Bryophyta - Features, Classification and Economic Importance

26/04/2019 Bryophyta: Features, Classification and Economic Importance
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Bryophyta: Features,
Classification and
Economic
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The division Bryophyta (Gr. bryon=moss)

includes over 25000 species of non-vascular
embryophytes such as mosses, liverworts
and hornworts.
Bryophytes are small plants (2cm to 60cm)

that grow in moist shady places. They don’t
attain great heights because of absence of
roots, vascular tissues, mechanical tissues
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and cuticle. They are terrestrial but require
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external water to complete their life cycle.

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www.biologydiscussion.com/bryophyta/bryophyta-features-classification-and-economic-importance/5654 1/21
Hence, they are called “Amphibians of plant

kingdom”.
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The fossil record indicates that bryophytes

evolved on earth about 395 – 430 million
years ago (i.e. during Silurian period of
Paleozoic era). The study of bryophytes is
called bryology. Hedwig is called ‘Father of
Bryology’. Shiv Ram Kashyap is the ‘Father
of Indian Bryology’.
Salient features of Bryophytes:

1. Bryophytes grow in damp and shady
places.
2. They follow heterologous

haplodiplobiontic type of life cycle.
3. The dominant plant body is gametophyte

on which sporophyte is semiparasitic for its
nutrition. Read Next Story
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4. The thalloid gametophyte differentiated

in to rhizoids, axis (stem) and leaves.
5. Vascular tissues (xylem and phloem)

absent.
6. The gametophyte bears multi-cellular and

jacketed sex organs (antheridia and
archegonia).
7. Sexual reproduction is oogamous type.
8. Multi-cellular embryo develops inside

archegonium.
9. Sporophyte differentiated into foot, seta

and capsule.
10. Capsule produces haploid meiospores of

similar types (homosporous).
11. Spore germinates into juvenile
gametophyte called protonema. Read Next Story
12. Progressive sterilization of sporogenous

tissue noticed from lower to higher
bryophytes.
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13. Bryophytes are classified under three

classes: Hepaticae (Liverworts),
Anthocerotae (Hornworts) and Musci
(Mosses).
Classification of Bryophytes:
According to the latest recommendations of

ICBN (International Code of Botanical
Nomenclature), bryophytes have been
divided into three classes.
1. Hepaticae ( Hepaticopsida = Liverworts)
2. Anthocerotae (Anthocertopsida=
Hornworts) How to invest on Amazon and earn from home
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3. Musci (Bryopsida= Mosses)
Class 1. Hepaticae or Hepaticopsida:
1. Gametophytic plant body is either thalloid

or foliose. If foliose, the lateral appendages
(leaves) are without mid-rib. Always
dorsiventral.
2. Rhizoids without septa.
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3. Each cell in the thallus contains many Read Next Story
chloroplasts; the chloroplasts are without

pyrenoi.
4. Sex organs are embedded in the dorsal

surface.
5. Sporophyte may be simple (e.g., Riccia)

having only a capsule, or differentiated into
root, seta and capsule (e.g., Marchantia,
Pallia and Porella etc.)
6. Capsule lacks columella.
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7. It has 4 orders:
(i) Calobryales
(ii) Jungermanniales
(iii) Spherocarpales
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Class 2. Anthocerotae or
Anthocerotopsid:
1. Gametophytic plant body is simple,

thalloid; thallus dorsiventra without air
cambers, shows no internal differentiation
of tissues.
2. Scales are absent in the thallus.
3. Each cell of the thallus possesses a single

large chloroplast with a pyrenoid.
4. Sporophyte is cylindrical only partly

dependent upon gametophyte for its
nourishment. It is differentiated into
bulbous foot and cylindrical capsule. Seta is
meristematic.
5. Endothecium forms the sterile central

column (i.e., columella) in the capsule (i.e.
columella is present). 6. It has only one
order-Anthocerotales.

