + ln
I 2πl ⎢ ⎜⎝ 2C ⎟ 2 ⎜
(4t − l )2 + 4C 2 + 4t − l ⎟⎠⎥⎦
⎣ ⎠ ⎝
At last, the total resistance value:
R C = R1 + R 2 + R 3
1.2.1.1 Grounding resistance of horizontal conductor with the Fig.8. Single horizontal conductor with the chemical substance
soil improved chemical substance
Similar as above, we can convert a conductor of the
rectangular prism form (see Fig.8) into a cylinder with radius
C is calculated by formula (20) and receive the formulas as in
the case of the cylinder form soil improved chemical TABLE 04.
CALCULATING RESULTS OF SINGLE HORIZONTAL CONDUCTOR
substance layer.
2. CALCULATING APPLICATION
2.1 Calculating data
We use the following data: resistivity of ground 10.000
Ωcm ; resistivity of chemical substance 12 Ωcm ; resistivity of
metal rod 0.000178 Ωcm
Comment: From data in 2 tables B1 and B2, calculating results
a. In table B1: the diameter of a rod 2 cm ; the diameter
of resistance values for single vertical rod and system of
of a cylinder hole 22 cm
vertical rods showed that the results of this paper and GEM
b. In table B2: the diameter of a rod 2 cm ; the diameter
software are approximate. The data from B3 and B4, the error
of a cylinder hole 22cm ; the number of rods 4 ; the depth of a
between two calculating results is not great with short length
cylinder hole 50 cm.
of horizontal conductor and is approximate with long.
c. In table B3 and B4: the diameter of horizontal
conductor 4cm ; the length and width of a hole section
3. CONCLUSIONS
100cm × 150cm ; the depth of a hole 50 cm.
2.2 Compared results between this paper and GEM software 1). We received formulas for calculating the resistance of
of ERCO Company simple grounding forms with influence of the soil improved
TABLE 01. chemical substance.
CALCULATING RESULTS OF SINGLE VERTICAL ROD 2). We received formulas for calculating the equivalent
diameter of simple grounding forms with influence of the soil
improved chemical substance.
3). We can use the common formulas for calculating the
resistance of simple grounding forms with or without the soil
improved chemical substance.
TABLE 02.
CALCULATING RESULTS OF SYSTEM OF VERTICAL ROD
4. REFERENCES
[1]. Lightning protection international PTY, LTD. Global
Lightning Technologies. Hobrut,Tasmania, Australia 7000
[2]. Van Dinh An and the Others. Researching and suggest-
ing some solution for improving of lightning, grounding
system of the line and transformer with high voltage
of HoChiMinh City power company, HoChiMinh 2004.
[3]. ERICO Company LTD. The GEM software for Cal-
culating grounding resistance.
[4]. Nathan Ida. Engineering Electromagnetics. Hamilton
Printing Co., Rensselaser, NY., 2000.
[5]. ANSI/IEEE Std 80-1986. IEEE guide for safety in AC
substation grounding.
[6]. L. F. Dmoxovskaia and the Others. High Voltage
Engineer ing. Publisher “Energy”, Moscow, 1976.
[7]. Ho Van Nhat Chuong. Problems in high voltage
Engineering. Publisher “Ho Chi Minh City National
Note:”spacing” is distance between two vertical rods University”, 2003.
[8]. M. E. Ilrusalimov, N. N. Orlov. High Voltage
TABLE 03. Engineering. Publisher “Ralianskaia”, Kiev, 1967.
CALCULATING RESULTS OF SINGLE HORIZONTAL CONDUCTOR [9]. A. Y. Dolginov. High Voltage Engineering in Energy
System. Publisher “Energy”, Moscow, 1968.
[10]. A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos. Power system grounding and
transients. New York and Basel.
[11]. V.V.Bazitkie. High Voltage Engineering: Insulators And
overvoltage in power system. Publisher “Energo-
automatic”, Moscow, 1986.
Note:”a, b are the length, width of a hole section [12]. M. A. Babakov and the Others. High Voltage
Engineering. Publisher “Energy”, Moscow, 1963.