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Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given
below it. Certain words/phrase have been printed in bold to help you
locate them while answering some of the questions.
In stark contrast to mammals, the zebrafish has the ability to completely
regenerate its retina and restore vision after an injury. Researchers from
Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, have
decoded the signals and genes behind this tremendous feat and hope to
uncover valuable clues as to why we humans fail at such regeneration. A
particular signalling system — sonic hedgehog (Shh) — in zebrafish has
been previously reported to aid in developmental and tissue regeneration
activities. To decipher the influence of Shh signalling on retina
regeneration, the researchers first inhibited its function. They found that
impairing this signal made 90% of the zebrafish embryo exhibit a birth
defect called cyclopia. Cyclopia is also seen in humans, where there is a
single median eye or a partially divided eye. Detailed understanding of this
signalling may provide insights into the rare defect. Since this signalling is
also responsible for retina regeneration in zebrafish, the researchers are
trying to understand why the signalling does not bring about retina
regeneration in humans.
They performed whole retina RNA sequencing at various time points post-
retinal injury to the zebrafish eye. Several genes (zic2b, foxn4, mmp9) were
found to be upregulated through ‘Shh’ signalling. Zic2b and foxn4 are
essential components for development and tissue regeneration, whereas
mmp9 is an enzyme which makes the environment congenial for freshly
formed cells. Individual knockdowns of these genes also revealed that
these are indeed essential for normal retina regeneration. The researchers
also showed the role of a microRNA (let-7) which is regulated through a
particular gene (Lin28a) which allows normal Shh signalling during the
retina regeneration process. “During an injury, you need the proliferation of
cells that let-7 is capable of blocking. So Lin28a steps in action, clears or
scavenges let-7 and allows differentiated cells to be transformed into
multipotent stem cells, which aid in regeneration,” explains Rajesh
Ramachandran from the Department of Biological Sciences at the Institute
and corresponding author of the work published in the journal Cell Reports.

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They further carried out studies on mice models by injecting the protein.
“Shh protein can easily bind to its respective receptor and turn on the
signalling pathway after an acute retinal injury,” says Simran Kaur, PhD
scholar and first author of the work. “Though there was increased
proliferation and upregulation of the genes, no regeneration of the retina
was seen in mice.”
“Although we have understood the signals and genes behind the
regeneration, the whole pathway and network need to be unravelled before
trying it out in the mammalian system,” adds Prof. Rajesh.

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1. According to the researchers from Indian Institute of

Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, what
tremendous feat has been found in the zebrafish?

1. Regeneration of retina
2. Restoring the vision
3. Both (a) and (b)
4. regeneration of cells
5. None of these

2. According to the passage what quality of zebrafish

helps in developmental and tissue regeneration
activities?
1. A particular signalling system making ‘screech’ sound
2. A particular sonic hedgehog (Shh) signalling system
3. A particular signalling system making ‘purr’ sound
4. Both (a) and (b)
5. None of these
3. According to the passage what is the foremost
challenge that the researchers are facing regarding the
signaling pattern of zebrafish?

1. Why impairing this signal made 90% of the zebrafish

embryo exhibit a birth defect called cyclopia.
2. If this signalling is responsible for retina regeneration in
zebrafish why the signalling does not bring about retina
regeneration in humans
3. What is the source of that particular signalling system —
sonic hedgehog (Shh) — in zebrafish
4. Both (a) and (c)
5. None of these

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4. During development and tissue regeneration which

enzyme makes the environment congenial for freshly
formed cells?

1. zic2b,
2. foxn4, mmp9
3. foxn4, zic2b
4. mmp9
5. None of these

5. According to the researchers how microRNA (let-7)

and (Lin28a) gene play their important role during the
retina regeneration process?

1. Let-7 clears or scavenges Lin28a and allows differentiated cells to

be transformed into multipotent stem cells, which aid in regeneration.
2. Lin28a combines with Zic2b and then clears let-7 and allows
differentiated cells to be transformed into multipotent stem cells,
which aid in regeneration.
3. Lin28a clears or scavenges let-7 and allows differentiated cells to
be transformed into multipotent stem cells, which aid in regeneration.
4. Both (b) and (c)
5. None of these
6. Choose the word which is most similar in meaning as
the word printed in bold as used in the passage.

Stark

1. Fuzzy
2. Ornate
3. Comfortable
4. Indistinct
5. Utter

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7. What, according to the author, is the major drawback

of the breakthrough approach of technological
innovation?
1. It is expensive to innovate with this approach.
2. It cannot give answers to modern technological
problems.
3. This approach has been overused.
4. It cannot create new products.
5. It does not take in development in other field

8. Choose the word which is most similar in meaning as

the word printed in bold as used in the passage.

Impairing

1. Damage
2. Improve
3. Enhance
4. Bloating
5. Quirking
9. Choose the word which is most opposite in meaning to
the word printed in bold as used in the passage.

Congenial

1. Convivial
2. Genial
3. Personable
4. Hospitable
5. Incompatible

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ANSWERS
1 3
2 2
3 2
4 4
5 3
6 5
7 1
8 1
9 5

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