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Class 3. Musci or Bryopsida:
1. Gametophyte is differentiated into

prostrate protonema and an erect
gametophores
2. Gametophore is foliose, differentiated

into an axis (=stem) and lateral appendages
like leaves but without midrib.
3. Rhizoids multi-cellular with oblique

septa.
4. Elaters are absent in the capsule of

sporangium.
5. The sex organs are produced in separate
branches immersed in a group of leaves. Read Next Story
6. It has only three orders:
(i) Bryales,
(ii) Andriales and
(iii) Sphagnales.
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Economic importance of Bryophytes:
1. Protection from soil erosion:
Bryophytes, especially mosses, form dense

mats over the soil and prevent soil erosion
by running water.
2. Soil formation:
Mosses are an important link in plant

succession on rocky areas. They take part in
binding soil in rock crevices formed by
lichens. Growth of Sphagnum ultimately fills

Read Next Story
ponds and lakes with soil.
3. Water retention:
Sphagnum can retain 18-26 times more

water than its weight. Hence, used by
gardeners to protect desiccation of the
seedling during transportation and used as
nursery beds.
4. Peat:
It is a dark spongy fossilized matter of

Sphagnum. Peat is dried and cut as cakes for
use as fuel. Peat used as good manure. It
overcomes soil alkalinity and increases its
water retention as well as aeration. On
distillation and fermentation yield many
chemicals.
5. As food:
Mosses are good source of animal food in

rocky and snow-clad areas.
6. Medicinal uses:
Decoction of Polytrichum commune is used

to remove kidney and gall bladder stones.
Decoction prepared by boiling Sphagnum in
water for treatment of eye diseases.
Marchantia polymorpha has been used to
cure pulmonary tuberculosis.How to invest on Amazon and earn from home
7. Other uses: Read Next Story
Bryophytes arc used as packing material for

fragile goods, glass wares etc. Some
bryophytes act as indicator plants. For
example, Tortell tortusa grow well on soil
rich in lime.
Related Articles:
1. Economic Importance of Bryophytes |

Botany
2. Characteristics of Bryophyta | Botany
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26/04/2019 Bryophyta: Features, Classification and Economic Importance

The division Bryophyta (Gr. bryon=moss)

Bryophytes are small plants (2cm to 60cm)

external water to complete their life cycle.

Hence, they are called “Amphibians of plant

Start Download Now

The fossil record indicates that bryophytes

Salient features of Bryophytes:

2. They follow heterologous

3. The dominant plant body is gametophyte

nutrition. Read Next Story

4. The thalloid gametophyte differentiated

5. Vascular tissues (xylem and phloem)

6. The gametophyte bears multi-cellular and

7. Sexual reproduction is oogamous type.

8. Multi-cellular embryo develops inside

9. Sporophyte differentiated into foot, seta

10. Capsule produces haploid meiospores of

12. Progressive sterilization of sporogenous

1 Download PDF (Free)

2 Download this to PDF -

13. Bryophytes are classified under three

According to the latest recommendations of

1. Hepaticae ( Hepaticopsida = Liverworts)

Read Next Story

Elabscience® FCM Antibodies

3. Musci (Bryopsida= Mosses)

Class 1. Hepaticae or Hepaticopsida:

1. Gametophytic plant body is either thalloid

2. Rhizoids without septa.

1 Download PDF (Free)

2 Download this to PDF -

3. Each cell in the thallus contains many Read Next Story

chloroplasts; the chloroplasts are without

4. Sex organs are embedded in the dorsal

5. Sporophyte may be simple (e.g., Riccia)

6. Capsule lacks columella.

Read Next Story

1. Gametophytic plant body is simple,

2. Scales are absent in the thallus.

3. Each cell of the thallus possesses a single

4. Sporophyte is cylindrical only partly

5. Endothecium forms the sterile central

How to invest on Amazon and earn from home

Read Next Story

Class 3. Musci or Bryopsida:

1. Gametophyte is differentiated into

2. Gametophore is foliose, differentiated

3. Rhizoids multi-cellular with oblique

4. Elaters are absent in the capsule of

6. It has only three orders:

(ii) Andriales and

Download Now Free

Economic importance of Bryophytes:

1. Protection from soil erosion:

Bryophytes, especially mosses, form dense

Mosses are an important link in plant

lichens. Growth of Sphagnum ultimately fills

Sphagnum can retain 18-26 times more

It is a dark spongy fossilized matter of

Mosses are good source of animal food in

Decoction of Polytrichum commune is used

7. Other uses: Read Next Story